Croton tiglium L. Family: Euphorbiaceae
Synonyms: Croton acutus Thunb., Croton birmanicus Mull.Arg., Croton camaia Perr., Croton himalaicus D.G.Long, Croton jamalgota Buch.-Ham., Croton muricatus Blanco [Illegitimate], Croton officinalis (Klotzsch) Alston, Croton pavana Buch.-Ham., Halecus verus Raf., Kurkas tiglium (L.) Raf., Oxydectes birmanica (Mull.Arg.) Kuntze, Oxydectes blancoana Kuntze, Oxydectes pavana (Buch.-Ham.) Kuntze, Oxydectes tiglium (L.) Kuntze, Tiglium cumingii Klotzsch, Tiglium lanceolatum Klotzsch, Tiglium officinale Klotzsch, Tiglium pubescens Klotzsch, Tiglium subincanum Klotzsch
- Arabic: Habusalateen, Batu, Dand, Datun, Batu.
- Assamese: Koneeveha. Burm.– Kanako. Oriya– Jaipalo, Joyopalo, Konika.
- Persisan: Bedanjirekhatai, Tukhmebedaajirkhatai, Dund, Habbekhatai.
- Konkani: Japal
- Sinhalese– Jayapala.
- Khasi– Chicoc
- Garo– Runibih.
- Canarese: Danti, Japala, Nepala
- Chinese– Pa Teou, Pa Tou
- Malaya– Bori
- Sanskrit : Mukula, Tintiphala, Jayapala, Dravanti
- Assamese : Kanibish
- Bengali : Jaipala, Patabahar,
- English : Croton
- Gujarati : Nepalo, Jamalagota, Nepala
- Hindi : Jamalgota, Patabahar
- Kannada : Nepal, Japal beej, Japala, Nervala
- Malayalam : Nervalam, Neervalam
- Marathi : Jepal, Japal
- Punjabi : Japolota
- Tamil : Nervalam, Neervalam, Valam
- Telugu : Nepalam
- Urdu : Jamalgota
Ayurvedic uses: Jvara, Udararoga, Vibandha [APC Part-I, Vil-II]
Purging croton or croton oil plant, a small evergreen tree with separate male and female flowers, is one among the seven poisons described in Ayurveda. The drug is well known for its drastic purgative property. The drug is found to be useful in ascites, anasarca, cold, cough, asthma, constipation, calculus, dropsy, fever and enlargement of the abdominal viscera. The seed paste is a good application for skin diseases, painful swellings and alopacia. The seed-oil is useful in chronic bronchitis, laryngeal affections, arthritis and lock jaw. Misraka-sneham is an important preparation using the drug .
Chemistry: Oil contains phorbol myristate acetate ( Husain et al, 1992). Seeds contain upto 20% protein and 30-50% lipids. Iso-guanine-D-ribose (crotoniside) and saccharose were isolated from the seeds. In fractionation of croton oil, liquid-liquid distribution procedures proved to be the separation tools of choice. The per hydrogenated parent hydrocarbon of phorbol is a perhydrocyclopropabenzulene called tigliane and phorbol is 1, 1aa, 1bb, 4, 4a, 7aa, 7b, 8, 9, 9a-decahydro-4ab, 7a, 9b, 9aa- tetrahydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 1, 6, 8a tetramethyl-5-H-cyclopropa[3,4] benz [1.2-e]azulen-5- one. Phorbol, a tetracylic diterpene with a 5, 7, 6 and 3- membered ring has 6 oxygen functions. Phorbol accounts for 3.4% and 4- deoxy- 4a- phorbol for 0.29% of the weight of croton oil. Twentyfive phorbol-12, 13-diesters have been detected (Hecker et al, 1974). A toxin croton 1, mol. wt 72,000 has been isolated from the seeds. [Medicinal Plants, Published by Kerala Agricultural University]
Root is beneficial in dropsy, lead poisoning, cerebral haemorrhage or convulsions and congestions, apoplexy, intestinal obstructions, gout, rheumatism, arthritis, lock jaw, mania, chronic laryngitis, bronchitis and to increase manly vigour (Nadkarni, 1976). Croton seeds are used as a drastic and violent purgative in conditions like apoplexy, insanity and convulsions attended with high blood pressure. The expressed oil from the seed is given in paralysis and painful affections of joints and limbs. The oil from the seed is purgative, carminative, useful in diseases of the abdomen, mental troubles, fever and inflammations. Siddha uses: Used in treatment Vatha disorders, Skin diseases and in alopecia. [Database on Medicinal Plants Used In Ayurveda Volume 8]
Activities — Abortifacient, Carminative, Cocarcinogen, Diaphoretic, Emetic, Emmenagogue, Irritant, Insecticide, Laxative, Nephrotoxic, Piscicide, Rubefacient, Tonic .
Indications — Bite, Bronchosis, Cancer, Cancer, brain, Cholecystosis, Colic, Conjunctivosis, Constipation, Convulsion, Dermatosis, Eczema, Edema, Encephalosis, Enterosis, Fever, Gastrosis, Inflammation, Insanity, Malaria, Mastosis, Pain, Pulmonosis, Snakebite, Sore, Sore Throat, Stomachache, Vertigo, Worm. [Hand Book of Medicinal Herbs Second Ed., James A. Duke]
Cathartic, rubefacient, irritant. Used in ascites, anasarca, dropsy and enlargement of abdominal viscera. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]
Uses: The sap of Croton tiglium L. is well-known to be a violent laxative. In Malaysia, the Kenyah of Sarawak crush the ripe fruits with a little ash to poison fish, whereas the Chinese of Pangkor apply crushed leaves on bruises. Ibn Sina calls the seeds dand-el-sini, suggesting its introduction from China via caravan routes through Central Asia. Croton tiglium L. was first described by Christoval Acosta in 1578. In Western medicine, the oil expressed from the seeds of Croton tiglium L. (Croton oil; Oleum Tiglii, British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1949) has been used to treat very severe constipation and externally to produce skin irritation (dose: 0.03mL to 0.06 mL). [Medicinal Plants of The Aisa-Pacific: Drugs for The Future]
51 Published articles of Croton tiglium
1. [GC-MS analysis of chemical components in seeds oil from Croton tiglium].
Lan, Mei; Wan, Ping; Wang, Zhi-Ying; et al. - Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials Volume: 35 Issue: 7 Pages: 1105-8 Published: 2012-Jul
2. [New processing procedure for Croton tiglium with study on comparison of Croton tiglium and processed product].
Zeng, Bao; Huang, Meng-Qiu; Tang, Jun-Ping; et al. - Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials Volume: 35 Issue: 3 Pages: 371-5 Published: 2012-Mar
3. Toxic Effects of Crotocaudin Extracted from the Medicinal Plant Croton tiglium
Yadav, Ram P.; Singh, Ajay - ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES Volume: 65 Issue: 5-6 Pages: 327-336 Published: MAY-JUN 2010
4. Bioactivities of extracts from Croton tiglium against 4 species of stored-grain insects.
Yao, Ying-Juan; Yang, Chang-Ju; Xue, Dong; et al. - Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis Volume: 30 Issue: 6 Pages: 1061-1065 Published: Dec 2008
5. Activity-guided Isolation of a Novel Protein from Croton tiglium with Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities
Shahid, Muhammad; Tayyab, Muhammad; Naz, Farah; et al. - PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH Volume: 22 Issue: 12 Pages: 1646-1649 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.
6. Effects of essential oil from Croton tiglium L. on intestinal transit in mice
Wang, Xin; Zhang, FaMing; Liu, ZhenXiong; et al. - JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY Volume: 117 Issue: 1 Pages: 102-107 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
7. Characteristics, efficacy and safety testing of standardized extract of Croton tiglium seed from Indonesia as laxative material.
Saputera; Mangunwidjaja, Djumali; Raharja, Sapta; et al. - Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS Volume: 11 Issue: 4 Pages: 618-22 Published: 2008-Feb-15
8. Effect of seed extracts of Withania somnifera, Croton tiglium and Hygrophila auriculata on behavior and physiology of Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera, Termitidae)
Ahmed, Sohail; Riaz, Mohammad Asam; Malik, Amjad Hameed; et al. - BIOLOGIA Volume: 62 Issue: 6 Pages: 770-773 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/
9. A novel analgesic pyrazine derivative from the leaves of Croton tiglium L.
Wu, Xin-An; Zhao, Yi-Min; Yu, Neng-Jiang - JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH Volume: 9 Issue: 5 Pages: 437-441 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/
10. Effects of power and extract of Croton tiglium on control of Sitophilus zeamais
Yao Ying-Juan; Xue Dong; Yang Chang-Ju; et al. - Chinese Bulletin of Entomology Volume: 43 Issue: 6 Pages: 793-797 Published: NOV 2006
11. Effects of extracts of the bark of the stem of Croton tiglium on the metabolism of the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea acuminata
Yadav, RP; Singh, D; Singh, SK; et al. - AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN Volume: 21 Issue: 1-2 Pages: 87-92 Published: FEB 9 2006
12. Bioactivities of extracts from Croton tiglium against Sitophilus zeamais
Yao Ying-Juan; Xue Dong; Yang Chang-Ju; et al. - Chinese Bulletin of Entomology Volume: 43 Issue: 1 Pages: 64-67 Published: JAN 2006
13. Changes in phospholipid and lipid peroxidation levels due to latex of Croton tiglium in freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata
Singh, Digvjay; Yadav, Ram P.; Singh, Ajay - Iberus Volume: 23 Issue: 1 Pages: 25-31 Published: JUN 2005
14. Toxic effects of latex of Croton tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus.
Yadav, Ram P.; Singh, Ajay - Iberus Volume: 20 Issue: 2 Pages: 31-44 Published: Diciembre 2002
15. Anti-HIV-1 phorbol esters from the seeds of Croton tiglium
El-Mekkawy, S; Meselhy, MR; Nakamura, N; et al. - PHYTOCHEMISTRY Volume: 53 Issue: 4 Pages: 457-464 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
16. Gastro intestinal effects of croton tiglium in experimental animals.
Pillai, N R - Ancient science of life Volume: 18 Issue: 3-4 Pages: 205-9 Published: 1999-Jan
17. Isolation of isoguanosine from Croton tiglium and its antitumor activity.
Kim, J H; Lee, S J; Han, Y B; et al. - Archives of pharmacal research Volume: 17 Issue: 2 Pages: 115-8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
18. Twig blight disease of Croton tiglium caused by Colletotrichum dematium
Nath, V.; Kumar, Rajesh; Asaiya, A. J.; et al. - Indian Forester Volume: 118 Issue: 7 Pages: 509-510 Published: 1992
19. Field trials with tuba (Croton tiglium) seed and polynactin against the snail intermediate host and the larval stages of Schistosoma japonicum.
Blas, B.L.; Banes, M.P.H.E. - Journal of the Philippine Medical Association Volume: 65 Issue: 4 Pages: 350-355 Published: 1990
20. INSECTS INTERCEPTED FROM SEEDS OF MACADAMIA-INTEGRIFOLIA AND CROTON-TIGLIUM
SHARMA V K; ANAND R K - Journal of Entomological Research (New Delhi) Volume: 12 Issue: 1 Pages: 82-83 Published: 1988
21. A Method for Quantitative Determination of Polyfunctional Diterpene Esters of the Tigliane Type in Croton tiglium.
Glaser, S; Sorg, B; Hecker, E - Planta medica Volume: 54 Issue: 6 Pages: 580 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-
22. A METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE-DETERMINATION OF POLYFUNCTIONAL DITERPENE ESTERS OF THE TIGLIANE TYPE IN CROTON-TIGLIUM
GLASER, S; SORG, B; HECKER, E - PLANTA MEDICA Issue: 6 Pages: 580-580 Published: DEC 1988
23. A METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF POLYFUNCTIONAL DITERPENE ESTERS OF THE TIGLIANE TYPE IN CROTON-TIGLIUM
GLAESER S; SORG B; HECKER E - Planta Medica Volume: 54 Issue: 6 Pages: 580 Published: 1988
24. [Historical studies on the processing of the fruits of Croton tiglium L.)].
Huang, T K - Zhong yao tong bao (Beijing, China : 1981) Volume: 12 Issue: 10 Pages: 18-20, 63 Published: 1987-Oct
25. EFFECT OF SURFACE ACCESS AND OXYGEN CONCENTRATION ON THE TOXICITY OF CROTON-TIGLIUM (EUPHORBIACEAE) SEED EXTRACT TO BRACHYDANIO-RERIO (CYPRINIDAE)
KULAKKATTOLICKAL, AT; KRAMER, DL - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES Volume: 44 Issue: 7 Pages: 1358-1361 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-
26. EFFECT OF THE PLANT PRODUCT CROTON-OIL ON THE INVIVO INCORPORATION OF THYMIDINE-H-3 - EVIDENCE FOR A PRONOUNCED INHIBITION IN THE THYMUS
HELLMAN, B - PLANTA MEDICA Issue: 4 Pages: 294-296 Published: AUG 1986
27. GLYCOLIPID-DEPENDENT AGGLUTINATION OF LIPOSOMES BY CROTON-TIGLIUM LECTIN
BANERJEE, KK; SEN, A - FEBS LETTERS Volume: 162 Issue: 2 Pages: 248-251 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
28. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A LECTIN FROM THE SEEDS OF CROTON-TIGLIUM WITH HEMOLYTIC-ACTIVITY TOWARD RABBIT RED-CELLS
BANERJEE, KK; SEN, A - ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS Volume: 212 Issue: 2 Pages: 740-753 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
29. COMBINED EFFECT OF THE EXTRACTS FROM CROTON-TIGLIUM, EUPHORBIA-LATHYRIS OR EUPHORBIA-TIRUCALLI AND NORMAL-BUTYRATE ON EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS EXPRESSION IN HUMAN-LYMPHOBLASTOID P3HR-1 AND RAJI CELLS
ITO, Y; KAWANISHI, M; HARAYAMA, T; et al. - CANCER LETTERS Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Pages: 175-180 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
30. STUDIES ON PROTEINS FROM SEEDS OF CROTON-TIGLIUM AND OF JATROPHA-CURCAS - TOXIC PROPERTIES AND INHIBITION OF PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS INVITRO
STIRPE, F; PESSIONBRIZZI, A; LORENZONI, E; et al. - BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL Volume: 156 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-6 Published: 1976
31. Phorbolesters--the irritants and cocarcinogens of Croton Tiglium L.
Hecker, E; Schmidt, R - Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe. Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products. Progres dans la chimie des substances organiques naturelles Volume: 31 Issue: 0 Pages: 377-467 Published: 1974
32. PHORBOL ESTERS THE IRRITANTS AND CO CARCINOGENS OF CROTON-TIGLIUM
HECKER E; SCHMIDT R - HERZ, W. H. GRISEBACH AND G. W. KIRBY (ED.). FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS, VOL. 31. IX+693P. ILLUS. SPRINGER-VERLAG: NEW YORK, N.Y., U.S.A.; WIEN, AUSTRIA. ISBN 0-387-81172-9; ISBN 3-211-81172-9 Pages: 377-467 Published: 1974
33. PHORBOL ESTER TUMOR-PROMOTING AGENTS AND MEMBRANE STABILITY
SIVAK, A; RAY, F; VANDUURE.BL - CANCER RESEARCH Volume: 29 Issue: 3 Pages: 624-& Published: 1969
34. COCARCINOGENIC PRINICPLES FROM SEED OIL OF CROTON TIGLIUM AND FROM OTHER EUPHORBIACEAE
HECKER, E - CANCER RESEARCH Volume: 28 Issue: 11 Pages: 2338-& Published: 1968
35. TUMOR-PROMOTING AGENTS FROM CROTON TIGLIUM L AND THEIR MODE OF ACTION
VANDUURE.BL; SIVAK, A - CANCER RESEARCH Volume: 28 Issue: 11 Pages: 2349-& Published: 1968
36. STUDIES WITH CARCINOGENS AND TUMOR-PROMOTING AGENTS IN CELL CULTURE
SIVAK, A; VANDUURE.BL - EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH Volume: 49 Issue: 3 Pages: 572-& DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
37. Structure and stereochemistry of the tetracyclic diterpene phorbol from Croton tiglium L.
HECKER, E.; BARTSCH, H.; BRESCH, H.; et al. - TETRAHEDRON LETT Volume: 33 Pages: 3165-3170 Published: 1967
38. STRUCTURE AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF TETRACYCLIC DITERPENE PHORBOL FROM CROTON TIGLIUM L
HECKER, E; BARTSCH, H; BRESCH, H; et al. - TETRAHEDRON LETTERS Issue: 33 Pages: 3165-& Published: 1967
39. TUMOR-ENHANCING PRINCIPLES OF CROTON TIGLIUM L .2. A COMPARATIVE STUDY
VANDUURE.BL; LANGSETH, L; SIVAK, A; et al. - CANCER RESEARCH Volume: 26 Issue: 8P1 Pages: 1729-& Published: 1966
40. STUDIES ON THE USE OF THE SEEDS OF CROTON-TIGLIUM-D AS A POISON FOR THE CLEARANCE OF PREDATORY AND WEED FISHES FROM NURSERY PONDS ABSTRACT
BHUYAN B R - Indian Science Congress Association Proceedings Volume: 53 Issue: 3 Pages: 381-382 Published: 1966
41. TUMOR-ENHANCING PRINCIPLES OF CROTON TIGLIUM L
VANDUURE.BL; ORRIS, L - CANCER RESEARCH Volume: 25 Issue: 11P1 Pages: 1871-& Published: 1965
42. CHEMISTRY OF PHORBOL ESTERS FROM CROTON TIGLIUM L
HELPERN, M; VANDUURE.BL - CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY Issue: 22 Pages: 943-& Published: 1965
43. STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF AN ACTIVE PRINCIPLE FROM CROTON TIGLIUM L
ARROYO, ER; HOLCOMB, J - JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY Volume: 8 Issue: 5 Pages: 672-& DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/
44. Initiation and promotion in carcinogenesis: Croton tiglium components [mice]
ORRIS, L.; Van DUUREN, B.L.; ARROYO, E; et al. - PROC AMER ASSOC CANCER RES Volume: 5 Issue: (1) Pages: 49 Published: 1964
45. TUMOUR-ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF CROTON TIGLIUM L
VANDUUREN, BL; ARROYO, E; ORRIS, L - NATURE Volume: 200 Issue: 491 Pages: 1115-& DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/
46. TUMOR-ENHANCING AND IRRITANT PRINCIPLES FROM CROTON TIGLIUM L.
VANDUUREN, BL; ARROYO, E; ORRIS, L - JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY Volume: 6 Issue: 5 Pages: 616-& DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/
47. The tumor-enhancing principle from croton oil and croton resin [Croton-tiglium, Dicotyledon]
VAN DUUREN, B. L.; ORRIS, L.; ARROYO, E. - PROC AMER ASSOC CANCER RES Volume: 4 Issue: (1) Pages: 69 Published: 1963
48. [Croton tiglium powder as an auxiliary treatment in laryngeal obstruction due to diphtheria or laryngitis: preliminary report of 116 cases].
WANG, T Y; LIM, T C; CHIU, H P; et al. - Zhonghua er ke za zhi. Chinese journal of pediatrics Volume: 11 Pages: 148-50 Published: 1960-Feb
49. TUMOR PROMOTING PRINCIPLES IN SEEDS OF CROTON TIGLIUM L
SICE, J - ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHARMACODYNAMIE ET DE THERAPIE Volume: 115 Issue: 4 Pages: 408-415 Published: 1958
50. The extraction of the poisonous substances from the seeds of Croton tiglium
van DUUREN, A. J. - CHRON NAT Volume: 106 Issue: (12) Pages: 466-474 Published: 1950
51. On a New Preparation of Croton Tiglium.
Pope, J - Medico-chirurgical transactions Volume: 13 Issue: Pt 1 Pages: 97-102 Published: 1827
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