Medicago lupulina L.Family: Leguminosae
Synonyms: Medica lupulina Scop., Medicago appenina Woods, Medicago cupaniana Guss., Medicago lupulina subsp. cupaniana (Guss.) Nyman, Medicago lupulina subsp. eurasiatica Braun-Blanq., Medicago lupulina var. glandulosa W.D. J.Koch, Medicago lupulina var. lupulina, Medicago wildenowii Merat
Common name: Black Medic, Hop-clover, Black Medick
Arabic: نفل (نَفَل)، نفله (نَفَلَه، نَفْله)، نفل (نِفِل)
Chinse: 天蓝 , 天蓝苜蓿 , 黑荚苜蓿
Finnish: Nurmimailanen
French: Luzerne lupuline, Minette, Luzerne de Cupani
German: Hopfenklee
Italian: Erba-medica lupulina
Romanian: trifoi marunt
Description: Annual, Herbs, Taproot present, Nodules present, Stems or branches arching, spreading or decumbent, Stems prostrate, trailing, or mat forming, Stems less than 1 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs sparsely to densely hairy, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Stipules conspicuous, Stipules green, triangulate to lanceolate or foliaceous, Stipules persistent, Stipules free, Leaves compound, Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, Leaves odd pinnate, Leaflets dentate or denticulate, Leaflets opposite, Leaflets 3, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Leaves hairy on one or both surfaces, Inflorescences spikes or spike-like, Inflorescences globose heads, capitate or subcapitate, Inflorescence axillary, Bracts hairy, Flowers zygomorphic, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx hairy, Petals separate, Corolla papilionaceous, Petals clawed, Petals orange or yellow, Banner petal ovoid or obovate, Wing pet als narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, Wing petals auriculate, Wing tips obtuse or rounded, Keel tips obtuse or rounded, not beaked, Stamens 9-10, Stamens diadelphous, 9 united, 1 free, Filaments glabrous, Style terete, Fruit a legume, Fruit unilocular, Fruit freely dehiscent, Fruit strongly curved, falcate, bent, or lunate, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit hairy, Fruit gland-dotted or with gland-tipped hairs, Fruit 1-seeded, Seeds reniform, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black.
Decoction of leaves, stem, flowers and fruits given orally to treat disorders of lungs, coughs and heal wounds. Veterinary medicine, galactagogue, lenitive, nutritive fodder. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]
98 Published articles of Medicago lupulina
1. 16S rDNA RFLP analysis of rhizobia isolated from Medicago lupulina in northwestern China Feng, C.-s., et al., Xibei Zhiwu Xuebao, 2008. 28(5): p. 940-945.
2. A study on the effect of environment factors on flowering behavior and tripping of Xinmu No. 1 Medicago lupulina Zhang, A., J. Zhu, and D. Tan, Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2006. 15(4): p. 43-50.
3. Advanced studies on Medicago lupulina utilization Feng, Y. and Z. Cao, Pratacultural Science, 2005. 22(2): p. 16-20.
4. Analysis on allozyme of breeding system of Xinmu No. 1 Medicago lupulina populations Zhang, A. and J. Zhu, Xinjiang agricultural sciences, 2008. 45(5): p. 864-867.
5. ANTINUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICAGO LUPULINA SAPONINS AS RELATED TO THEIR CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION Gorski, P.M., Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 1985. 190(SEP): p. 103-AGD.
6. ANTINUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA SAPONINS AS RELATED TO THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Gorski, P.M., Abstracts of Papers American Chemical Society, 1985. 190.
7. ASPECTS OF LEGUMINOUS RHIZOBIUM SYMBIOSIS ECOLOGY PART 2 ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS IN ROOT GROWTH AND IN NODULATION OF LOTUS-CORNICULATUS MEDICAGO-LUPULINA AND TRIFOLIUM-PRATENSE Naviglio, L. and L. Visona, Annali di Botanica (Rome), 1972. 31: p. 145-160.
8. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LOCAL POPULATIONS OF THE ALFALFA MEDICAGO-LUPULINA-VAR-LUPULINA IN THE SOUTHEASTERN LITHUANIAN-SSR USSR 2. GROWTH OF UNDERGROUND PARTS Vitkus, A.A. and N.A. Lapinskene, Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai Serija C Biologijos Mokslai, 1982(2): p. 17-24.
9. Biological features and chemical composition of a local Medicago lupulina population in south-eastern Lithuania. 7. Features of the growth and development of annual and biennial plants Vitkus, A.A., Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai, C (Biologijos Mokslai), 1987(4): p. 17-23.
10. BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A LOCAL POPULATION OF BLACK MEDIC MEDICAGO-LUPULINA IN SOUTHEASTERN LITHUANIAN-SSR USSR 1. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGEAL PARTS Vitkus, A.A., Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai Serija C Biologijos Mokslai, 1980(4): p. 45-52.
11. BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BLACK MEDIC MEDICAGO-LUPULINA FROM A LOCAL POPULATION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN LITHUANIAN-SSR USSR 3. SEED GERMINATION Vitkus, A.A., Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai Serija C Biologijos Mokslai, 1984(2): p. 9-17.
12. BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS .33. MEDICAGO-LUPULINA L Turkington, R. and P.B. Cavers, Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1979. 59(1): p. 99-110.
13. BIOTIC VERSUS ABIOTIC CONTROL OF PLANT-DENSITY - STUDIES OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA L ON A TOPOGRAPHIC GRADIENT Hogenbirk, J.C. and R.J. Reader, Journal of Biogeography, 1989. 16(3): p. 269-277.
14. Black medic (Medicago lupulina) germplasm screening for use as a self-regenerating cover crop on the Canadian Prairies Entz, M.H., et al., Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2007. 87(4): p. 873-878.
15. Breeding and selection of Medicago, T.p., Medicago lupulina, Lotus corniculatus, Onobrychis viciifolia, Ornithopus sativus and Melilotus Brouwer, W., Forschungsdienst, 1938. Suppl. 8: p. 302-5.
16. Characterization of a copper-resistant symbiotic bacterium isolated from Medicago lupulina growing in mine tailings Fan, L.-M., et al., Bioresource Technology, 2011. 102(2): p. 703-709.
17. Characterization of factors affecting plant regeneration frequency of Medicago lupulina L Li, X.Q. and Y. Demarly, Euphytica, 1995. 86(2): p. 143-148.
18. Comparative anatomical analysis of leaves structure of Medicago lupulina L. (Leguminosae) Tsutsupa, T.A. and N.S. Stupacova, Modern Phytomorphology, 2013(4): p. 229-232.
19. Contributions to a monograph on clover and grass seeds. The adulterants of Medicago lupulina seed from Thuringia Staehlin, A., Zeitschrift fur Acker- und Pflanzenbau, 1950. 92: p. 349-74.
20. Cotyledon damage affects seed number through final plant size in the annual grassland species Medicago lupulina Zhang, S., C. Zhao, and E.G. Lamb, Annals of Botany, 2011. 107(3): p. 437-442.
21. CRYPTIC VIRUSES IN HOP TREFOIL (MEDICAGO-LUPULINA) AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER CRYPTIC VIRUSES IN LEGUMES Luisoni, E., et al., Intervirology, 1987. 28(3): p. 144-156.
22. Cytokaryological characterization of the lucerne species Medicago lupulina L., M.b.G.a.t.s.h., as an evaluation of source material for breeding for fodder value Mazin, V. V., et al., Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, 1994(4): p. 101-106.
23. DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE OF AGROMYZA-FRONTELLA (RONDANI) (DIPTERA, A.O.A.A.H., MEDICAGO-LUPULINA L Vegiard, S., D.T. Quiring, and J.N. McNeil, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 1985. 78(1): p. 14-19.
24. Differential characters in Melilotus indicus and Medicago lupulina Gareiso, A.R., Almanaque Min. Agric. Argent., 1942. 17: p. 319-20.
25. EFFECT OF MICROTOPOGRAPHY ON THE SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA Pavone, L.V. and R.J. Reader, Journal of Ecology, 1985. 73(2): p. 685-694.
26. Effect of mosses on the seed restoration of some meadow plants. Melampyrum hemorosum, L.h., Medicago lupulina, Rhytidiadelphus triguetrus, Linum catharticum, Hylocomium proliferum, Festuca pratensis, Scleropodium purum Festuca sp.. Russ. and Ger. sum. Hein, V., Izv Akad Nauk Est Ssr Ser Biol Nauk, 1966. 15((4)): p. 551-558.
27. Effects of aluminum and acid stresses on the growth and antioxidant enzyme activities of rhizobia isolated from Medicago lupulina and M. sativa Li, Z., et al., Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013. 22(3): p. 146-153.
28. Effects of Cu pollution on Medicago lupulina L. seedlings growth and active oxygen metabolism Ling, C., et al., Shengtaixue Zazhi, 2006. 25(12): p. 1481-1485.
29. Embryogenesis of leguminous plants. The first stages of development of the embryo in the Medicago Lupulina Soueges, R., Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances De L Academie Des Sciences, 1927. 185: p. 1062-1064.
30. EVALUATION OF ATRIPLEX HALIMUS, M.L.A.P.O.F.P.O.N., PB, AND ZN Amer, Nasser, et al., International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2013. 15(5): p. 498-512.
31. Experiments in sowing Medicagolupulina at different times Huebner, R., Z. Acker-u, Pflanzenb., 1952. 95(1): p. 91-117.
32. Feed value of Caucasian hop clover (M. lupulina) German summary. Timofeev, M.S. and Anonymous, [Bull Polytech Inst Tiflis], 1928. 3: p. 319-326.
33. Genes Conferring Copper Resistance in Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 Also Promote the Growth of Medicago lupulina in Copper-Contaminated Soil Li, Z., et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014. 80(6): p. 1961-1971.
34. GENETIC, P., AND ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATIONS IN BLACK MEDIC, MEDICAGO-LUPULINA L, GROWN IN 3 DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS Hebert, D., S. Faure, and I. Olivieri, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1994. 88(5): p. 604-613.
35. Genetic structure and diversity of Medicago lupulina populations in northern and central China based on EST-SSRs markers Juan, Y., et al., Biodiversity Science, 2008. 16(3): p. 263-270.
36. Genetic structure and diversity of Medicago lupulina populations in northern and central China based on EST-SSRs markers Yan, J., et al., Biodiversity Science, 2008. 16(3): p. 263-270.
37. Genetic variability in commencement of flowering in Medicago lupulina L. in the South Island of New Zealand Lammerink, J., N Z J Bot, 1968. 6((1)): p. 33-42.
38. GENETIC VARIABILITY IN MEDICAGO-LUPULINA ACROSS A VALLEY IN THE WEKA PASS NEW-ZEALAND Dunbier, M.W., New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1972. 10(1): p. 48-58.
39. Importance of cytokaryological characteristics of lucerne Medicago lupulina L., M.b.a.t.s.h.f.e.o.t.f.v.u.s.M., V. V., et al., Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, 1994. 0(4): p. 101-106.
40. In vitro antimicrobial, i., antitumor activities and their phytochemical estimation of methanolic extract and its fractions of Medicago lupulina leaves Nizam, Baloch, et al., World Applied Sciences Journal, 2013. 23(4): p. 500-506.
41. Infection experiments with Ascochyta imperfecta on trefoil (Medicago lupulina) Johansen, G., Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, 1949. 14: p. 187-9.
42. Infection experiments with Ascochyta imperfecta on Trefoil (Medicago lupulina) Johansen, G. and Udrun, Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, 1948. 14(2): p. 187-189.
43. INFLUENCE OF SEED DISINFECTION WITH AAMERTAN ON RHIZOBIAL INOCULATION OF MEDICAGO LUPULINA L Vanschre.Da, Plant and Soil, 1967. 27(3): p. 443-&.
44. Inoculation efficiency of Glomus intraradices and intrapopulation variability in plants of Medicago lupulina L. on productivity and forming of mycorrhizal Yurkov, A.P., L.M. Yakobi, and G.V. Stepanova, Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, 2007(5): p. 67-74.
45. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF FLAVONOIDS FROM MEDICAGO-LUPULINA L FLOWERS Burda, S. and M. Jurzysta, Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 1988. 57(4): p. 563-571.
46. Kellogg Biological Station site, s.K.B.S., study of aboveground net primary productivity of Medicago lupulina in units of gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear on a yearly timescale Gross, Katherine, et al., LTER Network Information System Repository, 2013.
47. Kellogg Biological Station site, s.T., native successional treatment, abandoned after spring plowing in 1989, study of aboveground net primary productivity of Medicago lupulina in units of gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear on a yearly timescale Gross, Katherine, et al., LTER Network Information System Repository, 2013.
48. Kellogg Biological Station site, s.T.S., old field successional community, never tilled, study of aboveground net primary productivity of Medicago lupulina in units of gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear on a yearly timescale Gross, Katherine, et al., LTER Network Information System Repository, 2013.
49. Ling, E.o.C.p.o.M.l.L.S.g.a.a.o.m.C.H.U., et al., Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2006. 25(12): p. 1481-1485.
50. MATURITY-DORMANCY RELATIONSHIPS IN ATTACHED AND DETACHED SEEDS OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA L (BLACK MEDICK) Sidhu, S.S. and P.B. Cavers, Botanical Gazette, 1977. 138(2): p. 174-182.
51. Medicago lupulina as a fodder and green-manure crop Gyarfas, J., Novenytermeles, 1961. 10: p. 129-132.
52. Medicago lupulina Linn. (Leguminosae): A new record for Rajasthan Yadav, A.S., Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 1995. 92(3): p. 436-437.
53. Medicago lupulina Wallin, B., Landtmannen Svenskt Land, 1938. 22: p. 443-443.
54. Medicago lupulina-beautiful water-saving and easily-maintained turf legume Cao, Z., et al., Pratacultural Science, 2003. 20(4): p. 58-60.
55. New infestation of branched broomrape, O.r.o., on black medic, (Medicago lupulina) (fabaceae), in Virginia Musselman, L. J. and J.F. Bolin, Plant Disease, 2008. 92(2): p. 315-315.
56. OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCES IN BREEDING TETRAPLOID FODDER LEGUMES .4. RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE), A.C.T.H., CRIMSON CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM) AND BLACK MEDICK (MEDICAGO LUPULINA) Hertzsch, W., Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenzuchtung-Journal of Plant Breeding, 1962. 48(3): p. 230-&.
57. Observations on a hybrid between alfalfa (M. media) and M. lupulina and its progeny Schrock, O., Zuchter, 1943. 15: p. 4-10.
58. Observations on Medicago lupulina L French, G.T., Science, 1908. 28: p. 127-127.
59. OVER SEEDING AND FERTILIZATION OF DANUBIAN HUNGARY PASTURES ACHILLEO-FESTUCETUM-PSEUDOVINAE ON MEADOW SOIL MEDICAGO-LUPULINA-D MEDICAGO-SATIVA-D LOTUS-TENUIS-D POA-ANGUSTIFOLIA-M FESTUCA-PSEUDOVINA-M Istvan, H. and G. Bodrogkozy, Novenytermeles, 1967. 16(3): p. 227-245.
60. Physio-ecological responses of Medicago lupulina to cadmium (Cd) stress Liu, X., et al., Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2007. 29(2): p. 45-49.
61. Plant history. Trefoil (Medicago lupulina L.) Lesourd, F., Journal d'Agriculture pratique, 1931. 56: p. 96-97.
62. Plant regeneration from protoplasts of Medicago lupulina Zhang Xiang-Qi, W.X.-P., L.-J. An, and J.-H. Chu, Acta Botanica Sinica, 1996. 38(3): p. 241-244.
63. PLANT-REGENERATION BY INVITRO CULTURE OF INFLORESCENCE AXIS OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA L Li, X.Q., et al., Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Serie Iii-Sciences De La Vie-Life Sciences, 1986. 303(13): p. 601-&.
64. POTASSIUM SODIUM MAGNESIUM MANGANESE ZINC COPPER COBALT AND IODINE CONTENT Vitkus, A. A., B.F.A.C.C.O.B.M.M.-L.O.A.L.P.I.T.S.L.-S.U.P.A.-A.F.C.B.A.S.A.P.C., A.Y. Panamarevene, and T.P. Tamulis, Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai Serija C Biologijos Mokslai, 1985(3): p. 37-43.
65. Preemergent control of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and black medic (Medicago lupulina L.) Norcini, J.G., J.H. Aldrich, and F.G. Martin, Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 1997. 15(3): p. 149-152.
66. Progress in research of Medicago lupulina characteristics Feng, Y. and Z. Cao, Pratacultural Science, 2004. 21(9): p. 33-38.
67. REGISTRATION OF GEORGE BLACK MEDIC Sims, J.R., et al., Crop Science, 1985. 25(4): p. 709-710.
68. Reproductive biology of Medicago lupulina (Fabaceae) Vereshchagina, V.A. and L.V. Novoselova, Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 1997. 82(1): p. 30-39.
69. REPRODUCTIVE SCHEDULE OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA (LEGUMINOSAE) IN A PATCHY ENVIRONMENT Pavone, L.V. and R.J. Reader, Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 1985. 63(11): p. 2044-2048.
70. Research on seed dormant of Medicago Lupulina Fen, Y. and Z. Cao, Pratacultural Science, 2003. 20(1): p. 20-22.
71. Saponins Determination in Medicago polymorpha, M.l.a.M.s.J., Xin, Chinese Wild Plant Resources, 2010. 29(4): p. 57-60.
72. Some biological characters of Medicago lupulina Medvedev, P.F., Nauchnye Trudy, Severo-Zapadnyi Institut Sel'skogo Khozyaistva, 1973(23): p. 173-179.
73. STRUCTURE OF A GALACTOMANNAN FROM MEDICAGO LUPULINA L . IDENTIFICATION OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES FROM A PARTIAL ACID HYDROLYSATE Somme, R., Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1968. 22(3): p. 870-&.
74. STUDIES ON MANGANESE OF CHLOROPLAST Homann, P.H., Plant Physiology, 1967. 42(7): p. 997-&.
75. STUDIES ON MEDICAGO-LUPULINA SAPONINS .1. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SAPOGENINS FROM MEDICAGO-LUPULINA TOPS Gorski, P.M., et al., Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 1984. 53(4): p. 515-525.
76. STUDIES ON MEDICAGO-LUPULINA SAPONINS .2. ISOLATION, C.C.A.B.-A.O.S.F.M.-L.T.G., P. M., et al., Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 1984. 53(4): p. 527-533.
77. STUDIES ON MEDICAGO-LUPULINA SAPONINS .3. EFFECT OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA SAPONINS ON THE GROWTH AND FEED-UTILIZATION BY MICE Gorski, P.M., et al., Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 1984. 53(4): p. 535-541.
78. STUDIES ON MEDICAGO-LUPULINA SAPONINS .4. VARIATION IN THE SAPONIN CONTENT OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA Gorski, P.M., et al., Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 1984. 53(4): p. 543-550.
79. STUDIES ON MEDICAGO-LUPULINA SAPONINS .5. ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BLOSSOM SAPONINS Jurzysta, M., et al., Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 1987. 56(1): p. 101-106.
80. STUDIES ON MEDICAGO-LUPULINA SAPONINS .6. SOME CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY OF ROOT SAPONINS Oleszek, W., et al., Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 1987. 56(1): p. 119-126.
81. Study on salt tolerance in wild Medicago lupulina germplasms Feng, L., et al., Pratacultural Science, 2007. 24(5): p. 27-33.
82. THE DEFENSIVE ROLE OF TRICHOMES IN BLACK MEDICK (MEDICAGO-LUPULINA, F.G., L. R. and E. Small, Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1993. 184(1-2): p. 101-111.
83. THE DYNAMICS OF SEED BANK SIZE AND SEED STATE OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA Pavone, L.V. and R.J. Reader, Journal of Ecology, 1982. 70(2): p. 537-547.
84. The embryogenesis of pulses. The final stages of embryonic development in the Medicago Lupulina L Soueges, R., Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances De L Academie Des Sciences, 1927. 185: p. 1206-1208.
85. The germination of seed on a pistillate plant of Medicago lupulina L Referat. Zhur., B., 1961, No. 3V202. (Translation) Obchinnikov, G. P., Bot Zhur, 1960. 45((3)): p. 413-413.
86. The problem of the life forms of Medicago lupulina L Referat. Zhur., B., 1960, No. 104175. (Translation.) Medvedev, P. F., Bot Zhur, 1959. 44((10)): p. 1496-1498.
87. THE RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI REGION LOCATED DOWNSTREAM OF THE NOD BOX N6 IS INVOLVED IN THE SPECIFIC NODULATION OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA Plazanet, C., et al., Fems Microbiology Letters, 1995. 133(3): p. 285-291.
88. THE USE OF TRIFOLIUM-REPENS, T.-S.A.M.-L.A.O.L.G.M.B., P. A., Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 1987. 4(3): p. 225-234.
89. TIME, B.F.A.C.C.O.A.L.P.O.M.-L.I.T.S.L.S.U.G.A.D.O.A.P.A.A.F.O.T., Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai Serija C Biologijos Mokslai, 1987(1): p. 14-20.
90. Trials with strains of Anthyllis vulneraria and Medicago lupulina. 1932-1933 Hansen, J., Tidsskrift for Planteavl, 1934. 40: p. 369-75.
91. TRITERPENE SAPONINS FROM THE ROOTS OF MEDICAGO-LUPULINA L (BLACK MEDICK TREFOIL) Oleszek, W., K.R. Price, and G.R. Fenwick, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1988. 43(4): p. 289-297.
92. Untersuchungen an diploiden und tetraploiden Klonen von Luzerne, G.u.S.S., Otto, Zeitschr Pflanzenzucht, 1944. 26((3/4)): p. 214-222.
93. Uromyces striatus Schroet. on Medicago lupulina L. and other host plants in Britain Glasscock, H.H. and W.M. Ware, Trans Brit Mycol Soc, 1946. 29((3)): p. 167-169.
94. Xiu-li, P.a.b.c.a.S.r.P.-R.o.R.f.M.l.i.m.r.o.N.C.W.E.I., F.U. Yun-yun, and W.E.I. Ge-hong, Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2009. 27(2): p. 223-226,238.
95. Yellow trefoil (Medicago lupulina L.) of Swedish origin Witte, H., Proc Internat Seed Testing Assoc, 1939. 11((1)): p. 1-4.
96. Yellow trefoil (Medicago lupulina) Banal, R., Humus, 1949. 5(1): p. 15-15.
97. Yu-qin, S.o.t.n.q.o.w.g.o.M.l.F. and C.A.O. Zhi-zhong, Pratacultural Science, 2009. 26(10): p. 80-84.
98. zero-tillage, T.i.o.a.l.-t.b.m.M.l.c.G.c.c.o.a.m.f.c.a.n.u.i.f.L.u.u., et al., Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2011. 91(6): p. 1071-1076.
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