Euphorbia nivulia, Patrashuhi, katathohar

  Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Synonym: Euphorbia helicothele Lem.

English: Common milk hedge, Indian Spurge Tree
Hindi: काटाथोहार, katathohar
Malayalam: Kallippala, Elakkalli, Ilakalli
Sanskrit: vajri, Patrashuhi
Telugu: బొగ్గు జిల్లేడు

Description
Large erect, fleshy deciduous, shrubs; branches terete; spines straight, 3-6 mm long, paired on flat corky base. Leaves alternate, sessile, 7-18 x 3-6.5 cm, oblanceolate-oblong or obovate, base cuneate, apex obtuse, fleshy. Cyathia usually paired, in subterminal cymes. Involucre broadly cupular, yellow; lobes fimbriate; glands 5, transversely oblong, fleshy, appendage absent. Male flowers with sterile florets, bracteolate. Female florets laterally pendulous. Style stout, branched above; stigmatic lobes flattened and slightly expanded. Capsule c. 5 mm across, 3-lobed. Seeds 4-angular, smooth.

Uses: Expectorant, digestive, stomachic, abortive [Medicinal  Plants]

Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant juice given to drink for cough, fever in children. Milky latex applied to cure scorpion stings,  bone  fracture,  rheumatism,  itch  and  skin  diseases. Stem bark powder mixed with goat milk and jaggery and the paste applied over the bone fracture. Leaves juice employed in earache and on mumps, mixed with neem oil applied in rheumatism; leaves warmed in mustard oil applied in cold and  headache.  Veterinary  medicine,  latex  applied  to  treat wounds of cattle. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Latex—used for treating jaundice, dropsy, enlargement of liver and spleen; colic; syphilis, leprosy; applied to haemorrhoids. Coagulated latex is used for bronchitis. Leaf—juice is used as a purgative. Warmed in mustard
oil, applied in cold and headache. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

22 Published articles of Euphorbia nivulia
1.    SOME ASPECTS OF SEED GERMINATION OF EUPHORBIA-NIVULIA Agarwal, S.K., Journal of Biological Sciences (Bombay), 1973. 16-17(1-2): p. 10-13.
2.    Antimicrobial activity of Euphorbia nivulia leaf extract Annapurna, J., et al., Pharmaceutical Biology, 2004. 42(2): p. 91-93.
3.    Comparison of cysteine proteases of four laticiferous plants and characterization of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. latex glycosylated cysteine peptidase Badgujar, S.B. and R.T. Mahajan, Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2012. 3(2): p. 152-160.
4.    Characterization of thermo- and detergent stable antigenic glycosylated cysteine protease of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. and evaluation of its ecofriendly applications Badgujar, S.B. and R.T. Mahajan, TheScientificWorldJournal, 2013. 2013: p. 716545-716545.
5.    Peptide Mass Fingerprinting and N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequencing of Glycosylated Cysteine Protease of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham Badgujar, S.B. and R.T. Mahajan, Journal of amino acids, 2013. 2013: p. 569527-569527.
6.    Nivulian-II a new milk clotting cysteine protease of Euphorbia nivulia latex Badgujar, S.B. and R.T. Mahajan, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2014. 70: p. 391-398.
7.    Identification and characterization of Euphorbia nivulia latex proteins Badgujar, S.B. and R.T. Mahajan, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2014. 64: p. 193-201.
8.    EMBRYOLOGY OF EUPHORBIA-MADDENI AND EUPHORBIA-NIVULIA Bhanwra, R.K., Current Science, 1987. 56(20): p. 1062-1064.
9.    LATICIFERS IN EUPHORBIA-NIVULIA Datta, S.K. and P.C. Datta, Cell and Chromosome Newsletter, 1980. 3(3): p. 46-47.
10.    BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES IN THE LATEX OF EUPHORBIA-NIVULIA BUCH. HAM Inamdar, S.R. and M. Madaiah, Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1990. 33(1): p. 58-60.
11.    PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LECTIN FROM EUPHORBIA-NIVULIA BUCH HAM LATEX Inamdar, S.R., B. Murugiswamy, and M. Madaiah, International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research, 1988. 31(1): p. 35-46.
12.    Influence of auxins in direct in vitro morphogenesis of Euphorbia nivulia, a.l.m.p.M., K. P., et al., In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant, 2005. 41(3): p. 314-319.
13.    CHEMISTRY OF EUPHORBIACEAE .2. CYCLOART-25-EN-3-BETA-OL FROM EUPHORBIA-NIVULIA Rao, K.L., et al., Phytochemistry, 1985. 25(1): p. 277-278.
14.    CYCLOART-25-EN-3-BETA-OL FROM EUPHORBIA-NIVULIA Rao, K.L., et al., Phytochemistry (Oxford), 1986. 25(1): p. 277-278.
15.    FURTHER EXAMINATION OF EUPHORBIA-NIVULIA Rath, S.P. and C. Srinivasulu, Indian Journal of Natural Products, 1988. 4(1): p. 14-14.
16.    Macrocyclic diterpenes from Euphorbia nivulia Ravikanth, V., et al., Phytochemistry, 2002. 59(3): p. 331-335.
17.    Diterpenes from the latex of Euphorbia nivulia Ravikanth, V., et al., Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2003. 31(4): p. 447-449.
18.    Three new ingol diterpenes from Euphorbia nivulia: Evaluation of cytotoxic activity Ravikanth, V., et al., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2003. 51(4): p. 431-434.
19.    CYCLONIVULIAOL, A.N.C.E.T.F.E.-N.B.-H.S., V., G.L.D. Krupadanam, and G. Srimannarayana, Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B-Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 1991. 30(10): p. 989-990.
20.    TETRACYCLIC TRITERPENES FROM THE LATEX OF EUPHORBIA-NIVULIA Satyanarayana, V., G.L.D. Krupadanam, and G. Srimannarayana, Fitoterapia, 1992. 63(1): p. 82-83.
21.    Utilization of Euphorbia nivulia for biogas production Shilpkar, P., M. Shah, and P. Acharya, Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2008. 20(6): p. 4287-4290.
22.    Effect of auxins on indirect in vitro morphogenesis and expression of gusA transgene in a lectinaceous medicinal plant, E.n.B.-H.S., C., et al., In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant, 2005. 41(5): p. 695-699.