Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.Family: Acanthaceae
Common name: Gandarusa, Warer willow
Assamese: tita-bahak, Bishalya Karani
Bengali: jagatmadan
Hindi: नीलि नर्गन्डि Nili nargandi, Kala bashimb
Kannada: aduthodagidda, karalakkigidde, karinekki
Malayalam: karunochchi, vada-kodi
Marathi: tev, bakas, kalaadulsa
Oriya: nilanirgundi
Sanskrit: bhutakeshi, gandharasa, indrani, kapika, krishnanirgundi, कसनः, kasanah, वैध्यसिंहा, vaidyasinha
Tamil: karunochi, vadaikkutti
Telugu: అడ్డసరము addasaramu , గంధరసము gandharasamu, nalla-noch-chili నల్ల నొచ్చిలి
Chinese: 尖尾风
French: Yapana marron
Sudanese: Handarusa
Vietnamese: Thanh táo
Description: An undershrub, 60-150 cm, with terete (neither striate nor angular) glabrous, dark purple twigs. Leaves with up 1 cm long petiole; lamina linear-lanceolate, 9-15 x 2-3 cm broad, glabrous on both sides, entire, apex acute-acuminate attenuate basally. Inflorescence terminal or axillary spikes or panicle of spikes, up to 10 cm long, more than 1.5 cm across. Flowers subsessile, white with purple streaks and spots inside, 1.6-2 cm long; bracts lanceolate, c. 4 long; bracteoles absent. Calyx 5-lobed almost to the base, lobes linear-lass late, c. 5 mm long, acuminate. Corolla tube cylindrical, c. 1 cm long, new glabrous, limb bilabiate, upper lip c. 8 mm long, shallowly 2-lobed, lower c. 1 cm long, 3-lobed, spreading. Staminal filaments c. 5 mm long, anther lobes c. 2 mm long, unequal. Ovary oblong-cylindric, c. 2 mm long, style filiform, c. 1 long, puberulous. Capsule glabrous, 4-seeded.
Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant hypotensive, emetic, febrifuge; plant paste in coconut oil applied against rheumatic pain. Dried seed powder mixed with fruit decoction and used as insect repellent. Roots used for diuresis, diarrhea and as antidote; bark antipyretic, emetic, anti- cough, diuretic and antiamebic, in the treatment of wounds and allergy; root extract mixed with water and taken as antidote, anti-venom. Leaves taken internally against cough, body pain, fever and as a cardiotonic, and used externally to treat inflammation, wounds and allergy; a poultice of leaves applied on inflammation; leaves infusion given in headache, hemiplegia and facial paralysis; leaf juice applied to check bleeding, also poured into ears for earache; leaves decoction a remedy for bloody diarrhea and fevers; leaves used in preparations to treat gonorrhea, amenorrhea and malaria, headache, rheumatism and pain; leaves and shoots diaphoretic, a decoction given in chronic rheumatism. Veterinary medicine, pounded leaves applied on bone fracture. Ritual, ceremonial, whole plant, with Ocimum sp. and Euphorbia neriifolia L., used for worship; leafy twigs used in the worship; leaves of Justicia gendarussa soaked with water and leaves of Dendrocnide stimulans, the water used in a ceremony for good hunting and harvest. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]
Justicia gendarussa Burm. f (atarusaka) is applied on the lower side of the naval region of the pregnant, the delivery will be smooth and easy. [Herbal Cures Traditional Approach]
Febrifuge, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue. Infusion of leaves—given internally in cephalalgia, hemiplegia and facial paralysis. Fresh leaves—used topically in oedema and rheumatism. Bark—emetic. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]
Uses: In Indonesia, Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. is used to induce vomiting. In Malaysia, a decoction of 50g of roots is used to treat rheumatic arthritis; boiled with ginger rhizome and lime, it is used to alleviate bleeding cough. A decoction of the leaves is used to combat fever, promote menses, assuage stomach discomfort, check haemoptysis, alleviate cough, treat asthma, and to relieve the bowels of costiveness. The fresh leaves are pounded and used externally to treat pyoderma, lumbago and rheumatism. A paste of leaves mixed with vinegar is used to assuage toothache. Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. is also used during the hot stages of malaria to combat fever and to treat leucorrhea. In Vietnam, the plant is used to resolve tumors, pro mote appetite, and to invigorate health. In India, the plant is used to treat bronchitis, soothe inflammation, and to pro mote digestion. [Medicinal Plants: Drugs For The Future? ]
Treats rheumatism and fever, antipyretic, effects on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis, antiinflammatory, antihypersensitivity, and antihistaminic effects. [Taiwanese Native Medicinal Plants: Phytopharmacology and Therapeutic Values]
Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant hypotensive, emetic, febrifuge; plant paste in coconut oil applied against rheumatic pain. Dried seed powder mixed with fruit decoction and used as insect repellent. Roots used for diuresis, diarrhea and as antidote; bark antipyretic, emetic, anti- cough, diuretic and antiamebic, in the treatment of wounds and allergy; root extract mixed with water and taken as antidote, anti-venom. Leaves taken internally against cough, body pain, fever and as a cardiotonic, and used externally to treat inflammation, wounds and allergy; a poultice of leaves applied on inflammation; leaves infusion given in headache, hemiplegia and facial paralysis; leaf juice applied to check bleeding, also poured into ears for earache; leaves decoction a remedy for bloody diarrhea and fevers; leaves used in preparations to treat gonorrhea, amenorrhea and malaria, headache, rheumatism and pain; leaves and shoots diaphoretic, a decoction given in chronic rheumatism. Veterinary medicine, pounded leaves applied on bone fracture. Ritual, ceremonial, whole plant, with Ocimum sp. and Euphorbia neriifolia L., used for worship; leafy twigs used in the worship; leaves of Justicia gendarussa soaked with water and leaves of Dendrocnide stimulans, the water used in a ceremony for good hunting and harvest. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]
Justicia gendarussa Burm. f (atarusaka) is applied on the lower side of the naval region of the pregnant, the delivery will be smooth and easy. [Herbal Cures Traditional Approach]
Febrifuge, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue. Infusion of leaves—given internally in cephalalgia, hemiplegia and facial paralysis. Fresh leaves—used topically in oedema and rheumatism. Bark—emetic. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]
Uses: In Indonesia, Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. is used to induce vomiting. In Malaysia, a decoction of 50g of roots is used to treat rheumatic arthritis; boiled with ginger rhizome and lime, it is used to alleviate bleeding cough. A decoction of the leaves is used to combat fever, promote menses, assuage stomach discomfort, check haemoptysis, alleviate cough, treat asthma, and to relieve the bowels of costiveness. The fresh leaves are pounded and used externally to treat pyoderma, lumbago and rheumatism. A paste of leaves mixed with vinegar is used to assuage toothache. Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. is also used during the hot stages of malaria to combat fever and to treat leucorrhea. In Vietnam, the plant is used to resolve tumors, pro mote appetite, and to invigorate health. In India, the plant is used to treat bronchitis, soothe inflammation, and to pro mote digestion. [Medicinal Plants: Drugs For The Future? ]
Treats rheumatism and fever, antipyretic, effects on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis, antiinflammatory, antihypersensitivity, and antihistaminic effects. [Taiwanese Native Medicinal Plants: Phytopharmacology and Therapeutic Values]
1. Cytotoxic activities against breast cancer cells of local Justicia gendarussa crude extracts Zahidah, A., et al., Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. 2014: p. 732980-Article ID 732980.
2. Antibacterial activities of phytochemical extracts from the leaves of Justicia gendarussa Burm Sivasakthi, A. and M. Vijayalakshmi, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2014. 5(2): p. B-433-B-438.
3. Trypsin and protein denaturation inhibitory activity of different fractionation and isolated compound of leaf and root of Justicia gendarussa Patel, S. and M.N. Zaveri, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2014. 5(12): p. 5564-5571.
4. Justidrusamides A-D, n.-a.a.d.f.J.g.K., Yuko, et al., Journal of Natural Medicines, 2014. 68(4): p. 754-758.
5. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Justicia gendarussa Burm f. - review Kavitha, K., et al., Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2014. 8(7): p. 990-997.
6. Cytotoxic Activities against Breast Cancer Cells of Local Justicia gendarussa Crude Extracts Ayob, Z., et al., Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2014. 2014: p. 732980-732980.
7. Cytotoxic Activities against Breast Cancer Cells of Local Justicia gendarussa Crude Extracts Ayob, Z., et al., Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014.
8. Biomass production and antibacterial activity of Justicia gendarussa: a valuable medicinal plant Sugumaran, P., et al., Journal of Tropical Life Science, 2013. 3(1): p. 8-13.
9. Evaluation of anti-anxiety activity of Justicia gendarussa Burm Subramanian, N., et al., Pharmacologia, 2013. 4(5): p. 404-407.
10. In vitro antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Justicia gendarussa wild Reddy, Y.S., et al., Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2013. 5(5): p. 101-103.
11. Plantlet regeneration through indirect shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in Justicia gendarussa Burm. f., a.m.p.B., N., et al., Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2013. 22(4): p. 474-482.
12. Identification of a Rare Phytosteroid from Justicia gendarussa Bhagya, N., K.R. Chandrashekar, and B. Kalluraya, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2013. 49(5): p. 972-973.
13. Effect of auxins with cytokinins on stem and leaf explants of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f Bhagya, N. and K.R. Chandrashekar, International Journal of Life Sciences and Technology (IJLST), 2013. 6(1): p. 1-8.
14. Evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic activities of leaf and stem extracts of Justicia gendarussa Saha, M.R., et al., Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2012. 7(1): p. 50-53.
15. Heavy metal uptake and translocation by Justicia gendarussa Burm F. from textile sludge contaminated soil Nik Muhamad, M., et al., Acta Agricultura Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science, 2012. 62(2): p. 101-108.
16. Heavy metal uptake and translocation by Justicia gendarussa Burm F. from textile sludge contaminated soil Majid, N.M., et al., Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science, 2012. 62(2): p. 101-108.
17. Anti-inflammatory potential of an ethyl acetate fraction isolated from Justicia gendarussa roots through inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression via NF-kappa B pathway Kumar, K.S., et al., Cellular Immunology, 2012. 272(2): p. 283-289.
18. Synthesis and characterizations of gold nanoparticles by Justicia gendarussa Burm f leaf extract Fazaludeen, M.F., et al., Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2012. 2(1): p. 23-34.
19. Growth regulators on in vitro regeneration and the effects ion source in chlorophyll content of Justicia gendarussa Elaiyaraja, T., Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2012. 5(6): p. 3018-3019.
20. Ethanol extract of Justicia gendarussa inhibits lipopolysaccharide stimulated nitric oxide and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in murine macrophage Varma, R.S., et al., Pharmaceutical Biology, 2011. 49(6): p. 648-652.
21. Antifungal activity of Solanum melongena L, L.i.L.a.J.g.B.a.d.S., K. K., et al., International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2011. 3(3): p. 1635-1640.
22. Protective effect of Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. on carrageenan-induced inflammation Kavitha, S.K., et al., Journal of Natural Medicines, 2011. 65(3-4): p. 471-479.
23. A rapid, h.f.r.o.J.g.B.f.J., B., B. Gayathri, and E. Sumath, Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 2011. 46(2): p. 201-204.
24. Chemical analysis of aerial parts of Justicia gendarussa Bachheti, R.K., et al., International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2011. 3(1): p. 244-247.
25. In vitro propagation for the conservation of a rare medicinal plant Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. by nodal explants and shoot regeneration from callus Thomas, T.D. and H. Yoichiro, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2010. 32(5): p. 943-950.
26. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. leaves Shikha, P., et al., Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2010. 1(4): p. 456-461.
27. Antisickling activity of three species of Justicia from Kisangani (D.R. Congo): J. tenella, i., J. gendarussa and J. insularis Mpiana, P. T., International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2010. 4(6): p. unpaginated-unpaginated.
28. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Stem Methanolic Extract of Justicia gendarussa Burm Krishna, K.L., K. Mruthunjaya, and J.A. Patel, International Journal of Pharmacology, 2010. 6(2): p. 72-80.
29. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Ethanol Extract of Aerial Parts of Justicia gendarussa Burm Jothimanivannan, C., R.S. Kumar, and N. Subramanian, International Journal of Pharmacology, 2010. 6(3): p. 278-283.
30. Corrosion inhibition by Justicia gendarussa plant extract in hydrochloric acid solution Satapathy, A.K., et al., Corrosion Science, 2009. 51(12): p. 2848-2856.
31. ANTI-ARTHRITIC POTENTIAL OF THE PLANT JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA BURM F Paval, J., et al., Clinics, 2009. 64(4): p. 357-362.
32. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of leaf extract of Justicia gendarussa Burm Krishna, K.L., K. Mruthunjaya, and J.A. Patel, International Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2009. 3(3): p. 99-110.
33. Comparing the anti-arthritic activities of the plants Justicia gendarussa Burm F. and Withania somnifera Linn Jaijesh, P., et al., International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2009. 3(4): p. 281-284.
34. (ID 2455) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 European Food Safety, Authority, S.o.o.t.s.o.h.c.r.t.J.g.L.a.i.o.d.f.I.a.r.o.i.o.t.l.u.t., EFSA Journal, 2009. 7(10): p. 1295-Article 1295.
35. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Justicia gendarussa burm Krishna, K.L. and P.A. Jagruti, Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2008. 40: p. 69-69.
36. In vitro plant development of Justicia gendarussa Bushrabi, N.K., et al., Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants, 2008. 9(1): p. 59-63.
37. Influence of day hours, t.a.r.h.o.b.-v.i.c., Calendula officinalis L. and justicia, Justicia gendarussa L Thakur, S. S., K. Sudha, and D.C. Karnatak, Pantnagar Journal of Research, 2007. 5(1): p. 30-32.
38. Antinociceptive activity and toxicological study of aqueous leaf extract of Justicia gendarussa Burm. F. in rats Ratnasooriya, W.D., S.A. Deraniyagala, and D.C. Dehigaspitiya, Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2007. 3(11): p. 145-155.
39. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Justicia gendarussa Burm. leaves in vitro Mruthunjaya, K. and V.I. Hukkeri, Natural Product Sciences, 2007. 13(3): p. 199-206.
40. Rust of Justicia gendarussa: a new record from Central India Yadav, V.K. and N.D. Sharma, Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 2006. 36(1): p. 40-41.
41. Influence of day hours, t.a.r.h.o.b.v.i.C., Calendula officinalis L. and Justicia, Justicia gendarussa L Thakur, Seema Singh and S. Kanaujia, Indian Journal of Entomology, 2006. 68(2): p. 158-161.
42. In vitro propagation of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. - A medicinal plant Agastian, P., L. Williams, and S. Ignacimuthu, Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 2006. 5(2): p. 246-248.
43. Ecotonic effects of insects with special effort to honey bees foraging inflorescence of Justicia gendarussa L.f. - (Acanthaceae) at Kalgachia Sheikh, M.S., Insect Environment, 2005. 11(2): p. 66-68.
44. In vitro multiplication of two economically important and endangered medicinal plants - Justicia gendarussa Brum and Adenia hondala (Gaertn) de Wilde Johnson, M., et al., Malaysian Journal of Science, 2004. 23(2): p. 49-53.
45. Chromatographic screening of medicinal Acanthaceae: Justicia pectoralis Jacq. and J. gendarussa Burm Oliveira, A.F.M., et al., Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 2000. 3(1): p. 37-41.
46. Morphological characterization of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. and J. gendarussa Burm. F. (Acanthaceae) Oliveira, A.F.M. and L.d.H.C. Andrade, Acta Amazonica, 2000. 30(4): p. 569-578.
47. Certain physiological and biochemical changes in the intact leaves of Justicia gendarussa at different stages of growth Kumar, P. and D. Banerjee, New Botanist, 1999. 26(1/4): p. 41-46.
48. Phenology and growth of medicinal Acanthaceae: Justicia pectoralis Jacq. and Justicia gendarussa Burm Oliveira, A.F.M., et al., Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, 1998. 69: p. 115-125.
49. FACILE 2-STEP SYNTHESIS OF 2-(2'-AMINOBENZYLAMINO)BENZYL ALCOHOL, A.N.-O.A.F.J.-G.B., S., Synthetic Communications, 1995. 25(22): p. 3597-3601.
50. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF JUSTICIA-GENDARUSSA Ramaswamy, V., et al., Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1985. 47(2): p. 68-68.
51. STUDIES ON INDIAN MEDICINAL-PLANTS .68. SIMPLE AROMATIC-AMINES FROM JUSTICIA-GENDARUSSA - C-13 NMR-SPECTRA OF THE BASES AND THEIR ANALOGS Chakravarty, A.K., P.P.G. Dastidar, and S.C. Pakrashi, Tetrahedron, 1982. 38(12): p. 1797-1802.
52. JUSTICIA PHYLLODY CONNECTED WITH MYCOPLASMALIKE AGENT Phatak, H.C., et al., Phytopathologische Zeitschrift-Journal of Phytopathology, 1976. 85(2): p. 179-182.
53. Studies on a graft-transmissible disease of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f Verma, V.S. and S. Singh, Gartenbauwissenschaft, 1975. 40(5): p. 240-240.
54. FLORAL DEVELOPMENT OF JUSTICIA-GENDARUSSA (ACANTHACEAE) Singh, V. and D.K. Jain, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 1975. 70(3): p. 243-&.
55. EFFECT OF NITROGEN NUTRITION OF STOCK PLANTS OF JUSTICIA-GENDARUSSA-L ON ROOTING OF CUTTINGS Basu, R.N. and S.K. Ghosh, Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 1974. 49(3): p. 245-252.
56. INTERACTION OF NUTRITIONAL AND HORMONAL FACTORS IN ROOTING OF JUSTICIA-D JUSTICIA-GENDARUSSA-D STEM CUTTINGS Ghosh, S.K. and R.N. Basu, Indian Science Congress Association Proceedings, 1970. 57(4): p. 532-532.
57. Chemical examination of Justicia gendarussa Burm Sharma, N.K. and V.N. Sharma. Technical Communications. Nat. Bot. 1968. 129-30.
58. RATE OF TRANSPIRATION OF DISEASED LEAVES OF JUSTICIA-GENDARUSSA-D INFECTED BY PUCCININIA-THWAITESII IN COMPARISON WITH HEALTHY LEAVES ABSTRACT Padhi, B. and A. Misra, Indian Science Congress Association Proceedings, 1967. 54(3): p. 287-287.
59. OSMOTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE DISEASED LEAF TISSUE OF JUSTICIA-GENDARUSSA-D INFECTED BY PUCCINIA-THWAITESII IN COMPARISON WITH THAT OF THE HEALTHY LEAF TISSUES ABSTRACT Padhi, B. and A. Misra, Indian Science Congress Association Proceedings, 1967. 54(3): p. 286-286.
60. METABOLIC CHANGES IN JUSTICIA-GENDARUSSA-D DUE TO ATTACK OF PUCCINIA-THWAITESII ABSTRACT Padhi, B. and A. Misra, Indian Science Congress Association Proceedings, 1966. 53(3): p. 228-229.
61. Studies on rooting of cuttings. V. Effects of auxins and organic nutrients on rooting of cuttings of Justicia gendarussa, L.t.f.s.p.g.u.v.l.o.n., S. Sen, and R.N. Basu, Indian J Plant Physiol, 1965. 8((1)): p. 36-49.
62. Leaf spot of Justicia gendarussa L. caused by Corynespora cassicola (Berk. and Curt.) Wei Shome, S.K. and N. Mukherjee, Sci Cult, 1964. 30((12)): p. 602-603.
63. PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF LEAF AND TENDER SHOOT OF JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA BURM F Mehrotra, B.N., Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 1962. C 21(2): p. 55-&.
64. Effect of growth substances on root formation in cuttings of Justicia gendarussa L. as in luenced by varying levels of nitrogen nutrition of stock plants Sen, P.K. and R.N. Basu, Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1960. 3(1): p. 72-83.
65. Effect of growth substances on root formation in cuttings of Justicia gendarussa L. as influenced by varying levels of nitrogen nutrition of stock plants Sen, P.K. and R.N. Basu, Indian Jour Plant Physiol, 1960. 3((1)): p. 72-83.
66. A note on the rooting of stem cuttings of Justicia gendarussa Linn Singh, J.S. In Annual Number 1960. National Academy of Sciences, India. Allahabad 2. 1961. p. 77.
67. Pharmaceutical preparation used as anti HIV agent, c.e.e.o.l.o.J.g., Burm.f containing flavonoid compounds as main content of gendarussin A Nasronudin,, P. Widiyanti, and E.W.B. Prajogo. Univ Airlangga Lppm.
68. Lotion, e.g.u.f.r.p., and promoting wound healing, comprises pseudoginseng powder, Justicia gendarussa, licorice, musk, Asarum, folium artemisiae argyi, borneol, and water Guo, Z. Guo Z.
69. Traditional Chinese medicine formulation, e.g.f.b.k., removing blood stasis, and relieving pain, comprises Justicia gendarussa, fried small yellow rice, Brassica, and dragon's bone Fang, K. and X. Fang. Fang K; Fang X.
70. Topical traditional Chinese medicine, u.f.t.p., comprises sargentg loryvine, Sambucus root, Justicia gendarussa, bone skin, onion seed, Homalomena rhizome, Radix Arnebiae seu Lithospermi, cockscomb, and chrysoidine Fan, H. Fan H.
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