Spondias pinnata, Wild mango, ambares, kincam

Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz
Family: Anacardiaceae

Synonyms: Mangifera pinnata L. f. , Poupartia pinnata (L. f.) Blanco, Spondias acuminata Roxb., Spondias mangifera Willd., Tetrastigma megalocarpum W.T. Wang

Common name: Wild Mango, Andaman mombin, Indian hog plum, Indian mombin
Assamese: আমৰা aamrata, আমড়া Aamada
Bengali: আমড়া aamada, আম্রাত aamraata, আম্রাতক aamraataka
Chinese: 木个
Gujarati: અંબાડાં ambaada
Hindi: अम्बाड़ा ambara, अम्बाड़ी ambari, अमरा amra, भृङ्गी फल bhringi-phal, मेटुला metula, पशु हरितकी pashu-haritaki, पीतन pitan
Khasi: Dieng-sohpier
Konkani: आंबाडे ambade, आंबाडो ambado
Malayalam: അമ്പഴം ampazham
Manipuri: Eikhoi
Marathi: अमडा amada, अंबाडा ambada, ढोलआंबा dholamba, खटांबा khatamba, रानआंबा ranamba
Mizo: Tawitaw
Nepali: अमारो amaro
Oriya: Ambaada
Portuguese: ambares
Sanskrit: आम्रात aamraata, अम्रातकः amraatakah, मेटुला metula, पीतनः pitan
Tamil: கிஞ்சம் kincam, புளிமா pulima
Telugu: అడవిమామిడి adavimamidi

Bole: Branched. Small/medium. To 20 m. Bark: Dark/light brown. Smooth/cracked. Slash: Pink/red. Resinous smell. Leaf: Odd-pinnate. 10 - 32 cm long. 7 - 13 leaflets. Alternate. Lflt: Alternate/opposite. Petiole: 1 - 2.3 cm. Lamina: Medium/small. 9 - 34 × 3 - 13 cm. Oblong/ovate. Rounded/cuneate. Asymmetrical (Terminal leaflet symmetrical). Acuminate/obtuse. Entire. Glabrous. Domatia: Absent. Glands: Absent. Stipules: Absent. Thorns & Spines: Absent. Flower: Yellow/orange. Panicles on older branches & trunk 20 - 95 cm long. Dioecious. Fruit: Bright yellow; apiculate ellipsoid drupe. 1.5 - 2.5 cm long; 0.7 - 1.3 cm in diameter; edible.

Deciduous trees, 10-15 m tall; branchlets yellowish brown, glabrous. Petiole 10-15 cm, petiole and rachis glabrous; leaf blade 30-40 cm, imparipinnately compound with 5-11 opposite leaflets; leaflet petiolule 3-5 mm; leaflet blade ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 7-12 × 4-5 cm, papery, glabrous on both sides, base cuneate to rounded, often oblique, margin serrate or entire, apex acuminate, lateral veins 12-25 pairs, slightly impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially, joined with submarginal collecting vein. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal, 25-35 cm, glabrous, basal first order branches 10-15 cm. Flower sessile or subsessile, white, glabrous. Calyx lobes triangular, ca. 0.5 mm. Petals ovate-oblong, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, apically acute. Stamens ca. 1.5 mm. Ovary subglobose, ca. 1 mm; styles 4 or 5, free, ca. 0.5 mm. Drupe ellipsoid to elliptic-ovoid, yellowish orange at maturity, 3.5-5 × 2.5-3.5 cm; inner part of endocarp woody and grooved, outer part fibrous; mature fruit usually with 2 or 3 seeds. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Sep.

Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Tree bark rubefacient,  antiemetic, tonic, aromatic, astringent, refrigerant, useful in  dysentery, diarrhea, biliousness, menstrual disorders, arthri- tis, tuberculosis, being used for rubbing on the skin over pain- ful joints; bark paste for stomach and body pain; bark juice  taken for diarrhea and dysentery, also applied on ringworm  and skin diseases. Leaves juice dropped in the ear in earache. The fruit used as an astringent, blood purifier, antiscorbutic and against dyspepsia; fruit juice applied or dropped  against  earache,  also  taken  to  stop  blood  dysentery;  fruit  boiled with the fish Channa punctatus, goroi, taken as curry  against dysentery; seeds of Garcinia cowa made into a paste  with seeds of Spondias pinnata applied on blistering spots,  rashes and itches. Veterinary medicine, stem bark for snakebite. Magico-religious beliefs, superstitions, at night it is not  advisable to go near the plant, maybe some devils are near  that place; tribe gives fruit stone to children to wear against  harmful effects of supernatural power, ghost, witches, and to  cure mouth ulcer. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Fruits, leaves, bark— astringent, antidysenteric, anti- speptic, antiscorbutic. Bark paste applied externally to articular and muscular rheumatism. Root—used for regulating menstruation. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- dia recommends stem bark in haem- orrhagic diseases. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Medicinal  use:  Fruit  is  antiscorbutic  and  astringent,  and  used  in  bilious  dyspepsia. Leaves are aromatic, acidic and astringent; juice is used in earache.  Bark is astringent and useful in dysentery, diarrhea and vomiting.  Paste of bark is used in rheumatism. Decoction of bark and wood is used in gonorrhea and leucorrhoea.  Gum is demulcent.  It  is  also  used  In  the  treatment  of  anemia, asthma,  hyperacidity and scurvy. O the r uses: Fruit is acidic and edible. Wood is whitish, very soft and light and used for making packing cases.  Barking deer is fond of its fruits.  [Selected Medicinal Plants of Chittagong Hill Tracts]

34 Published articles of Spondias pinnata
1.    Nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Spondias pinnata Shabana, K., U. Shazia, and A. Mohd, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015. 7(3): p. 722-726.
2.    Biological investigations of the leaf extract of Spondias pinnata Mohammad, S., et al., World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2015. 4(3): p. 252-256.
3.    Methyl gallate isolated from Spondias pinnata exhibits anticancer activity against human glioblastoma by induction of apoptosis and sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation Chaudhuri, D., et al., Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2015. 11(42): p. 269-276.
4.    Toxicological investigation of Spondias pinnata (Linn. F.) Kurz. (Family: Anacardiaceae) bark extract in Wistar rats Attanayake, A.P., et al., International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2015. 9(1): p. 26-31.
5.    Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Spondias pinnata Kurz. leaves Preeti, J., et al., European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2014. 4(2): p. 183-195.
6.    Development of a Modified Method for Isolation of Genomic DNA from Medicinal Plants Spondias pinnata Kurz. and Streblus asper Lour Kandall, R., B.K. Konwar, and R.K. Goswami, Advances in Plant Sciences, 2014. 27(1): p. 5-8.
7.    In vitro anticancer activity of Spondias pinnata bark on human lung and breast carcinoma Ghate, N.B., et al., Cytotechnology, 2014. 66(2): p. 209-218.
8.    Ethno-medicinal claims, p.a.p.o.S.p.a.r.B., N. S., et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2014. 5(4): p. 1138-1145.
9.    Antihyperglycaemic, a.a.b.c.r.e.o.S.p.L.f.K.b.e.o.s.i.d.r.A., Anoja Priyadarshani, et al., European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2014. 6(5): p. 588-596.
10.    Spondias pinnata stem bark extract lessens iron overloaded liver toxicity due to hemosiderosis in Swiss albino mice Hazra, B., R. Sarkar, and N. Mandal, Annals of Hepatology, 2013. 12(1): p. 123-129.
11.    To evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the fruit pulp Extract of spondias pinnata linn. Kurz on experimental Model of diabetes mellitus Debnath, P.K., B.K. Bezbaruah, and D. Devi, Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2013. 45: p. S74-S74.
12.    First report of hog-plum ( Spondias pinnata) leaf spot disease Samanta, J.N. and M. Kunal, Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 2012. 7(1): p. 33-34.
13.    Preliminary evaluation of nutraceutical and therapeutic potential of raw Spondias pinnata K., a.e.f.o.I.S., Gouri, Y.K. Tyagi, and R.K. Gupta, Food Research International, 2011. 44(7): p. 2076-2087.
14.    Comparative study of anthelmintic activity between acetone and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Spondias pinnata (Linn.F) Kurz Panda, B.K., et al., International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy (IJRAP), 2011. 2(4): p. 1383-1385.
15.    Chloroform and ethanol extract of Spondias pinnata and its different pharmacological activity like- antioxidant, c., antibacterial potential and phytochemical screening through in-vitro method Das, J., et al., International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2011. 2(4): p. 1805-1812.
16.    Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of Spondias pinnata (Linn. f.) Kurz fruit extract Ashif, M., et al., Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2011. 2(2): p. 265-267.
17.    Antimicrobial activity of Spondias pinnata resin Gupta, V.K., et al., Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2010. 4(16): p. 1656-1661.
18.    Nutritive and mineral value of ripe fruits evaluation of nutritive and mineral value in ripe fruits of Spondias pinnata from two location of western Himalaya, I.A., H. C. and V.K. Purohit, Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 2010. 2(3): p. 233-236.
19.    Hepatoprotective Activity of Stem Heart Wood of Spondias pinnata Rao, B.G. and N.J. Raju, Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2009. 21(9): p. 7416-7418.
20.    Investigation of anti-inflammatory activity of stem heart wood of Spondias pinnata Rao, B.G., M.S. Nath, and N.J. Raju, International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2009. 7(1): p. 294-298.
21.    Ran, S.o.M.O.a.T.I.o.D.M.G.S.p.X.U., et al., Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2009. 32(1): p. 39-41.
22.    Investigation of analgesic, a.i.a.a.a.o.m.e.f.t.b.o.S.p.L.f.K.M., S., et al., Biomed, 2009. 4(4): p. 392-401.
23.    Studies on diuretic and laxative activity of bark extracts of Spondias pinnata (Linn. f) Kurz Mondal, S., et al., Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2009. 5(19): p. 28-31.
24.    Hypoglycemic activity of the bark of Spondias pinnata Linn. kurz Mondal, S. and G.K. Dash, Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2009. 5(19): p. 42-45.
25.    Assessment of root formation in stem cuttings of Spondias pinnata Purohit, V.K., et al., National Academy Science Letters-India, 2008. 31(1-2): p. 17-22.
26.    Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Spondias pinnata Hazra, B., S. Biswas, and N. Mandal, Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2008. 8.
27.    Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Spondias pinnata Bibhabasu, H., B. Santanu, and M. Nripendranath, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2008. 8(63): p. (09 December 2008)-(09 December 2008).
28.    Variability status in Ambara ( Spondias pinnata Kurz.): a lesser-known medicinal tree species in Himachal Pradesh Vipan, G., International Journal of Forest Usufructs Management, 2007. 8(1): p. 60-63.
29.    Assessment of foliage loss caused by Podontia quatuordecimpunctata, L.C.C.-a.d.o.S.p.i.A.D., Sikha and J. Kalita, Journal of Ecobiology, 2002. 14(1): p. 3-7.
30.    Seasonal incidence of Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera) on hog plum (Spondias pinnata, A.i.A.D., Sikha and J. Kalita, Journal of Ecotoxicology & Environmental Monitoring, 2002. 12(3): p. 201-204.
31.    SOME STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE WOOD OF BOSWELLIA-SERRATA ROXB. GARUGA-PINNATA ROXB. LANNEA-COROMANDELICA MERR. AND SPONDIAS-PINNATA KURZ Chauhan, L. and R. Dayal, Indian Forester, 1990. 116(6): p. 455-458.
32.    STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE OF SPONDIAS-PINNATA GUM EXUDATE Ghosal, P.K. and S. Thakur, Carbohydrate Research, 1981. 98(1): p. 75-83.
33.    STUDIES ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF SPONDIAS-PINNATA Tandon, S. and R.P. Rastogi, Planta Medica, 1976. 29(2): p. 190-192.
34.    Herbal composition used for clearing away summer heat and detoxifying, c.S.p., smoked plum, mint, radix puerariae, tea leaves, bamboo leaves, licorice, and honey Hu, C., W. Li, and J. Wang. Yunnan Xishuangbanna Banna Pharm Co Ltd.