Strychnos nux-vomica, Visha mushti, कुचिला, കാഞ്ഞിരം, ବିଷମୁଷ୍ଟି, ਕੁਚਲਾ, rävkaketräd, کچلا

Strychnos nux-vomica L.
Family: Loganiaceae

• English: strychnos, Strychnine tree
• Chinese: 马钱子
• Telugu: ముష్టి Mushti, ఉసిడి, ముసిడి కాయ,
• San:  विषमुष्टि vishamusti
• Hindi: Kajra, कुचिला Kuchila;
• Malayalam: Kanjiram; Kanjeram കാഞ്ഞിരം
• Tamil: எட்டி மரம், Etti, Kagodi, Kanjirai
• Mar: Jharkhatchura, कुचला;
• Kannada: Hemmushti, Ittangi, ಕಾಸರಕ, ಮುಷ್ಟಿ ಮರ
• Odia:  ବିଷମୁଷ୍ଟି bishamushti, ବିଷତରୁ bishataru, ବିଷତିନ୍ଦୁ bishatindu, ଦୀର୍ଘପତ୍ର dighapatra, ଜଳଜ jalaja, କିମ୍ପାକ kimpaka, କୋଚିଲା kochila, କୁଚେଳକ kuchelaka, କୁଳକ kulaka, ମର୍କଟେନ୍ଦୁ markatendu, ରମ୍ଯ ଫଳ ramya phala, ରଣମୁଷ୍ଟି ranamushti
• Punjabi: ਕੁਚਲਾ
• Russian: ĕilibucha, ĕилибуцха, рвотный орецх
• Swedish: rävkaketräd
• Tibetan: ཀོ་བྱི་ལ ko-byi-la
• Tulu: ಕಾಯೆರ್ ಮರ kayer mara
• Urdu: کچلا kuchala

Description: Trees to 25 m tall. Branchlets slightly pubescent, glabrescent. Petiole 0.5--1.5 cm; leaf blade suborbicular, broadly elliptic, or ovate, 5--18 X 4--12.5 cm, papery, abaxially minutely hairy especially on veins, adaxially glabrous and shiny, base rounded to cordate, apex shortly acuminate to acute and often mucronulate, basal veins 3--5. Thyrses axillary, 3--6 cm; peduncle puberulent; bracteoles pubescent. Flowers 5-merous. Pedicel puberulent. Calyx lobes ovate, outside densely pubescent. Corolla greenish white to white, salverform, ca. 1.3 cm; tube longer than lobes, outside glabrous, inside sparsely villous at base or on lower half; lobes narrowly ovate, ca. 3 mm, margin thickened and puberulent. Stamens inserted at mouth or corolla tube; filaments very short; anthers elliptic, ca. 1.7 mm, apex exserted. Pistil 1--1.2 cm. Ovary ovoid, glabrous. Style to 1.1 cm, glabrous; stigma capitate. Berries orange when ripe, globose, 2--4 cm in diam., glabrous, 1--4-seeded. Seeds orbicular to elliptic, 2--4 cm wide, densely sericeous. Fl. spring to summer.

 

Uses: Uterine colic, sharp pain at the umbilicus, nausea, vomiting, patient is chilled. [Botanical Medicine for Women's Health] Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Strychnine very poisonous; seeds deadly poisonous, also used for poisoning arrow blades and killing wild animals. Paste prepared from leaves, ripe fruits and seeds applied to treat poisonous bites. Bitter, tonic, increasing appetite; it stimulates peristalsis in chronic constipation due to atony of the bowel often combined with cascara and other laxatives with good effects. Leaves have strong allelopathic properties; leaf paste applied all over the body against the fever. Seeds analgesic, antiinflammatory, anti-ulcer, cytotoxic, antioxidant, uterine stimulant activity, respiratory and cardiac stimulant, depurative, diuretic,  diaphoretic, nervine, stomachic, tonic, aphrodisiac, antidiabetic; seed paste applied for vitiligo, snakebite and scorpion stings. Alleviates spasms, fruit and leaf; relaxes muscles, root bark. Fruit used to treat inflammation, sore throat, stomach complaints. Fruit and bark pesticide, insecticide. Antimalarial activity of wood water extract of Strychnos ligustrina Blume. Wood cures fever, snakebite, ulcer, acne, syphilis and chicken pox; as stomach tonic, as poultice and anthelmintic; bark juice with lemon useful for cholera, acute diarrhea. Applied for burns, against boils and rashes and cures scabies. Root decoction for snakebite. Veterinary medicine, root paste poulticed with stem bark extract of Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirveng. given orally for snakebite; fruits jelly applied on the tongue of convalescing cattle; seeds along with stem bark of Terminalia arjuna and stem of Tinospora cordifolia pounded and the extract given orally in insect bite. Crushed fruits as fish poison. [CRC  World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants] 

Strychnos nux-vomica (nux vomica) and Calendula officinalis are used in highly diluted form in homeopathic medicine to treat patients suffering from gastritis and gastric ulcers. [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants  Vol-7] 

Despite the known toxicity, the seeds continue to be used in some countries as a medicinal herbal product. Initially the patient may experience feelings of restlessness and anxiety, followed by fasciculations and hyper reflexia. In severe poisoning, generalized symmetrical tonic spasms with opisthotonic posturing develop. Although resembling seizures, consciousness is maintained. The extreme muscle spasms can last from seconds to minutes and are triggered by movement or excitement. Rhabdomyolysis and hyperthermia can develop.  [Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants 2nd Ed] 

Seeds—used in emotional disorders, insomnia, hysteria, epilepsy, paralytic and neurological affections, retention or nocturnal incontinence of urine, spermatorrhoea, sexual debility and impotence, general exhaustion; as antidote to alcoholism; GIT disorders. Bark—juice given in acute dysentery, diarrhoea and colic. Root—given in intermittent fevers. In Chinese medicine a paste made of Nux vomica seeds is applied topically for treating facial paralysis. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends detoxified seeds in paralysis, facial paralysis, sciatica and impotency. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

In China, the seeds are eaten to combat fever, assuage headache, treat diseases of the eyes, skin, and abdominal swellings and to heal sores. In Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, the seeds are eaten to promote vomiting and to combat fever. The bark is used to heal leprous ulcers. The sap of Strychnos nux-vomica L. is used  by the Orang Asli of Malaysia to make arrow-poison.  Warning: In regard to the toxic effect of Nux Vomica, ingestion of a single seed will cause tremors and slight twitching of the limbs, followed by sudden convulsions of all the muscles. The body becomes arched backwards in hyperextension with the legs and arms extended, and the feet turned inwards. The facial muscles produce a characteristic grinning expression known as “risus sardonicus.” Death from medullary paralysis usually follows the second or fifth seizure. The convulsions are mediated spinally and believed to result from a blockade of inhibitory glycinergic sites. Antidotes for strychnine poisoning are short acting barbiturates and muscle relaxing drugs. [Medicinal Plants: Drugs for The Future?]

The seeds are bitter, acrid, alexeteric, aphrodisiac, appetiser, antiperiodic, anthelmintic, digestive, febrifuge, emmenagogue, purgative, spinal, respiratory and cardiac stimulant and stomachic. The bark is bitter, and tonic and febrifug. [Medicinal Plants Kerala Ag University]

The seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. are used to treat eye diseases because strychnine instilled locally increases the ability to discriminate colors and intensities of illumination, particularly in the area of the blue visual field. Strychnos nux-vomica L. was once used to treat amblyopia. [Medicinal Plants of Asia and the Pacific]

298 Published articles of Strychnos nux-vomica L.

1.    Steffy, K., et al., Synthesis and characterization of ZnO phytonanocomposite using Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Loganiaceae) and antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains from diabetic foot ulcer. Journal of Advanced Research, 2018. 9: p. 69-77.
2.    Jinu, U., et al., Potential larvicidal activity of silver nanohybrids synthesized using leaf extracts of Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. ex Hook. f. and Strychnos nux-vomica L. nux-vomica against dengue, Chikungunya and Zika vectors. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2018. 101: p. 163-171.
3.    Guo, R., et al., Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity of Strychnos nux-vomica L.: A Review. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2018. 46(1): p. 1-23.
4.    Ponraj, L., et al., A rare case report of Strychnos nux-vomica poisoning with bradycardia. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 2017. 6(3): p. 663-665.
5.    Patel, K., et al., A review on medicinal uses, analytical techniques and pharmacological activities of Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.: A concise report. Chinese journal of integrative medicine, 2017.
6.    Maddisetty, P.N.P., et al., HPLC and GC-MS: Identification and Quantification of Strychnine and Brucine in Strychnos nux-vomica leaves. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017. 30(6): p. 2369-2373.
7.    Zhao, C., et al., Zebrafish model for assessing induced organ toxicity by Strychnos nux-vomica. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2016. 36(4): p. 522-529.
8.    Yang, H., et al., Study on Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Different Processing Products of Strychnos nux-vomica Seeds. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2016. 39(6): p. 1276-1278.
9.    Xie, B., et al., Study on Chemical Constituents of Strychnos nux-vomica. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2016. 39(1): p. 86-89.
10.    Soltani, N., N. Tavakkoli, and M. Ghasemi, Corrosion Inhibition of Low Carbon Steel by Strychnos nux-vomica Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor in Hydrochloric Acid Solution. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2016. 11(10): p. 8827-8847.
11.    Perumal, B., et al., Phytochemical and medicinal properties on Strychnos-nux-vomica (L). Journal of Advanced Applied Scientific Research, 2016. 1(3): p. 96-99.
12.    Nakkeeran, E., et al., Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using Strychnos nux-vomica shell as an adsorbent. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016. 57(50): p. 23951-23964.
13.    Joy, A.L.M., M.R. Appavoo, and M.I.G. Mohesh, Antiangiogenic activity of Strychnos nux vomica leaf extract on chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016. 8(1): p. 549-552.
14.    Doss, D.V.A., P.N.P. Maddisetty, and M.S. Sukumar, Biological active compounds with various medicinal values of Strychnos nux-vomica - a pharmacological summary. Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016. 7(1): p. 3044-3047.
15.    Zhao, Y., et al., Research progress on pharmacokinetics of Strychnos nux-vomica and its preparation. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2015. 46(11): p. 1710-1714.
16.    Mohesh, M.I.G., et al., Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Strychnos nux vomica flower extract. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015. 7(7): p. 748-752.
17.    Joy, A.L.M. and M.R. Appavoo, Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Strychnos nux vomica seed extract. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015. 7(4): p. 1495-1499.
18.    Hashim, A., et al., A reverse phased high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of a poisonous matter in Strychnos nux-vomica. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 2015. 6(3): p. 108-113.
19.    Fernando, K., et al., Intentional Ingestion of Strychnos Nux-vomica Seeds Causing Severe Muscle Spasms and Cardiac Arrest: A Postmortem Report. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 2015. 26(1): p. 101-102.
20.    Eldahshan, O.A. and M.M. Abdel-Daim, Phytochemical study, cytotoxic, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Strychnos nux-vomica. Cytotechnology, 2015. 67(5): p. 831-844.
21.    Doss, V.A.D., P.P.N. Maddisetty, and M.S. Sukumar, Phytochemical screening, quantification and in vitro antidiabetic activity of Strychnos Nux-vomica leaf extract. Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015. 6(4): p. 2892-2898.
22.    Chen, H., et al., Cytotoxicity of components from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica to human HaCaT keratinocytes. Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine, 2015. 37(1): p. 16-21.
23.    Anwar, N., et al., Effect of detoxification (tadbeer) in content of toxic metabolites of Strychnos nux-vomica: A Unani approach for its use in human. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 2015. 7(4): p. 314-316.
24.    Xie, B., W. Tang, and X. Wang, Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Strychnos nux-vomica. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014. 33(10): p. 603-606.
25.    Weng, D. and Q. Dai, Establishment of RP-HPLC Method for the Content Determination of 4 Kinds of Alkaloids from Strychnos nux-vomica in Human Plasma. China Pharmacy, 2014. 25(15): p. 1371-1373.
26.    Shi, Y.-s., et al., Four new minor alkaloids from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica. Tetrahedron Letters, 2014. 55(48): p. 6538-6542.
27.    Pan, Z., et al., Extraction Process Optimization of Total Alkaloids Based on Simultaneous Determination of Five Alkaloids in Strychnos nux-vomica L. Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology, 2014. 33(6): p. 641-646.
28.    Liu, Y., et al., Online Monitoring for Strychnos Nux-vomica Parching in Sands and Chemical Compositional Analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - Linear Trap Quadrupole -Orbitrap- Mass Spectrometry. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014. 13(10): p. 1675-1680.
29.    Liang, X. and Y. Tang, Determination of brucin and strychnine in Strychnos nux-vomical L. uncombined and combined with Caesalpinia sappan L. by HPLC. China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 2014. 29(4): p. 1101-1104.
30.    Lang, X., Experimentation of Decreasing Toxicity and Increasing Efficacy on Compatibility of Strychnos nux Vomica and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research, 2014. 25(10): p. 2364-2366.
31.    Joy, A.L.M. and M.R. Appavoo, Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous methanolic extract of Strychnos nux vomica leaves. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2014. 2(2 Part B): p. 77-80.
32.    Bhavya, D.K. and M. Krishnamoorthy, Preliminary screening of phytochemical and mineral content of chloroform and methanol extracts of Strychnos nux vomica L and Ophiorrhiza rugosa Wall. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2014. 5(2): p. P-390-P-395.
33.    Wang, X., et al., LARGE-SCALE SEPARATION OF STRYCHNINE AND BRUCINE FROM STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA L. BY pH-ZONE-REFINING COUNTER-CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 2013. 36(5): p. 648-657.
34.    Shu, G., et al., Brucine, an alkaloid from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica Linn., represses hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and metastasis: The role of hypoxia inducible factor 1 pathway. Toxicology Letters, 2013. 222(2): p. 91-101.
35.    Saraswati, S. and S.S. Agrawal, Brucine, an indole alkaloid from Strychnos nux-vomica attenuates VEGF-induced angiogenesis via inhibiting VEGFR2 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Letters, 2013. 332(1): p. 83-93.
36.    Rao, P.S. and M.N.V. Prasad, Strychnos nux-vomica Root Extract Induces Apoptosis in the Human Multiple Myeloma Cell Line-U266B1. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2013. 66(3): p. 443-450.
37.    Pan, Z., M. Jin, and Y. Pan, Study of microbial transformation process of Strychnos nux-vomica alkaloid salts by Cunninghamella blakesleeana. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2013. 44(23): p. 3309-3315.
38.    Jonville, M.-C., et al., Dimeric bisindole alkaloids from the stem bark of Strychnos nux-vomica L. Phytochemistry, 2013. 87: p. 157-163.
39.    He, C.-Q., et al., Study on preparation and thermosensitive release property of composite phospholipid liposomes containing total alkaloids from Strychnos nux-vomica. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2013. 38(9): p. 1366-70.
40.    Zhao, N., et al., New alkaloids from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica. Tetrahedron, 2012. 68(16): p. 3288-3294.
41.    Zhang, J.Y., W. Qu, and J.Y. Liang, A novel indolomonoterpenic alkaloid from processed Strychnos nux-vomica. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2012. 48(5): p. 831-833.
42.    Patel, D.K., et al., Phytochemical analysis and standardization of Strychnos nux-vomica extract through HPTLC techniques. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2012(Supplement 1): p. S56-S60.
43.    Liu, X., et al., Determination of the Content of Strychnine and Brucine in Strychnos nux-vomica L.by the Liquid Fermentation with Trametes cinnabarina(Jacq.) Franeh. Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology, 2012. 31(3): p. 294-301.
44.    Kumar, M.A., et al., A comprehensive review on effects of sodhan karma (detoxification procedure) and therapeutic potential of Visha-Tinhuka (Strychnos nux-vomica). International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy (IJRAP), 2012. 3(2): p. 211-213.
45.    Khan, M., et al., A cytotoxic agent from Strychnos nux-vomica and biological evaluation of its modified analogues. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2012. 21(10): p. 2975-2980.
46.    Kamal, A., et al., Simultaneous HPTLC determination of strychnine and brucine in strychnos nux-vomica seed. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences, 2012. 4(2): p. 134-9.
47.    Jonville, M.C., et al., Bisindolomonoterpenic alkaloids from the stem bark of Strychnos Nux-Vomica exibiting antiplasmodial activity. Planta Medica, 2012. 78(11): p. 1047-1047.
48.    Gnanavel, S., et al., Antimicrobial activity of Strychnos nux-vomica linn and Cassia angustifolia Linn. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2012. 2(1): p. 8-11.
49.    Fu, Y., et al., Strynuxlines A and B, Alkaloids with an Unprecedented Carbon Skeleton from Strychnos nux-vomica. Journal of Natural Products, 2012. 75(11): p. 1987-1990.
50.    Chen, J., et al., Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity and pharmacokinetics of alkaloids from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica after transdermal administration: Effect of changes in alkaloid composition. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2012. 139(1): p. 181-188.
51.    Chen, J., et al., Effect of lipid composition on antitumor activity of stealth liposomes containing total alkaloids from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine, 2012. 34(2): p. 238-241.
52.    Bhati, R., et al., Strychnos nux-vomica seeds: Pharmacognostical standardization, extraction, and antidiabetic activity. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 2012. 3(2): p. 80-4.
53.    Behpour, M., et al., A New Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of Strychnine and Brucine in Strychnos nux-vomica Unprocessed and Processed Seeds Using a Carbon-paste Electrode Modified with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes. Phytochemical Analysis, 2012. 23(2): p. 95-102.
54.    Wang, X., et al., In vivo pharmacokinetics of total alkaloids from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica after transdermal administration to mice. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2011. 42(12): p. 2484-2488.
55.    Sowjanya, D. and N. Kushal, A rare case of strychnine poisoning by consumption of Strychnos nux-vomica leaves. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011(Suppl. 2): p. S303-S304.
56.    Parida, N.K., et al., Analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of extracts from the leaves of Strychnos nux vomica Linn. Hamdard Medicus, 2011. 54(3): p. 9-18.
57.    Mitra, S., V.J. Shukla, and R. Acharya, Effect of Shodhana (processing) on Kupeelu (Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.) with special reference to strychnine and brucine content. Ayu, 2011. 32(3): p. 402-7.
58.    Mitra, S., et al., A comparative anti-inflammatory activity of raw and processed Kupeelu (Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.) seeds on albino rats. Ancient science of life, 2011. 31(2): p. 73-5.
59.    Hou, T., et al., Pharmacokinetics of brucine in rats after intravenous administration of liposomes containing total alkaloids from seed of Strychnos nux-vomica. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2011. 36(10): p. 1353-7.
60.    Dasari, S. and K. Naha, A rare case of strychnine poisoning by consumption of Strychnos nux-vomica leaves. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011. 1(2): p. S303-S304.
61.    Behpour, M., et al., Determination of strychnine in strychnos nux-vomica crude and detoxified seeds by voltammetric method using a carbon paste electrode incorporated with gold nanoparticles. Analytical Methods, 2011. 3(4): p. 872-876.
62.    Yang, G.-M., et al., Two new bisindole alkaloids from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica. Fitoterapia, 2010. 81(7): p. 932-936.
63.    Sithan, K.S.V. and M. Kamaraj, Antibacterial activity of Strychnos nux-vomica leaf extracts. Journal of Ecobiology, 2010. 27(1/2): p. 39-42.
64.    Park, H.-R., et al., Antioxidant and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Strychnos nux-vomica Extracts. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 2010. 39(9): p. 1243-1248.
65.    Li, L., J. Chen, and B. Cai, Transdermal absorption characteristics of brucine in vitro is affected by other alkaloids in total alkaloids from seed of Strychnos nux-vomica. Chinese Journal New Drugs, 2010. 19(17): p. 1517-1520.
66.    Li, H., et al., Separation and Purification of Brucine and Strychnine from Strychnos Nux-vomica L. by pH-Zone-Refining Counter-Current Chromatography. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2010. 38(12): p. 1703-1707.
67.    Hofbauer, R., et al., Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor expression in KATO-III cells after Helicobacter pylori stimulation under the influence of strychnos Nux vomica and Calendula officinalis. Homeopathy, 2010. 99(3): p. 177-182.
68.    Haghi, G., A. Hatami, and A. Safaei, Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography with UV Detection for Analysis of Strychnine and Brucine in the Crude Seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica and Their Processed Products. Chromatographia, 2010. 71(3-4): p. 327-330.
69.    Chen, J., et al., Pharmaceutical properties of novel liposomes containing total alkaloids from seed of Strychnos nux-vomica. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2010. 35(1): p. 35-9.
70.    Chen, J., et al., Effect of Phospholipid Composition on Pharmacokinetics of Liposomes Containing Total Alkaloids from Seed of Strychnos nux-vomica L. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2010. 45(24): p. 1944-1947.
71.    Akbar, S., et al., USE OF STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA (AZRAQI) SEEDS IN UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE: ROLE OF DETOXIFICATION. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2010. 7(4): p. 286-290.
72.    Vijayakumar, R., et al., Non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant variations in tender and mature leaves of Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Family: Loganiaceae). Comptes Rendus Biologies, 2009. 332(1): p. 52-57.
73.    Rao, P.S., M. Ramanadham, and M.N.V. Prasad, Anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of Strychnos nux-vomica root extract on human multiple myeloma cell line - RPMI 8226. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2009. 47(2): p. 283-288.
74.    Raja, P.B. and M.G. Sethuraman, Strychnos nux-vomica an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M sulfuric acid medium. Materials and Corrosion-Werkstoffe Und Korrosion, 2009. 60(1): p. 22-28.
75.    Ma, L., et al., Intestinal Permeability of Antitumor Alkaloids from the Processed Seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica in a Caco-2 Cell Model. Planta Medica, 2009. 75(6): p. 631-634.
76.    Jun, C., et al., Determination of Content and Encapsulation Efficiency of Liposomes Containing Total Alkaloids from Seed of Strychnos nux - vomica L. Traditional Chinese Drug Research and Clinical Plarmacology, 2009. 20(3): p. 249-252.
77.    Jun, C., et al., The preparation and acute toxicity of stealth liposomes containing total alkaloids from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine, 2009. 31(4): p. 533-537.
78.    Jia, X., et al., Progressive studies on toxity of Strychons nuxvomica. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2009. 34(18): p. 2396-9.
79.    Singh, R.B., Y.P. Singh, and M.M. Goyal, Polysaccharides from Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. seeds by isolation, purification and preliminary analysis. National Journal of Life Sciences, 2008. 5(2): p. 235-240.
80.    Rathi, A., et al., TLC determination of strychnine and brucine of Strychnos nux vomica in Ayurveda and homeopathy drugs. Chromatographia, 2008. 67(7-8): p. 607-613.
81.    Duddukuri, G.R., A.N. Brahmam, and D.N. Rao, Suppressive effect of Strychnos nux-vomica on induction of ovalbumin-specific IgE antibody response in mice. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 2008. 45(5): p. 341-344.
82.    Chaurasia, S., Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Strychnos nux vomica linn. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2008. 40: p. 77-77.
83.    Atluri, J.B., S.P.V. Ramana, and C.S. Reddi, Eventide blooming, insect pollination, low fruiting and seeding in the strychnine tree, Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B-Biological Sciences, 2008. 78: p. 66-71.
84.    Yin, W., et al., The cytotoxicity induced by brucine from the seed of Strychnos nux-vomica proceeds via apoptosis and is mediated by cyclooxygenase 2 and caspase 3 in SMMC 7221 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2007. 45(9): p. 1700-1708.
85.    Wu, W., et al., Alkaloid profiling in crude and processed Strychnos nux-vomica seeds by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2007. 45(3): p. 430-436.
86.    Singh, R.B., Y.P. Singh, and M.M. Goyal, Identification of polyalcohols from periodate oxidized polysaccharides of Strychnos nux vomica Linn. seeds by Smith degradation method. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 2007. 4(1): p. 253-257.
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198.    Achmatowicz, O. and S. Achmatowicz, ALKALOIDS OF STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA. .7. SOME TRANSFORMATIONS OF NB-METHYLDIHYDROCHANOSTRYCHNIDINE AND ISO-NB-METHYLDIHYDROCHANOSTRYCHNIDINE. Bulletin De L Academie Polonaise Des Sciences-Serie Des Sciences Chimiques, 1963. 11(7): p. 381-&.
199.    Achmatowicz, O. and S. Achmatowicz, ALKALOIDS OF STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA .6. REDUCTIVE DEGRADATION OF NB-METHYLSTRYCHNINIUM ACETATE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. Bulletin De L Academie Polonaise Des Sciences-Serie Des Sciences Chimiques, 1962. 10(11-1): p. 595-&.
200.    Achmatowicz, O. and S. Achmatowicz, ALKALOIDS OF STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA .5. NEW DATA ON DES-BASE A, DES-BASE D, AND NEO-BASES. Bulletin De L Academie Polonaise Des Sciences-Serie Des Sciences Chimiques, 1962. 10(10): p. 555-&.
201.    Carlassare, M., Determination of the strychnine content of nux vomica, of the Strychnos ignatii bean and of respective galenic preparations. Il Farmaco; edizione pratica, 1955. 10(12): p. 662-9.
202.    Andrews, P., L. Hough, and J.K.N. Jones, THE GALACTAN OF STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA SEEDS. Journal of the Chemical Society, 1954(MAR): p. 806-810.
203.    Bentley, H.R., et al., TRITERPENE RESINOLS AND RELATED ACIDS .28. THE NON-SAPONIFIABLE FRACTION FROM STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA SEED FAT - THE STRUCTURE OF CYCLOARTENOL. Journal of the Chemical Society, 1953(NOV): p. 3673-3678.
204.    Martin, W.F. and et al., The isolation of novacine, an alkaloid from Strychnos nux-vomica, L. and its identification as N-Methyl-sec-pseudobrucine. Journal of the Chemical Society. 1952. 3603-4.
205.    Martin, W.F., et al., THE ISOLATION OF NOVACINE, AN ALKALOID FROM STRYCHNOS NUXVOMICA, L AND ITS IDENTIFICATION AS N-METHYL-SEC-PSEUDOBRUCINE. Journal of the Chemical Society, 1952(SEP): p. 3603-3604.
206.    Martin, W.F., et al., The isolation of novacine, an alkaloid from Strychnos nux-vomica, L. and its identification as N-methyl-sec.-pseudobrucine. Jour Chem Soc [London], 1952. 1952((9)): p. 3603-3604.
207.    Puntambekar, S.V., Effect of storage on the alkaloidal content of Strychnos nux-vomica seeds. Current Sci, 1947. 16((11)): p. 346-346.
208.    Sabalitschka, T. and C. Jungermann, The absolute and percentual alkaloid content of the individual parts of the germ buds in young plants of strychnos nux vomica L during germination. Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1926. 167: p. 479-490.
209.    Zhu, Q., Medicinal composition useful for treating facial neuritis, comprises e.g. Strychnos nux-vomica, stiff silkworm, scorpion, radix aconite, realgar, arisaema cum bile, white pepper, frankincense, myrrh, dragon's blood, and Angelica dahurica. Zhu Q.
210.    Zhou, W., Traditional Chinese medicine composition useful for treating pain, promoting blood circulation comprises semen brassicae, Asarum, Corydalis tuber, radix aconiti agrestis, aconitine, cassia twig, frankincense, myrrh, and Strychnos nux-vomica. Guangzhou Lingwukang Health Management.
211.    Zhang, Z., Traditional Chinese medicine moxibustion paste comprises e.g. beeswax, paraffin, medical Vaseline, clay, volcanic mud, essential oil, methyl salicylate, menthol, Strychnos nux-vomica, peach kernel, folium artemisiae argyi and scorpion. Zhang Z.
212.    Zhang, T., Traditional Chinese medicine used for, e.g. treating neck and back pains, includes radix aconiti kusnezoffii, Strychnos nux-vomica, Angelica, notopterygium root, eucommia bark, worms, Dioscorea, Gentiana macrophylla and radix saposhnikoviae. Zhang T.
213.    Zhang, Q., Capsule used for e.g. treating rheumatoid arthritis, includes Angelica, rhizoma ligustici wallichii, Rehmannia root, radix astragali, rhizoma atractylodis, leech, scorpion, aweto, Strychnos nux-vomica, and radix cyathulae. Zhang Q.
214.    Zhang, M., Healthy wine used e.g. for treating rheumatism includes longan, ginger, orientavine, cassia twig, fresh semen coicis, medlar, Codonopsis pilosula, radix scutellariae, radix aconite, radix aconiti feri, frankincense, and Strychnos nux-vomica. Zhang M.
215.    Zhang, J., Tendon gypsum useful for e.g. invigorating blood, comprises e.g. radix aconiti, Aconitum kusnezoffii, papaya, radix sileris, semen momordicae, frankincense, myrrh, Strychnos nux-vomica, sweetgum fruit and rhizoma ligustici wallichii. Zhang J.
216.    Zhang, H. and Y. Sun, Plaster useful for e.g. promoting bone and muscle function, comprises weasel bone, Strychnos nux vomica, Stramonium, cornu cervi, Salvia miltiorrhiza, catechu, Moschus berezovskii, plum and camphor. Zhang H.
217.    Zhang, A., X. Liu, and P. Wu, Traditional Chinese medicine composition useful for treating otogenic brain abscess comprises e.g. Strychnos nux-vomica, Eucommia ulmoides, Cassia twig, herba artemisiae anomalae, Clematis chinensis, and Phellodendron chinense. Univ North China Sci & Technology Branch.
218.    Zhang, A., Traditional Chinese medicine liniment useful e.g. for treating bedsore, comprises dandelion, Patrinia, root of common peony, frankincense, Strychnos nux-vomica, Drynaria rhizome, dried longan pulp, catechu and Panax pseudo-ginseng. Zhang A.
219.    Yuan, J., Medicine composition useful for treating dermatophytosis comprises e.g. Strychnos nux-vomica, liquorice, honey, gallnut, fructus cnidii, Sophora flavescens and chinaberry core. Yuan J.
220.    Yu, X., Traditional Chinese medicine composition useful for treating emphysema, comprises e.g. Pyrrosia lingua, radix paeoniae alba, Duchesnea indica, Houttuynia, Acorus calamus, Paeonia, rhizoma corydalis and Strychnos nux-vomica. Yu X.
221.    Yang, H., Waterproof-insecticide-modified treatment agent for wooden floor, contains sodium hypophosphite, boric acid solution, manganese sulfate, Strychnos nux-vomica cotyledon, waste tobacco leaves, polyvinyl alcohol, water, and additive. Maanshan Haihin Aquatic Prod Ecological; Maanshan Haibin Aquatic Prod Ecological.
222.    Yan, W., Aphrodisiac wine used for e.g. treating kidney-yang deficiency, comprises wine liquor and Chinese herbal including bamboo flower, caulis sinomenii, Epimedium, black aconite, Strychnos nux vomica, Asarum, morinda root and Rosa laevigata. Guangxi Dongxing Innovative Features Pha.
223.    Yan, C., Traditional Chinese medicine preparation useful for treating tuberculosis and meningitis comprises Chinese holly leaf, scorpion, ternate buttercup root, stiff silkworm, Strychnos nux-vomica, Gekko japonicas and centipede. Yan C.
224.    Xiong, W., Paste used for treating rheumatism and osteoporosis, comprises Strychnos nux-vomica, unprocessed radix aconiti, unprocessed radix aconiti kusnezoffii, frankincense, myrrh, Salvia, safflower and root of common peony. Xiong W.
225.    Xiong, C., Medicine composition useful for preventing orange maggot, comprises Strychnos nux-vomica, white cardamom, Ephedra, Schisandra chinensis, Eupatorium adenophorum, Tripterygium wilfordii and Andrographis paniculata. Kaixian Chaoguo Agric Dev Co Ltd.
226.    Xie, S., Pesticide used for orange, comprises Chinaberry fruit, Litsea cubeba, ginger, Strychnos nux-vomica, tobacco, abrin and gelsemine. Guangxi Jinshen Ecological Agric Sci.
227.    Wu, Y., Tincture useful for treating soft tissue pain, comprises e.g. safflower, rhizoma corydalis, Angelica, hemlock parsley, radix clematidis, Strychnos nux-vomica, Asarum, processed radix aconiti feri and heracleum hemsleyanum michaux. Univ Huaihua.
228.    Wu, C., Traditional Chinese medicine composition used for treating poliomyelitis, comprises radix codonopsis, Polygonatum, Coix seed, antler, Eucommia, Dendrobium, Strychnos nux-vomica, and Cornus. Qingdao Shihzili Chinese Herbal Medicine Inst.
229.    Wei, Q., Traditional Chinese medicine used e.g. for preventing and treating tumor includes frankincense, myrrh, Agrimony, tulip, nut grass rhizome, citron fruit, Chinese lacquer tree, Strychnos nux-vomica, Clematis chinensis, and herba dendrobii. Wei Q.
230.    Wang, Z., et al., Traditional Chinese medicine used for treating esophagus cancer, comprises radix aconiti carmichaeli, Asarum, dried ginger, cassia twig, Chinese prickly ash, radix curcumae, turmeric, szechuan lovage rhizome and Strychnos nux-vomica. Wang Z.
231.    Wang, Y. and F. Xu, Medicinal liquor useful for e.g. treating rheumatoid arthritis of knee, and activating collaterals, prepared using e.g. fresh Rehmannia root, Calanthe discolor, Strychnos nux-vomica, Forsythia suspensa, and Gymnadenia conopsea. Wang G.
232.    Wang, Y. and Z. Han, Preparing orthopedic dressing comprises e.g. taking sesame oil, Manis squama, rhizoma drynariae, rhizoma ligustici wallichii, frankincense, Strychnos nux-vomica, scorpion, mixing with sesame oil, heating, frying and removing slag. Tianjin Chenjie Sci & Technology Dev Co.
233.    Wang, X., Seafood soup useful for providing swelling effect, prepared using e.g. Strychnos nux-vomica, Chinese ixora, taraphochlamys affinis, Eranthemum, Asplenium, Borreria, thistle, patchouli, sea rabbit meat powder, Undaria and star anise. Harbin Shengyi Biological Technology Dev.
234.    Wang, L. and J. Xu, Traditional Chinese medicine used for treating cancer of digestive tract, comprises dragon's blood, Strychnos nux-vomica, fructus piperis longi, Chinese olive, medulla stachyuri and Malva verticillata fruit. Qingdao Changanda Pharm Co Ltd.
235.    Wang, L., Traditional Chinese medicine used for treating bone spur, includes herba cistanche, minium, pangolin, rhizoma homalomenae, Elsholtzia patrini, Smilax scobinicaulis, Strychnos nux-vomica, Aralia, Crinum asiaticum and Arundina graminifolia. Wang L.
236.    Wang, J., Y. Yang, and M. Liu, Pesticide comprises e.g. Pseudolarix amabilis, Tripterygium wilfordii, Pyrethrum cinerariifolium, Andrographis paniculata, thyme, dyer's woad leaf, Strychnos nux-vomica, Houttuynia cordata, herba andrographitis, tea and pomegranate rind. Guilin Shengbo Technology Service Co Ltd.
237.    Wang, J., Y. Yang, and M. Liu, Pesticide comprises Cyrtomium fortunei, thunder god vine, Chinese ephedra, saponin, thyme, Stemona, Strychnos nux-vomica, agrimony, common Andrographis herb, chinaberry seed and Schisandra berry. Guilin Shengbo Technology Service Co Ltd.
238.    Wang, J., Topical coating agent useful for suppurative otitis media, comprises Strychnos nux-vomica, litharge, manis, Coptis chinensis, pig gallbladder powder, Saxifraga stolonifera, Rhus chinensis, snake slough, borneol and black soybean oil. Wang J.
239.    Wang, D., Hypoglycemic umbilical paste used for diabetic patients, comprises caulis lonicerae, Allium macrostemon, Strychnos nux-vomica, herba siegesbeckiae, radix paeoniae alba, rhizoma ligustici wallichii, Ligusticum chuanxiong, puffball, trehalose. Wang D.
240.    Tripathi, Y.B. and Y.B.D. Tripathi, Polyherbal composition for preventing atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia, comprises a mixture of Commiphora mukul, Boswellia serrata, Semecarpus anacardium, Strychnos nux vomica, Termenalia arjuna and Shankha bhusma. Dept Biotechnology; Univ Banaras Hindu.
241.    Tang, G., et al., Traditional Chinese medicine useful for treating liver cancer, comprises bezoar, ground beetle, toad venom, semen lepidii, Lobelia chinensis, centipede, rhizoma paridis, Murraya, Strychnos nux-vomica, and Costus root. Tang G; Sui A.
242.    Sun, S., Medicinal capsule useful for treating lung cancer, contains herba centipedae, Strychnos nux-vomica powder, ramping fumitory, Oldenlandia diffusa, Trogopterus dung, Salvia chinensis, radix astragali, bezoar, saltpeter, lily and almond. Sichuan Yichuang Biotechnology Co Ltd.
243.    Sun, G., et al., Agent useful for e.g. healing skin wound, contains Forsythia, honeysuckle, dried alum, Dioscorea cirrhosa, Strychnos nux-vomica powder, Gelsemium, Chinese gallnut, borneol, patience dock root, Polytrichum commune and laurocapram. Yang X.
244.    Song, Y., Medicinal composition useful for e.g. treating bone hyperplasia, strengthening muscle, dissipating stagnation, and relieving pain, comprises Strychnos nux-vomica, Gentiana macrophylla, herba aristolochiae mollissimae, and indigo plant. Song Y.
245.    Son, T. and G. Yoon, Preparing functional food useful for treating joint disease, involves pulverizing radix rehmanniae preparata, Salicornia herbacea, Cistanche deserticola, red ginseng, Datura metel and Strychnos nux-vomica and mixing pulverized mixture. Hanjungbogeonyeonguwon Co Ltd.
246.    Shi, Y., Soup useful for e.g. replenishing qi and promoting spermatogenesis, comprises Hericium erinaceus, Morinda officinalis, fructus psoraleae, Lycium chinense, Eleutherococcus gracilistylus, cardamom, Strychnos nux-vomica and papaya. Harbin Haotuo Biotechnology Dev Co Ltd.
247.    Shi, G., X. Su, and Y. Wang, Active component for preparation of plant acaricide and miticide for preventing or killing mites on cash crops including fruit trees and vegetables, comprises ethanol extract of whole plant powder of Strychnos nux-vomica. Beijing College Agric; Beijing Agric College.
248.    Sang, J., Acupuncture patch useful as medicament for treating facial paralysis e.g. acute peripheral facial paralysis and recovery period type peripheral facial paralysis, comprises Strychnos nux-vomica, artificial musk, borneol and cinnamon. Shanghai Zhabei District Pengpu Communit.
249.    Sang, J., Plaster useful for e.g. treating rheumatism, contains Geranium wilfordii, Strychnos nux-vomica, pangolin, saffron, burdock, musk, Tibetan madder, safflower, snow lotus, Myricaria, Artemisia frigida, Terminalia and Desmodium. Sang J.
250.    Qu, F., Medicinal composition useful for e.g. dispelling rheumatism and relieving pain, comprises pleurothallis scurrula, Agrimonia, safflower, radix clematidis, Strychnos nux-vomica teasel root and Chinese angelica. Jilin Jichun Pharm Co Ltd.
251.    Qian, G., Chinese medicine for curing rheumatoid arthritis includes heracleum hemsleyanum michaux, notopterygium root, radix aconiti, radix aconiti feri, achyranthes, Strychnos nux vomica, herba ephedrae, spatholobus stem, angelica and asarum. Qian G.
252.    Pathak, N., Herbal composition useful for treating filariasis in human or animals, comprises Strychnos nux-vomica, Achyranthes aspera, excipient, carrier and/or adjuvant. Pathak N.
253.    Miao, A. and X. Wang, Traditional Chinese medicine used for treating lung cancer, comprises Akebia, Smilax rhizome, centipede, Strychnos nux-vomica, Cynanchum paniculatum, common Andrographis herb, Rabdosia rubescens, hairyvein agrimony, Eupolyphaga and Tupistra. Miao A.
254.    Mao, Y. and X. Mao, Rheumatic strychnos nux-vomica preparation by pulverizing Chinese-medicinal materials including vomiting nut, seeping and extracting of ephedra and atractylodes rhizome in alcohol, recovering alcohol, decocting liquorice root and drying. Mao Y.
255.    Mao, W., Traditional Chinese medicine used for nursing fracture, comprises Myosoton, Panax pseudoginseng, Eucommia ulmoides, Zaocys dhumnades, Strychnos nux-vomica, cassia twig, fructus psoraleae and Sargentodoxa cuneata. Mao W.
256.    Mao, J., Spray-able medicinal formulation useful for treating bedsore, contains teasel root, dragon's blood, oregano, Panax notoginseng, safflower, Strychnos nux-vomica, amber, herba lycopi, Brazilwood, Aloe, and sumac. Shandong Prov Hospital.
257.    Ma, J., Traditional Chinese medicine lotion used for treating skin pruritus, comprises realgar, sulfur, alum, borneol, radix aconiti kusnezoffii, Asarum, Strychnos nux-vomica, ginger, pepper, beer, vinegar, and white wine. Ma J.
258.    Lv, K., Traditional Chinese medicinal composition useful for treating stroke, comprises e.g. Codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus, Eucommia ulmoides, Hedyotis diffusa, Ephedra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Strychnos nux-vomica, scorpion and Hedyotis diffusa. Lv K.
259.    Luan, A., Ointment used for treating bone fracture, comprises Angelica dahurica, rhizoma cibotii, rhizoma acori graminei, Arisaema cum bile, frankincense, myrrh, Chinese Angelica, camphor, Strychnos nux-vomica, Cimicifuga foetida, and safflower. Luan Y.
260.    Lu, Y., Chinese medicine capsules useful for treating heat paralysis comprises suberect spatholobus stem, parasitic Loranthus, radix achyranthis bidentatae, Manis squama, centipede, papaya, common clubmoss herb and Strychnos nux-vomica. Qingdao Huangdao District Chinese Tradit.
261.    Liu, M., Traditional Chinese medicine used for e.g. treating rheumatism includes rhizoma typhonii, Strychnos nux vomica, stiff silkworm, raw radix aconite, raw Aconitum, saffron, divaricate saposhnikovia root, Croton and common clubmoss herb. Liu M.
262.    Liu, J., Liquid extract medicine useful for e.g. treating neck-shoulder and waist-leg pains comprises e.g. Epimedium, Eupolyphaga, Gecko, fleece-flower root, Cistanche deserticola, cassia twig, madder, Clematis chinensis, and Strychnos nux-vomica. Liu J.
263.    Liu, D. and C. Yang, Making 2,7-di-hydroxy carotene seam seed wood early product by crushing nux vomica Strychnos gossweileri Exell, adding hydrochloric acid water solution, adjusting pH, adding nanofiltration membrane to filtration, adjusting pH and extracting. Nanjing Zelang Medical Technology Co Ltd.
264.    Liu, D. and C. Yang, Rapid propagation of Strychnos nux-vomica cell suspension culture, by sterilizing young leaves of Strychnos nux-vomica, pre-treating, transferring young leaves into callus induction medium, and culturing callus cultures. Nanjing Didao Agric Sci & Technology Co.
265.    Lin, F. and Z. Zhao, New difenidol hydrochloride prepared by crushing, sieving, and mixing difenidol, Inula flower, Strychnos nux-vomica and rhizoma arisaematis, mixing fingered citron, Pueraria, Salvia miltiorrhiza and dandelion, boiling and filtering. Shandong Renhetang Pharm Co Ltd.
266.    Li, Y., Composition used for treating cervical spondylosis, comprises barley soup, Strychnos nux-vomica, Coprinus comatus and soybean salad oil. Li Y.
267.    Li, Y., Ointment used for treating chronic pharyngitis, comprises radix aconiti, frankincense, myrrh, Strychnos nux vomica, clove, cinnamon, herba schizonepetae, Saposhnikovia, Geranium, cortex periplocae radicis, Centella and rhizoma drynariae. Li Y.
268.    Li, M., Medicine useful e.g. for removing blood stasis and providing healing effect, comprises Salvia, ground beetle, Strychnos nux-vomica, safflower, motherwort, dragon's blood, pilose antler, turmeric, Trogopterus dung and tuber pinelliae. Li M.
269.    Li, J., Chinese medicinal herbal additive contains Astragalus mongholicus, Strychnos nux vomica, betelnut, honeysuckle, radix bupleuri, wild Chrysanthemum, hawthorn, dried orange peel, prepared rhizome of Rehmannia and Chinese Angelica. Jiangsu Hengwang Modern Agric Sci & Tech.
270.    Li, A., Wine comprises e.g. prepared Camellia nitidissima, hemlock parsley, corydalis tuber, radix curcumae, turmeric, frankincense, myrrh, rhizoma corydalis decumbentis, maple balsam, balsamine, Strychnos nux-vomica and woodlouse. Beihai Jiquan Camellia Chrysantha Co Ltd.
271.    Lee, S. and Y. Zhang, Extracting Strychnos nux-vomica anti-tumor active ingredient useful in preparing anti-cancer drug, comprises e.g. grinding Strychnos nux-vomica or soaking in ethanol, extracting, filtering, evaporating, dissolving in solvent and eluting. Zhengyuantang Tianjin Biotechnology Co.
272.    Lee, K.C. and B. Li, Tablet useful e.g. for treating paralysis, acute apoplexy, preventing anti-thrombosis, anti-platelet aggregation, increasing cerebral blood flow, and treating stroke, comprises traditional Chinese medicine Strychnos nux-vomica and leech. Shaanxi Acad Traditional.
273.    Kuang, D., Traditional Chinese medicine used for treating diarrhea, comprises Costus root, Euodia, Codonopsis pilosula, licorice, Alpinia officinarum, Poria, hawthorn, Strychnos nux-vomica and dried orange peel. Yantai Juxian Pharm Co Ltd.
274.    Jiang, S., Traditional Chinese medicinal composition useful for e.g. facilitating drug rehabilitation, contains rhizoma coptidis, rulvis glycyrrhizae extractionis sedilis, Strychnos nux-vomica, frankincense, American ginseng and tuckahoe. Jiang S.
275.    Jia, Y. and J. Ren, Topical herbal composition used for treating rheumatism and knee joint disease includes Strychnos nux-vomica, Achyranthes, licorice, rhizoma atractylodis, Ephedra, scorpion, silkworm, garden balsam stem, Lycopodium clavatum, and ginger. Ren J.
276.    Ji, Y., T. Li, and J. Hou, Chinese herbal medicine feed useful for preventing and treating bleeding disorder of grass carp comprises protein, fat, vitamin, mineral substance, Chinese herbal medicine additive, Strychnos nux-vomica, Pseudoginseng and rhizoma zingiberis. Tianjin Zhenbang Aquaculture Co Ltd.
277.    Huang, Y. and L. Li, Bio-pesticide useful for providing insecticidal effect, comprises mulberry leaves, chinaberry seeds, Pyrethrum, common Andrographis herb, dandelion, matrine, Strychnos nux vomica, Houttuynia cordata, Amur cork tree and radix scutellariae. Guilin Chunxiao Environmental Protection.
278.    He, Q., Traditional Chinese medicine used for treating e.g. osteoarthritis, includes rhizoma corydalis, Spatholobus stem, frankincense, myrrh, Asarum, Strychnos nux-vomica, Haematoxylum campechianum, Acanthopanax, Clematis chinensis, and Garcinia. He Q.
279.    Harper, M., Traditional Chinese medicine composition used for treating rheumatism, comprises Strychnos nux-vomica, clove, ethanol, and water. Harper M.
280.    Han, Y., Oral traditional Chinese medicine used for treating orthopedic disorders includes Strychnos nux-vomica, herba ephedrae, Cassia twig, radix angelicae pubescentis, fructus chaenomelis, licorice, frankincense, myrrh and radix paeoniae alba. Han Y.
281.    Gutowski, L. and W. Gutowski, Homeopathic composition useful for treating addictions, comprises remedies comprising argentum nitricum, arsenicum album, Avena sativa, Caladium seguinum, carcinosin, Cinchona officinalis, Lachesis mutus, Strychnos nux-vomica and sulfur. Gutowski L; Gutowski W.
282.    Guo, W., Traditional Chinese medicine useful for treating rheumatism, comprises eggplant root, rhizoma corydalis, Eucommia ulmoides, Strychnos nux-vomica, Chinese ephedra, cassia twig and Chinese prickly ash leaf. Guo W.
283.    Guo, Q., Traditional Chinese medicinal patch useful for treating e.g. lower back pain, contains Strychnos nux vomica, borneol, safflower, Angelica, woodlouse, garden balsam stem, soybean oil, Drynaria rhizome, scorpion, and centipede. Guo Q.
284.    Gui, Y., Traditional Chinese medicine used for treating qi deficiency and blood stasis type chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, comprises Ardisia quinquegona, orange oil, wax tree, jasmine leaf Strychnos nux-vomica and Canthium horridum. Gui Y.
285.    Gu, Y., Traditional Chinese medicine used for treating esophageal achalasia, includes radix astragali, yam, cherokee rose, Strychnos nux-vomica, radix scrophulariae, earthworm, fructus evodiae, Gymnema, Cynomorium songaricum and Morinda officinalis. Gu Y; Hua H.
286.    Ge, J. and M. Wang, Traditional Chinese medicine for treating facial paralysis, contains radix bupleuri, storax, broom cypress fruit, rhizoma acori graminei, Strychnos nux-vomica and white pepper, rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, Cassia and Illicium. Ge J.
287.    Gao, Y., Medicine useful e.g. for treating hemorrhoid, activating blood circulation and removing stasis, comprises Schizonepeta, Saposhnikovia divaricata root, Frankincense, myrrh, semen Momordica, Strychnos nux-vomica, Chinese gall and borneol. Gao Y.
288.    Fang, D., Traditional Chinese homeopathic medicine useful for treating cold, comprises herba ajugae, Gelsemium elegans, Echinacea, fructus cnidii, belladonna, Strychnos nux-vomica and onion homeopathic preparations. Fang D.
289.    Du, H., et al., Traditional Chinese medicinal composition used for providing antitumor effect prepared by processing e.g. radix curcumae, hairyvein agrimony, Trogopterus dung, dried lacquer, fructus aurantii fried with bran and Strychnos nux-vomica. Xian Cp Pharm Co Ltd.
290.    Dong, B., Medicated wine used for treating traumatic injury, comprises radix bupleuri, teasel root, Strychnos nux-vomica, rhizoma ligustici wallichii, Drynaria, radix scutellariae, peach kernel, rhizoma sparganii, Trogopterus dung, and frankincense. Dong B.
291.    Dai, X., Traditional Chinese medicinal composition useful for treating facial neuritis, comprises divaricate Saposhnikovia root, Notopterygium root, licorice, membranous milk-vetch root, centipede, Strychnos nux-vomica and camphor. Dai X.
292.    Cheng, Y., et al., Ointment, useful for promoting blood circulation, relieving pain and removing blood stasis, comprises paste matrix comprising zedoary, red paeonia, Strychnos nux vomica, radix angelicae and radix trichosanthis. Hangzhou Hospital Traditional Chinese Me.
293.    Chen, M., Paste useful for activating blood and relieving pain comprises e.g. garter snake, ground beetle, Scirpus fluviatilis, Curcuma zedoaria, Strychnos nux-vomica, clove, rhizoma ligustici wallichii, rhubarb, rhizoma gastrodiae and centipede. Chen M.
294.    Chen, H., Asphalt waterproof paint comprises lime, o-phenylenediamine, mica, niacinamide, pine tar, talcum powder, polyvinyl chloride, sodium triphosphate and Strychnos nux-vomica. Nantong Tongzhou District Junlang Constr Eng Co Ltd.
295.    Chen, D., Capsule useful for strengthening spinal bone, prepared by crushing e.g. Salvia miltiorrhiza, peach kernel, safflower, myrrh, herba epimedii, and Strychnos nux-vomica into powder, sieving powder and encapsulating powder into capsule. Chen D.
296.    Cai, B., et al., Separation and purification of strychnine used for chemical standard substance comprises dissolving Strychnos nux-vomica in organic solvent, mixing with silica gel, volatilizing organic solvent and separating in prepared silica gel column. Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Herbal.
297.    Bi, Y., Fishing bait composition, comprises nux vomica, Strychnos, figs, Dandelion, tofu, pig feed, fennel, and sesame powder at specific gram, where composition is prepared by crushing ingredients into powder, placing into bag, cooling and sealing. Bi Y.
298.    Bao, L., Medicinal composition useful for e.g. treating epilepsy, comprises Cynanchum otophyllum, Ardisia crenata, medicated leaven, immature bitter orange, Strychnos nux-vomica, rhizoma nardostachyos, mole plant seed and chestnut. Bao L.