Dillenia indica L. Family: Dilleniaceae
Synonyms: Dillenia elongata Miq., Dillenia indica f. elongata (Miq.) Miq., Dillenia speciosa Thunb.
Common name: Elephant Apple, Indian catmon, Hondapara Tree, Ma-tad Arabic: ديلنيا هندية
Assamese: owtenga ঔটেঙা
Bengali: chalta চালতা
Chinese: 五桠果
Finnish: Intiandillenia
French: Dillénie d'Inde
Hindi: चलता Chalta, Karambel
Kannada: ಬೆಟ್ಟಕಣಿಗಲು Bettakanigalu
Malayalam: Punna, Vazchpunna, Pinnay, മലമ്പുന്ന
Marathi: Mota karmal, Karambel
Nepali: पांच फल Paanca phal, Panca kule, राम फल Ram phal, ठूलो तातरी Thulo tatri
Oriya: ouu ଓଉ
Sanskrit: Avartaki, Bhavya, Bharija.
Tamil: Kattaral, Ugakkay
Telugu: రేవడి Revadi, ఉవ్వ, ఉప్పు పొన్న, కలింగ, చిన్నకలింగ, పెద్దకలింగ
Thai: มะตาด
Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark, leaves and fruits crushed and the juice drunk for cough, cold, fever, diarrhea. Dry bark with seeds of Sesamum orientale made into a paste applied on blistering boils; bark and leaves used to stop bleeding. Dry powdered roots of Abroma augustum with bark of Dillenia indica and Terminalia chebula given in urinary diseases. Root febrifuge; a decoction of roots with roots of Ficus auriculata and Urena lobata given in discharge of blood in urine; a decoction of roots with roots of Glycosmis pentaphylla and Litsea monopetala given in biliousness; root paste given to cause abortion. Mucilaginous exudate from fruits applied on infected parts to kill skin lice; fruit paste applied with ginger on hydrocele, salted juice of boiled fruits given as an expectorant. Half ripened fleshy calyx pickled and eaten for stomach disorders. Pounded mixture of kernels of Castanopsis indica with flower of Dillenia indica and flowers of Musa balbisiana given in blood dysentery. Veterinary medicine, leaves of Cymbopogon flexuosus pounded together with those of Dillenia indica given to check diarrhea of domestic animals. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]
Leaf and bark as an astringent and laxative, the bruised bark, externally as a cataplasm in arthritis, and the fruit juice as a cough mixture, a cooling beverage as also for toning up the nervous system. It is considered a ‘vata’ suppressant, ‘pitta’ augmenting drug in Ayurveda. The fruit is slightly laxative and induce diarrhoea, if taken excessively. The juice of the fruit, mixed with sugar and water, is used as a cooling beverage in fevers and as a cough mixture and also as a cardiotonic. [Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits]
Yajurveda: An important plant; Upavarhana Samhita: the plant is aphrodisiac and promotes virility; Charaka Samhita: the fruit is sweet, acidic, astringent, removes bile, phlegm, fetid and flatulence; Sushruta Samhita: fruit cardio tonic, tasteful, astringent, acidic, removes bile, phlegm, fetid and flatulence; Rajanighantu: green fruit is acidic, pungent, hot, removes wind, phlegm, but the ripe fruit is sweet, sour, appetising and beneficial in colic associated with mucous; Matsya Purana: decoction of this plant can be used as universal antidote for poison; Agni Purana: spraying water, containing stem extract, on and around the wound caused by spider bite helps in removing the poison. [Horticultural, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]
Leaf and bark as an astringent and laxative, the bruised bark, externally as a cataplasm in arthritis, and the fruit juice as a cough mixture, a cooling beverage as also for toning up the nervous system. It is considered a ‘vata’ suppressant, ‘pitta’ augmenting drug in Ayurveda. The fruit is slightly laxative and induce diarrhoea, if taken excessively. The juice of the fruit, mixed with sugar and water, is used as a cooling beverage in fevers and as a cough mixture and also as a cardiotonic. [Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits]
Yajurveda: An important plant; Upavarhana Samhita: the plant is aphrodisiac and promotes virility; Charaka Samhita: the fruit is sweet, acidic, astringent, removes bile, phlegm, fetid and flatulence; Sushruta Samhita: fruit cardio tonic, tasteful, astringent, acidic, removes bile, phlegm, fetid and flatulence; Rajanighantu: green fruit is acidic, pungent, hot, removes wind, phlegm, but the ripe fruit is sweet, sour, appetising and beneficial in colic associated with mucous; Matsya Purana: decoction of this plant can be used as universal antidote for poison; Agni Purana: spraying water, containing stem extract, on and around the wound caused by spider bite helps in removing the poison. [Horticultural, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]
1. A novel 'green' synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles (SNP) using Dillenia indica fruit extract Singh, S., J.P. Saikia, and A.K. Buragohain, Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 2013. 102: p. 83-85.
2. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Dillenia indica (L.) leaves extract Kumar, S., V. Kumar, and O. Prakash, Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011. 47(2): p. 373-378.
3. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of Dillenia indica extract in diabetic rats Kumar, S., V. Kumar, and O. Prakash, Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine, 2011. 9(5): p. 570-4.
4. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of Dillenia indica extract in diabetic rats Sunil, K., K. Vipin, and P. Om, Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2011. 9(5): p. 570-574.
5. Antidiabetic, h.a.h.a.o.D.i.L.l.e.o.a.i.d.r.K., Sunil, V. Kumar, and O. Prakash, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2011. 4(5): p. 347-352.
6. Antidiarrheal activity of Dillenia indica bark extract Islam, M.M., et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2013. 4(2): p. 682-688.
7. Antidiarrhoeal activity of the leaf and fruit extracts of Dillenia indica Rahman, M.S., K.M. Shams-ud-Doha, and R. Roksana, International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 2011. 1(6): p. 39-46.
8. Anti-leukemic activity of Dillenia indica L. fruit extract and quantification of betulinic acid by HPLC Kumar, D., et al., Phytomedicine, 2010. 17(6): p. 431-435.
9. Antimicrobial Activity and Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay of the Leaves Extract of Dillenia indica Linn Apu, A., et al., Journal of young pharmacists : JYP, 2010. 2(1): p. 50-3.
10. Antimicrobial and toxicity study of different fractions of Dillenia indica Linn. bark extract Alam, M.B., et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2011. 2(4): p. 860-866.
11. Antinociceptive and Antioxidant Activities of the Dillenia indica Bark Alam, M.B., et al., International Journal of Pharmacology, 2012. 8(4): p. 243-251.
12. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of Dillenia indica L. fruit of Sonitpur, A., India Gogoi, B. J., T. Jambey, and B.C. Goswami, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2012. 3(12): p. 4909-4912.
13. Antioxidant activity of the extracts from Dillenia indica fruits Abdille, M.H., et al., Food Chemistry, 2005. 90(4): p. 891-896.
14. ANTIOXIDANT FRACTION FROM BARK OF DILLENIA INDICA Deepa, N. and B.S. Jena, International Journal of Food Properties, 2011. 14(5): p. 1152-1159.
15. Betulic acid and betulin, t.t.c.o.D.i.L.B., S. R. and A. Chatterjee, Jour Indian Chem Soc, 1962. 39((4)): p. 276-284.
16. Chemical and biological investigations of Dillenia indica Linn Parvin, M.N., et al., Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2009. 4(2): p. 122-125.
17. CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF CEYLONESE PLANTS .12. (+)-3, 5,7-TETRAHYDROXY-3'-METHOXYFLAVANONE (+)-DIHYDROISORHAMNETIN AND 3,5,7-TRIHYDROXY-3',4'-DIMETHOXYFLAVONE (DILLENETIN) - 2 NEW NATURAL-PRODUCTS FROM DILLENIA-INDICA-L Pavanasasivam, G., M. Uvais, and S. Sultanbawa, Journal of the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions 1, 1975(6): p. 612-613.
18. CHEMICAL-CONSTITUENTS OF DILLENIA-INDICA LINN AND VITEX-NEGUNDO LINN Mukherjee, K.S. and S. Badruddoza, Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 1981. 58(1): p. 97-98.
19. Chromotropic behaviours of Chalta (Dillenia indica) fruit mucilage polysaccharide towards some cationic dyes Bhattacharyya, A.K. and G. Bhattacharya, Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 1996. 73(9): p. 463-466.
20. DIFFERENCES IN FLAVONOID CONTENT BETWEEN FRESH AND HERBARIUM LEAF TISSUE IN DILLENIA Batesmit.Ec and J.B. Harborne, Phytochemistry, 1971. 10(5): p. 1055-&.
21. DIFFERENCES IN FLAVONOID CONTENT BETWEEN FRESH AND HERBARIUM LEAF TISSUE IN DILLENIA-INDICA-D Bate-Smith, E.C. and J.B. Harborne, Phytochemistry (Oxford), 1971. 10(5): p. 1055-1058.
22. Dillenia indica (outenga) as anti-diabetic herb found in Assam: a review Apurba, T., et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2012. 3(8): p. 2482-2486.
23. DRY OZONATION OF 3-BETA, -.D.-C.O.S.O.A.P.T.L.F.D.-I.L.S., E. and T. Hase, Acta Chemica Scandinavica Series B-Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1978. 32(8): p. 623-624.
24. Effect of Glycolic Extract of Dillenia indica L. Combined With Microcurrent Stimulation on Experimental Lesions in Wistar Rats Migliato, K.F., et al., Wounds-a Compendium of Clinical Research and Practice, 2011. 23(5): p. 111-120.
25. Effect of hexane extract of Dillenia indica seed on the activity of secreted aspartyl proteinase of Candida albicans and its kinetic studies Reddy, K.H., et al., Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012. 6(44): p. 5599-5603.
26. Enzymes inhibition and antidiabetic effect of isolated constituents from Dillenia indica Kumar, S., V. Kumar, and O. Prakash, BioMed Research International, 2013. 2013: p. 382063-382063.
27. Enzymes inhibition and antidiabetic effect of isolated constituents from Dillenia indica Sunil, K., K. Vipin, and P. Om, BioMed Research International, 2013. 2013: p. 382063-Article ID 382063.
28. Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of an Indian fruit: Dillenia indica Munmee, D. and B.P. Sarma, International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy (IJRAP), 2013. 4(4): p. 545-546.
29. Evaluation of phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Dillenia indica Linn. leaves Bose, U., et al., Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2010. 5(5): p. 222-228.
30. Extraction, c.a.c.s.o.p.f.D.i.a.A.e.w.m.h.f.d.o.d.d.s.S., H. K., L. Sunita, and L.K. Nath, International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2013. 5(2): p. 827-837.
31. FLAVANOIDS OF WORMIA-TRIQUETRA-D DIYAPARA-D AND DILLENIA-INDICA-D HONDA-PARA-D DILLENIACEAE-D Subramaniam, G. and M.U.S. Sultanbawa, Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science Proceedings of the Annual Session, 1971. 27(PART 1): p. 80-81.
32. Hair waving natural product: Dillenia indica seed sap Saikia, J.P., Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 2013. 102: p. 905-907.
33. Impact of submerged culture conditions on growth and bioactive metabolite produced by endophyte Hypocrea spp. NSF-08 isolated from Dillenia indica Linn. in North-East India Gogoi, D.K., et al., Journal De Mycologie Medicale, 2008. 18(1): p. 1-9.
34. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel mucoadhesive buccal oxytocin tablet prepared with Dillenia indica fruit mucilage Metia, P.K. and A.K. Bandyopadhyay, Pharmazie, 2008. 63(4): p. 270-274.
35. In vitro anti-oxidant activity of the leaves of Dillenia indica Saha, M.R., et al., Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 2009. 9(4): p. 277-284.
36. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of Dillenia indica Linn. leaf extract Parshuram, S., P. Leena, and K. Vilasrao, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2011. 2(7): p. 1814-1818.
37. In vitro propagation of Dillenia indica El-Kadder, E.M.A. and H.H. Hammad, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2012. 6(7): p. 452-457.
38. In vitro Studies on Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Dillenia indica Seed Extract Reddy, K.H., et al., Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2009. 3(2): p. 769-776.
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40. ISOLATION OF LUPEOL GROUP OF TRITERPENES FROM DILLENIA-INDICA LINN AND DIOSPYROS-PERIGRINA Sundararamaiah, T., et al., Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 1976. 53(6): p. 638-638.
41. Lupane-triterpenoids from stem bark of Dillenia indica Ghosh, P.S., et al., Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B-Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 2014. 53(10): p. 1284-1287.
42. Microscopic evaluation and physiochemical analysis of Dillenia indica leaf Kumar, S., V. Kumar, and O. Prakash, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011. 1(5): p. 337-340.
43. NEW PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENE LACTONE FROM DILLENIA-INDICA Banerji, N., P. Majumder, and N.L. Dutta, Phytochemistry, 1975. 14(5-6): p. 1447-1448.
44. northeast, C.a.a.a.r.o.x.p.o.e.a.t.D.i.L.i.r.t.p.a.c.f.g.i.s.-t.w.f.o. and M.G. Liangkuwang, Trees-Structure and Function, 2007. 21(1): p. 101-110.
45. One step synthesis of methanolic extract useful as an antioxidant in foods, p.a.a.i.u.o.D.i.p.J., B. S., et al. Council Sci&Ind Res India; Council Sci & Ind Res India.
46. PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES OF DILLENIA-INDICA LINN .2. FRUIT AND SEED Shome, U., R.K. Khanna, and H.P. Sharma, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Plant Sciences, 1980. 89(2): p. 91-104.
47. PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES ON DILLENIA-INDICA LINN .1. LEAF Shome, U., R.K. Khanna, and H.P. Sharma, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences Section B, 1979. 88(1): p. 35-&.
48. Pharmacognostic studies on the stem bark of Dillenia indica Linn Chaudhuri, R.H.N., Bulletin of the Botanical Society of Bengal, 1968. 22(1): p. 55-8.
49. Physico-chemical changes during growth and development of dillenia ( Dillenia indica Linn) Neog, M. and N.K. Mohan, South Indian Horticulture, 1993. 41(2): p. 115-116.
50. PIGMENTS FROM THE STEM BARK OF DILLENIA-INDICA Tiwari, K.P. and S.S.D. Srivastava, Planta Medica, 1979. 35(2): p. 188-190.
51. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of enteric controlled release Pantoprazole loaded microbeads using natural mucoadhesive substance from Dillenia indica L Sharma, H.K., S.P. Pradhan, and S. Babita, International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2010. 2(1): p. 542-551.
52. Process for preparation of herbal health drink, c.p.o.r.D.i.f., sugar, distilled water and original fruit fragrance in suitable ratio Gogoi, B. J., D.R. Nath, and R.B. Srivastava. India Defense Res&Dev Org.
53. Processing of ou-tenga (Dillenia indica) fruit for preparation of squash and its quality changes during storage Saikia, L. and J. Saikia, Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore, 2002. 39(2): p. 149-151.
54. Protective effect of Dillenia indica L. on acetic acid induced colitis in mice Somani, S.J., et al., Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 2014. 52(9): p. 876-881.
55. Role of mucilage in germination of Dillenia indica (Dilleniaceae) seeds Thapliyal, R.C., et al., Australian Journal of Botany, 2008. 56(7): p. 583-589.
56. STRUCTURE OF A POLYSACCHARIDE FROM FRUITS OF DILLENIA-INDICA Srivastava, B.K. and C.S. Pande, Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B-Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 1978. 16(8): p. 662-664.
57. STUDIES ON ARABINO GALACTAN FROM THE FRUITS OF DILLENIA-INDICA Haq, Q.N. and J. Gomes, Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1974. 9(3-4): p. 184-190.
58. Studies on hepatoprotective effect of hexane extract of Dillenia indica against CCl 4 induced toxicity and its safety evaluation in wistar albino rats Reddy, K.H., et al., Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2010. 1(3): p. 441-450.
59. Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation of Dillenia indica Chen, G. and S. Zeng, Plant Physiology Communications, 2004. 40(2): p. 207-207.
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