Friday, October 3, 2014

Alpinia calcarata, Dumparastramu, Rasna, Sugandhamoola

Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe
Family: Zingiberaceae

Telugu: Dumparastramu.
Asamese: Sugandhi bach
Chinese: 距花山姜
Hindi: कुलंजन Kulanjan
Kannada: Chikkadumparaasme
Oriya: Toroni
Sanskrit: Rasna, सुगंधमूल Sugandhamoola, Kulanjana
Malayalam: Chittaratha, Kolinchi,

Description: Leafy stem 1-1.5 m. Leaves sessile, lamina glabrous, 40-50 x 2-2.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, narrowed towards the base, tip acuminate, margin with short bristles placed 1-2 mm apart; ligule membranous, c. 1 cm long, tip shortly bifid, margin ciliate. Inflorescence terminal, 10-15 cm long, densely paniculate, lower cincinni 4-flowered, upper 2-flowered; peduncle densely pubescent. Bracts minute, c. 1 mm long, triangular, pubescent, deciduous. Bracteoles membranous, splitting to the base, 1-1.5 x 0.7-0.8 cm, ovate, minutely pubescent outside, glabrous within, deciduous. Flowers shortly pedicellate; pedicel densely pubescent. Calyx tubular, 0.8-1 cm long, sparsely pubescent. Corolla tube almost equal to the calyx, pubescent, lobes oblong, pubescent outside; dorsal lobe 1.5-1.8 x 0.6-0.8 cm; lateral lobes c. 1.5 x 0.5 cm. Labellum obovate, 3 cm long, 1.5-1.8 cm wide in the lower half, tip emarginate, variegated with dark purple and yellow, glabrous. Lateral staminodes small, subulate, at the base of the labellum. Stamen 2 cm long, shorter than the labellum, anther 8 mm long, thecae parallel, pubescent, ecrestate; style slightly projected above the anther; stigma rounded with ciliate opening. Epigynous glands two, 3 mm long, thick, free from each other. Ovary 4 x 3 mm, densely pubescent, trilocular with many ovules. Fruit globose, 2-2.5 x 1.5 cm, pubescent, orange-red. Seeds many.

Uses in Ayurveda:  Rhizome  antiinflammatory,  antinociceptive, antirheumatic, to cure cardiac diseases, cold, to treat throat inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, diseases of  nervous  system,  stimulating  digestion,  purifying  blood, and  also  to  adulterate  sugandha.  Dried  powdered  rhizome stimulant, febrifuge and carminative, for rheumatism, bronchial catarrh. [CRC World Dictionary of MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS]

Alpinia calcarata rhibozomes are claimed to possess a strong and safe oral aphrodisiac activity. [Ethnomedicinal
Plants Revitalization of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs]

 A decoction  of  the  rhizome of  this plant  is given for  rheumatism.  It  is also used  as  a  fomentation  on  rheumatic joints. [MEDICINAL PLANTS (Indigenous and Exotic)  Used in Ceylon PART V ]

44 Published articles of Alpinia calcarata

1.    Comparative powder microscopical screening of the rhizome and leaf of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga.
Silvy Mathew; Britto, S. J.; Sinjumol Thomas
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR)  Volume: 5   Issue: 4   Pages: 1449-1453   Published: 2014

2.    Effect of Alpinia calcarata on glucose uptake in diabetic rats-an in vitro and in vivo model.
Rajasekar, Ramya; Manokaran, Kalaiselvi; Rajasekaran, Narmadha; et al.
Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders  Volume: 13   Issue: 1   Pages: 33   Published: 2014 Feb 06

3.    Characterstics and natural product investigations of essential oil from the rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata Rosc.
Tyagi, D. K.
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences  Volume: 4   Issue: 3   Pages: P-236-P-239   Published: 2013

4.    AMYLASE PRODUCTION BY ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI CYLINDROCEPHALUM SP ISOLATED FROM MEDICINAL PLANT ALPINIA CALCARATA (HAW.) ROSCOE
Sunitha, V. H.; Ramesha, A.; Savitha, J.; et al.
BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY  Volume: 43   Issue: 3   Pages: 1213-1221   Published: JUL-SEP 2012

5.    Comparative powder microscopy of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe and Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd.
Wijayasiriwardena, Chandima; Premakumara, Sirimal
Ayu  Volume: 33   Issue: 3   Pages: 441-3   Published: 2012-Jul

6.    Alpinia calcarata Roscoe: A potent antiinflammatory agent
Arawwawala, L. D. A. M.; Arambewela, L. S. R.; Ratnasooriya, W. D.
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY  Volume: 139   Issue: 3   Pages: 889-892   Published: FEB 15 2012

7.    Preventive effect of ethanol extract of Alpinia calcarata Rosc on Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma cell induced malignant ascites in mice
Perveen, Rasida; Islam, Farhadul; Khanum, Jahanara; et al.
ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE  Volume: 5   Issue: 2   Pages: 121-125   Published: FEB 2012

8.    Alpinia calcarata Roscoe: a promising candidate for phytopharmaceutical industry.
Arambewela, L. S. R.; Arawwawala, L. D. A. M.; Ratnasooriya, W. D.; et al.
LINK Natural Products Digest  Volume: 8   Issue: 2   Pages: 18-22   Published: 2012

9.    Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and GC - MS analysis of essential oil of Alpinia calcarata rhizome.
Mizanur Rahman; Atiar Rahman; Hashem, M. A.; et al.
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences  Volume: 3   Issue: 4   Pages: P-55-P-63   Published: 2012

10.    In vitro propagation of Lesser Galangal ( Alpinia calcarata Rosc.) - a commercially important medicinal plant through rhizome bud culture.
Asha, K. I.; Devi, A. I.; Dwivedi, N. K.; et al.
Research in Plant Biology  Volume: 2   Issue: 5   Pages: 13-17   Published: 2012
   from Publisher

11.    Improved clonal propagation of Alpinia calcarata Rosc., a commercially important medicinal plant and evaluation of chemical fidelity through comparison of volatile compounds.
Sudha, C. G.; Mathew George; Rameshkumar, K. B.; et al.
American Journal of Plant Sciences  Volume: 3   Issue: 7   Pages: 930-940   Published: 2012

12.    Preventive effect of ethanol extract of Alpinia calcarata Rosc on Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma cell induced malignant ascites in mice.
Rasida Perveen; Farhadul Islam; Jahanara Khanum; et al.
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine  Volume: 5   Issue: 2   Pages: 121-125   Published: 2012

13.    Safety profile of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe, used in traditional medicine in Sri Lanka
Arambewela, Lakshmi; Arawwawala, Menuka; Ratnasooriya, W. D.
BOLETIN LATINOAMERICANO Y DEL CARIBE DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES Y AROMATICAS  Volume: 10   Issue: 5   Pages: 435-442   Published: SEP 2011

14.    AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF Alpinia calcarata IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Raj, Navin; Nadeem, Sayyed; Jain, Samir; et al.
DIGEST JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS AND BIOSTRUCTURES  Volume: 6   Issue: 3   Pages: 991-997   Published: JUL-SEP 2011

15.    Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from different parts of Alpinia calcarata Rosc.
Bhuiyan, M. N. I.; Jaripa Begum; Nandi, N. C.
African Journal of Plant Science  Volume: 5   Issue: 6   Pages: 349-352   Published: 2011

16.    Standardization of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe rhizomes.
Arambewela, L S R; Arawwawala, L D A M
Pharmacognosy research  Volume: 2   Issue: 5   Pages: 285-8   Published: 2010-Sep
   from Publisher

17.    Antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oil of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe rhizomes.
Arambewela, Lakshmi S R; Arawwawala, L D A Menuka; Athauda, Nandakumara
Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine  Volume: 1   Issue: 3   Pages: 199-202   Published: 2010-Jul

18.    Unusual intron in the second exon of a Type III polyketide synthase gene of Alpinia calcarata Rosc.
Radhakrishnan, Edayileveettil K.; Varghese, Rintu T.; Vasudevan, Soniya E.
GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY  Volume: 33   Issue: 1   Pages: 141-145   Published: 2010

19.    Hypolipidemic effect of alcoholic extract of Alpinia calcarata Rosc rhizomes in experimental animals.
Prabhu, T. P.; Selvakumari, S.; Murali, K.; et al.
Journal of Pharmacy Research  Volume: 3   Issue: 8   Pages: 1703-1705   Published: 2010

20.    Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of the aqueous and the ethanolic extracts of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes in rats
Arambewela, L. S. R.; Arawwawala, L. D. A. M.; Ratnasooriya, W. D.
PHARMACOGNOSY MAGAZINE  Volume: 5   Issue: 20   Supplement: S   Pages: 412-418   Published: DEC 2009

21.    Registration of lesser galangal (Alpinia calcarata) germplasm
Raina, Archana Peshin; Abraham, Z.; Mishra, S. K.
INDIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING  Volume: 69   Issue: 3   Pages: 260-261   Published: AUG 2009

22.    Effect of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats
Arambewela, L. S. R.; Arawwawala, L. D. A. M.; Ratnasooriya, W. D.
PHARMACOGNOSY MAGAZINE  Volume: 5   Issue: 19   Pages: 226-231   Published: JUL-SEP 2009

23.    Flavonoids and other constituents from the rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata
Hema, P. S.; Nair, Mangalam S.
BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY  Volume: 37   Issue: 1   Pages: 52-54   Published: FEB 2009

24.    PHARMACO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF ANDROGRPHIS PANICULATA (BURM.F) WALL ex NEES, ALPINIA CALCARATA ROSCOE AND HIPTAGE BENGHALENSIS (L.) KURZ
Thirumurugan, B.; Kala, B. Kamatchi; Mohan, V. R.; et al.
Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany  Volume: 33   Issue: 4   Pages: 940-946   Published: 2009

25.    Growth and yield analysis of lesser galangal ( Alpinia calcarata Rosc.) in an oil palm based cropping system.
Jessykutty, P. C.; Jayachandran, B. K.
Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences  Volume: 31   Issue: 1   Pages: 1-4   Published: 2009

26.    Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of the aqueous and the ethanolic extracts of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes in rats.
Arambewela, L. S. R.; Arawwawala, L. D. A. M.; Ratnasooriya, W. D.
Pharmacognosy Magazine  Volume: 5   Issue: 20, Suppl.   Pages: s412-s418   Published: 2009

27.    Myorelaxant effect of essential oil of rhizome of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. on rat duodenal smooth muscle
Pandey, Siddharth; Prakash, Om; Zafar, Anjum; et al.
NATURAL PRODUCT COMMUNICATIONS  Volume: 2   Issue: 7   Pages: 789-793   Published: 2007

28.    The efficacy of essential oil of Alpinia calcarata (Rosc.) and its major constituent, 1,8-cineole, as protectants of cowpea against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera : Bruchidae)
Abeywickrama, Krishanthi; Adhikari, A. A. C. K.; Paranagama, Priyani; et al.
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE  Volume: 86   Issue: 3   Pages: 821-827   Published: JUL 2006

29.    Effects of aqueous extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes on reproductive competence of male rats
Ratnasooriya, WD; Jayakody, JRAC
ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA  Volume: 57   Issue: 1   Pages: 23-35   Published: 2006

30.    Analysis of the leaf, rhizome and root oils of two accessions of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. cultivated at Bhubaneswar
Rout, PK; Sahoo, S; Rath, SP; et al.
JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH  Volume: 17   Issue: 4   Pages: 398-400   Published: JUL-AUG 2005

31.    Volatile oils of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. grown in Sri Lanka
Arambewela, LSR; Kumaratunge, A; Arawwawela, M; et al.
JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH  Volume: 17   Issue: 2   Pages: 124-125   Published: MAR-APR 2005

32.    Gastroprotective activity of hot ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizome in rats.
Arambewela, L. S. R.; Arawwawala, L. D. A. M.; Ratnasooriya, W. D.
Ceylon Journal of Medical Science  Volume: 48   Issue: 1   Pages: 1-11   Published: 2005

33.    Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from different parts of Alpinia calcarata Rosc
Kaul, PN; Rao, BRR; Singh, K; et al.
JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH  Volume: 17   Issue: 1   Pages: 7-9   Published: JAN-FEB 2005

34.    Antinociceptive activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes in rats
Arambewela, LSR; Arawwawala, LDAM; Ratnasooriya, WD
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY  Volume: 95   Issue: 2-3   Pages: 311-316   Published: DEC 2004

35.    Two new bis-labdanic diterpenoids from Alpinia calcarata
Kong, LY; Qin, MJ; Niwa, M
ACTA BOTANICA SINICA  Volume: 46   Issue: 2   Pages: 159-164   Published: FEB 2004

36.    Micropropagation and conservation of the threatened medicinal plants of Bangladesh: A case study of Alpinia calcarata Rosc.
Amin, MN; Islam, MA; Rahman, MM; et al.
Edited Islam, AS
Conference: 4th International Plant Tissue Culture Conference Location: Dhaka, BANGLADESH Date: NOV 01-03, 2001
Sponsor(s): Bangladesh Assoc Plant Tissue Culture
IN VITRO CULTURE, TRANSFORMATION AND MOLECULAR MARKETS FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT  Pages: 25-33   Published: 2004

37.    New cytotoxic bis-labdanic diterpenoids from Alpinia calcarata
Kong, LY; Qin, MJ; Niwa, M
PLANTA MEDICA  Volume: 68   Issue: 9   Pages: 813-817   Published: SEP 2002

38.    Organogenesis and plant regeneration from rhizome callus of Alpinia calcarata: A medicinal plant
Martin, K. P.; Thomas, K. A.; Hariharan, Molly
Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences  Volume: 24   Issue: 1   Pages: 6-11   Published: March, 2002

39.    Diterpenoids from the rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata
Kong, LY; Qin, MJ; Niwa, M
JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS  Volume: 63   Issue: 7   Pages: 939-942   Published: JUL 2000

40.    Volatile constituents of Alpinia calcarata Rosc.
Amit Tewari; Pant, A. K.; Mathela, C. S.; et al.
Journal of Essential Oil Research  Volume: 11   Issue: 6   Pages: 739-741   Published: 1999

41.    Rapid multiplication of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. - a medicinal plant through organogenesis.
Martin, K. P.; Molly Hariharan
Edited Kishor, P. B. K.
Conference: Plant tissue culture and biotechnology: emerging trends. Proceedings of a symposium held at Hyderabad, India, 29-31 January 1997.
Plant tissue culture and biotechnology: emerging trends. Proceedings of a symposium held at Hyderabad, India, 29-31 January 1997.  Pages: 197-201   Published: 1999

42.    In vitro clonal multiplication of Alpinia calcarata Rosc
Agretious, Thomas K.; Martin, K. P.; Hariharan, Molly
Phytomorphology  Volume: 46   Issue: 2   Pages: 133-138   Published: 1996

43.    Analysis of cultivated Alpinia calcarata
Rath, S. P.; Sahoo, S. B.; Srinivasulu, C.
Indian Journal of Natural Products  Volume: 10   Issue: 1   Pages: 12-13   Published: 1994

44.    Contribution to the morphology and cytology of Alpinia calcarata Rosc., with special reference to the theory of zingiberous flowering
RAGHAVAN, T. S.
PROC INDIAN ACAD SCI SECT B  Volume: 13   Issue: (5)   Pages: 325-344   Published: 1941
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Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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