Nymphoides indica, Kumudini, Chinnambal, Chandmala, Water snowflake

Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze
Family: Menyanthaceae

Synonyms: Limnanthemum esquirolii H. Lév., Limnanthemum humboldtianum (Kunth) Griseb., Limnanthemum humboldtianum var. parviflorum Griseb., Limnanthemum indicum (L.) Griseb., Limnanthemum senegalense N.E.Br., Limnanthemum thunbergianum Griseb., Menyanthes brasilica Vell., Menyanthes indica L., Menyanthes petioliflora Stokes, Nymphoides humboldtiana (Kunth) Kuntze, Nymphoides thunbergiana (Griseb.) Kuntze, Trachysperma humboldtiana (Kunth) House, Villarsia communis A.St.-Hil., Villarsia glandulosa Griff., Villarsia humboldtiana Kunth, Villarsia indica (L.) Vent., Villarsia nymphaeifolia Fraser, Villarsia platiphylla A.St.-Hil., Villarsia rheedei Kostel., Villarsia senegalensis G. Don, Villarsia simsii G.Don, Villarsia swartzii G.Don, Villarsia trachysperma F.Muell.

English: Water snowflake
Bengali: Chandmala
Chinese: 印度荇菜, 白花莕菜, 金银莲花
French: Faux-nénuphar d'Inde
Kannada: Neeru Thaavare
Malayalam: Thakaram
Manipuri: থরো মচা Tharo Macha
Tamil: சின்னாம்பல் Chinnambal
Telugu: Anthara Thaamara

Description: Rhizomatous herbs; rhizome 2-3 cm thick with prominent branch scars. Primary fertile branches many, petiole-like and uniphyllous, highly variable in length depending on the depth of water; secondary branches sympodial, zig-zag, many-jointed, trailing on water surface; each joint uniphyllous; nodes often rooting. Leaves all cauline, fertile and floating, to about 25 cm across, ovate-orbicular, base deeply cordate with narrow sinuses, entire or subentire, fleshy, glossy green above, pale and gland-dotted beneath ; petiole to 3 cm long. Flowers bisexual, distylous in umbellate clusters from the junction of the petiole and the branch; bract to 7 x 4 mm, ovate or oblong; pedicel 5-10 cm long. Calyx deeply 5-partite; lobes to 6 x 2 mm, oblong-acute, green with hyaline margins. Corolla white with yellow throat; tube c. 2 mm long; lobes 5, to 13x4 mm, elliptic or oblong, acute, densely covered with long, white hairs within. Stamens as many as corolla lobes, dimorphic; filaments yellow. Ovary bottle- shaped; stigma sinuately 4-8 lobed; disc glands as many as stamens, orbicular. Capsules ellipsoid. Seeds c. 1.5 mm across, discoid, brownish, tubercled.  

33 Published articles of Nymphoides indica
1.    Diversity of Chironomidae (Diptera) in decomposing Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze in two subtropical lakes with different trophic conditions.
Silva, Juliana S.; Silveira, Wagner T.; Albertoni, Edelti F.; et al.
Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences  Volume: 5   Issue: 4   Pages: 557-571   Published: 2010

2.    Planting Nymphoides seguier for restoring marsh aquatic vegetation comprises seed proliferating Nymphoides peltatum, stem seed proliferating Nymphoides peltatum, and brood bud planting Nymphoides indica
Patent Number: CN101548616-A; CN101548616-B
Patent Assignee: CHINESE ACAD SCI NANJING GEOGRAPHY&LAK; NANJING INST GEOGRAPHY&LIMNOLOGY
Inventor(s): BO X; CHEN K; HUANG W; et al.

3.    Anti-convulsant activity of aqueous and alcohol extracts of roots and rhizomes of Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze in swiss albino mice
Madhavan, V.; Arora, Shilpi; Murali, Anita; et al.
Journal of Natural Remedies  Volume: 9   Issue: 1   Pages: 68-73   Published: JAN 2009

4.    Nymphoides indica (L.) O. Kuntze (Menyanthaceae) em um pequeno lago raso subtropical (Rio Grande, RS)
Nymphoides indica (L.) O. Kuntze (Menyanthaceae) in a small subtropical shallow lake (Rio Grande, RS)
Palma-Silva, Cleber; Albertoni, Edelti Faria; Trindade Trindade, Claudio Rossano; et al.
Iheringia Serie Botanica  Volume: 63   Issue: 2   Pages: 249-256   Published: JUL-DEC 2008

5.    The effect of water-level fluctuations on seedling recruitment in an aquatic macrophyte Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze (Menyanthaceae)
Shibayama, Yuki; Kadono, Yasuro
AQUATIC BOTANY  Volume: 87   Issue: 4   Pages: 320-324   Published: NOV 2007

6.    Macroinvertebrate fauna associated with Pistia stratiotes and Nymphoides indica in subtropical lakes (south Brazil)
Albertoni, E. F.; Prellvitz, L. J.; Palma-Silva, C.
Brazilian Journal of Biology  Volume: 67   Issue: 3   Pages: 499-507   Published: AUG 2007

7.    Reproductive success and genetic structure of populations of the heterostylous aquatic plant Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze (Menyanthaceae)
Shibayama, Yuki; Kadono, Yasuro
AQUATIC BOTANY  Volume: 86   Issue: 1   Pages: 1-8   Published: JAN 2007

8.    Plant Regeneration from Floral Stem Cultures of Nymphoides indica (L.) O. Kuntze. via Somatic Embryogenesis
어리연꽃 (Nymphoides indica (L.) O. Kuntze) 화경 배양으로부터 체세포배발생을 통한 식물체 재생
Kim, Sukweon; 오명진; 민성란; et al.
Journal of Plant Biotechnology    Volume: 34   Issue: 1   Pages: 7-10   Published: 2007

9.    Conservation of the Lake Kasumigaura population of Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze based on genetic evaluation using microsatellite markers
Shibayama, Yuki; Uesugi, Ryuji; Tsumura, Yoshihiko; et al.
LIMNOLOGY  Volume: 7   Issue: 3   Pages: 193-197   Published: DEC 2006

10.    First report of the aecial stage of Puccinia scirpi on Nymphoides indica in Brazil, with comments on its worldwide distribution
Soares, DJ; Ferreira, FA; Barreto, RW
AUSTRALASIAN PLANT PATHOLOGY  Volume: 35   Issue: 1   Pages: 81-84   Published: 2006

11.    First record of Nymphoides indica (Menyanthaceae) in Texas
Saunders, Ken
SIDA Contributions to Botany  Volume: 21   Issue: 4   Pages: 2441-2443   Published: DEC 21 2005

12.    Estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados associada as macrofitas, aquaticas Nymphoides indica e Azolla fuliculoides em dois lagos subtropicais (Rio Grande, RS, Brasil)
Structure of the community of macroinvertebrates associated with the aquatic macrophytes Nymphoides indica and Azolla filliculoides in two subtropical lakes (Rio Grande, RS, Brazil).
Albertoni, Edelti Faria; Palma-Silva, Cleber; Veiga, Cristiane Cruz
Acta Biologica Leopoldensia  Volume: 27   Issue: 3   Pages: 137-145   Published: SEP-DEC 2005

13.    Floral morph composition and pollen limitation in the seed set of Nymphoides indica populations
Shibayama, Y; Kadono, Y
ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH  Volume: 18   Issue: 6   Pages: 725-737   Published: NOV 2003

14.    Heterostyly in Nymphoides indica (Menyanthaceae) in Japan.
Shibayama, Yuki; Kadono, Yasuro
APG Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica  Volume: 54   Issue: 1   Pages: 77-80   Published: June 2003

15.    Shoot organogenesis from petiole explants in the aquatic plant Nymphoides indica
Jenks, MA; Kane, ME; McConnell, DB
PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE  Volume: 63   Issue: 1   Pages: 1-8   Published: 2000

16.    Injury of Hg2+ on roots and leaves of Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze
You, Wenping; Shi, Guoxin; Chang, Fuchen; et al.
Journal of Plant Resources and Environment  Volume: 8   Issue: 1   Pages: 56-58   Published: Jan., 1999

17.    Leaf galls on an aquatic macrophyte, Nymphoides indica (Nympheaceae), in Rio Doce Valley, Brazil.
Fernandes, Geraldo Wilson; Lara, Angela Christina F.
Bios (Belo Horizonte)  Volume: 5   Issue: 5   Pages: 65-67   Published: Dezembro 1997

18.    GROWTH-RESPONSES OF NYMPHOIDES-INDICA SEEDLINGS AND VEGETATIVE PROPAGULES ALONG A WATER DEPTH GRADIENT
MASON, D; VANDERVALK, AG
AQUATIC BOTANY  Volume: 42   Issue: 4   Pages: 339-350   Published: MAY 1992

19.    DECOMPOSITION STUDIES ON 2 FLOATING LEAVED MACROPHYTES, NYMPHAEA-NOUCHALI AND NYMPHOIDES-INDICA, OF LAKE KONDAKARLA, INDIA
MURTY, KSN; SESHAVATHARAM, V
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-PLANT SCIENCES  Volume: 99   Issue: 5   Pages: 473-483   Published: OCT 1989

20.    Life history and seasonal occurrence of Pentapedilum tigrinum Hashimoto associated with Nymphoides indica O. Kuntze in an irrigation reservoir.
Kondo, S.; Hamashima, S.; Hashimoto, H.
Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum Oecologica Hungarica  Volume: 2   Pages: 237-245   Published: 1989

21.    IN-VITRO REGENERATION STUDIES ON ORNAMENTAL AQUATIC PLANTS NYMPHOIDES-INDICA
JENKS M A; KANE M E
Conference: 86TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, TULSA, OKLAHOMA, USA, JULY 29-AUGUST 3, 1989. HORTSCIENCE.
Hortscience  Issue: SUPPL   Pages: 102   Published: 1989

22.    DIMORPHIC INCOMPATIBILITY AND GENDER IN NYMPHOIDES-INDICA (MENYANTHACEAE)
BARRETT, SCH
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE  Volume: 58   Issue: 17   Pages: 1938-1942   Published: 1980

23.    PLASTIDS WITH DENSELY STAINING THYLAKOID CONTENTS IN NYMPHOIDES-INDICA 1. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT
VAN STEVENINCK M E; VAN STEVENINCK R F M
Protoplasma  Volume: 103   Issue: 4   Pages: 333-342   Published: 1980

24.    PLASTIDS WITH DENSELY STAINING THYLAKOID CONTENTS IN NYMPHOIDES-INDICA .1. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT
VANSTEVENINCK, ME; VANSTEVENINCK, RFM
PROTOPLASMA  Volume: 103   Issue: 4   Pages: 333-342   Published: 1980

25.    PLASTIDS WITH DENSELY STAINING THYLAKOID CONTENTS IN NYMPHOIDES-INDICA 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF STAINABLE SUBSTANCE
VAN STEVENINCK M E; VAN STEVENINCK R F M
Protoplasma  Volume: 103   Issue: 4   Pages: 343-360   Published: 1980

26.    PLASTIDS WITH DENSELY STAINING THYLAKOID CONTENTS IN NYMPHOIDES-INDICA .2. CHARACTERIZATION OF STAINABLE SUBSTANCE
VANSTEVENINCK, ME; VANSTEVENINCK, RFM
PROTOPLASMA  Volume: 103   Issue: 4   Pages: 343-360   Published: 1980

27.    HETEROSTYLY IN NYMPHOIDES-INDICA
REDDY N P; BAHADUR B
Journal of the Indian Botanical Society  Volume: 55   Issue: 2-3   Pages: 133-140   Published: 1976

28.    MICROFILAMENTS AND MICROTUBULES IN ELONGATING PARENCHYMA CELLS OF NYMPHOIDES-INDICA
FREUNDLI.A
PLANTA  Volume: 119   Issue: 4   Pages: 361-366   Published: 1974

29.    EFFECT OF CERTAIN ABIOTIC FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROOT TUBERS OF NYMPHOIDES-INDICA IN A NATURAL LAKE
SINGH S P; SAHAI R
Geobios (Jodhpur)  Volume: 1   Issue: 6   Pages: 181-182   Published: 1974

30.    CHLOROPLAST PERIPHERAL RETICULUM IN NYMPHOIDES-INDICA
VAN STEVENINCK M E; GOLDNEY D C; VAN STEVENINCK R F M
Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenphysiologie  Volume: 67   Issue: 2   Pages: 155-160   Published: 1972

31.    CHLOROPLAST PERIPHERAL RETICULUM IN NYMPHOIDES-INDICA
VANSTEVE.ME; VANSTEVE.RF; GOLDNEY, DC
ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PFLANZENPHYSIOLOGIE  Volume: 67   Issue: 2   Pages: 155-&   Published: 1972

32.    ETHYLENE PRODUCTION AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN DETACHED LEAVES OF NYMPHOIDES-INDICA
GOLDNEY D C; STEVENINCK R F M V
CARR, DENIS J. (ED.). PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES 1970. PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM. CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, DEC. 7-11, 1970. XIV+837P. ILLUS. SPRINGER-VERLAG: BERLIN, WEST GERMANY; NEW YORK, N.Y., U.S.A  Pages: 604-610   Published: 1972

33.    VARIATION IN SPECTRAL QUALITIES OF FLOWERS IN NYMPHOIDES-INDICA COMPLEX (MENYANTHACEAE) AND ITS POSSIBLE ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE
ORNDUFF, R; MOSQUIN, T
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY  Volume: 48   Issue: 3   Pages: 603-&   Published: 1970