Leonurus cardiaca, Motherwort, cardiaco, Agripaume, ذنب الأسد

Leonurus cardiaca L.
Family: Lamiaceae

Synonyms: Cardiaca crispa (Murray) Moench, Cardiaca glabra Gilib. , Cardiaca stachys Medik., Cardiaca trilobata Lam., Cardiaca vulgaris Moench, Lamium cardiaca (L.) Baill., Leonurus aconitifolius Schltdl. ex Ledeb., Leonurus campestris Andrz. ex Benth., Leonurus canescens Dumort., Leonurus cardiaca var. adscendens K.Koch, Leonurus cardiaca var. canescens (Dumort.) T.Durand, Leonurus cardiaca var. hirtella Holub, Leonurus cardiaca subsp. intermedius (Holub) Dostál, Leonurus cardiaca var. intermedius Holub, Leonurus cardiaca var. rotundifolia Zalewski, Leonurus crispus Murray, Leonurus discolor W.D.J.Koch, Leonurus glabra (Gilib.) Gilib. , Leonurus illyricus Benth., Leonurus intermedius Holub , Leonurus lacerus Lindl., Leonurus multifidus Raf. , Leonurus neglectus Schrank, Leonurus ruderalis Salisb. , Leonurus trilobatus (Lam.) Dulac, Stachys triloba Stokes.

• Common name: Motherwort, Throw-wort, Lion's Ear
• Arabic: ذنب الأسد
• Azerbaijani: Adi damotu
• Bulgarian: Дяволска уста
• Czech: Srdečník obecný
• Danish: Almindelig Hjertespand
• Finnish: Rohtonukula
• French: Agripaume
• French: Agripaume cardiaque, Queue-de-lion
• German: Echtes Herzgespann
• Italian: cardiaco
• Persian: لونوروس کاردیاکا
• Polish: Serdecznik pospolity
• Romanian: coada leului
• Russian: pustyrnik obyknovennyj
• Swedish: hjärtstilla

Description: perennial plant is 2-5' tall and sparingly branched below the inflorescence. The stems are 4-angled, heavily ridged, and slightly pubescent. The opposite leaves are variable in size and shape, although they all have long petioles that are slightly pubescent. The lower leaves often have 5 cleft lobes and several coarse teeth; they are up up to 4" long and 3" across. The middle leaves have 3 cleft lobes and a few coarse teeth; they are up to 3" long and 1½" across. The upper leaves are often oblong-ovate with a pair of coarse teeth; they are up to 2" long and ¾" across. These leaves are nearly hairless and have conspicuous veins along the upper surface. The base of each leaf is more or less wedge-shaped. The stems of Motherwort are normally erect, although older plants toward the end of the growing season have a tendency to sprawl.  Whorls of sessile flowers occur above the axils of the opposite leaves on the middle to upper stems. Each tubular flower is 2-lipped and about 1/3" long. The corolla is white or light pink and quite hairy on the upper side; these fuzzy white hairs exceed 1 mm. in length. The upper lip is undivided, while the lower lip has a central lobe and 2 smaller side lobes. There are usually purple dots on the lower lip and near the throat of the corolla. The tubular green calyx has 5 lanceolate teeth; it is slightly pubescent. These teeth are sharp-pointed and persistent. The blooming period occurs during the summer and lasts about 2 months. While the flowers are not noticeably fragrant, the foliage has a slightly rank odor. Each flower is replaced by 4 nutlets that are 3-sided and reddish brown or brown. The root system consists of shallow fibrous roots and rhizomes. This plant spreads by reseeding itself and vegetatively by means of the rhizomes; it often forms colonies.

Motherwort is diaphoretic, tonic, emmenagogue, nervine, and antispasmodic. It is given with thy best effects in hysterical affections, sleeplessness, delirium, and uterine pain and disorders. The usual method of administration takes the form of infusion, of which the usual  dose is given; or, in cases where this does not act with sufficient quickness, it may be given in ad libitum doses. As a tonic it acts without producing febrile excitement, giving tone to the organs and changing the morbid conditions of the secretions. It is well adapted to those cases in which a combined tonic antinervine impression is desired, but where the least excitement would be regarded with serious apprehension. In fevers, attended with nervousness and delirium, it is extremely useful; it calms the nervousness, and induces a quiet and passivity of the whole nervous system, ending generally in a healthy sleep, from which. the patient awakes refreshed and invigorated. In those nervous disorders produced by, or accompanied with, continued wakefulness or irritability of the nervous system, it acts in the most satisfactory manner. It is also employed in spinal diseases, in uterine spasm and disorders, irregularities in the menstrual evacuation, and debility of the uterine system. For all these indications it would perhaps be difficult to indicate a remedy of greater suitability. Motherwort is useful also in heart disease, palpitation, neuralgia and other affections of the heart, in which it has acquired an extensive reputation. [Botanic Pharmacopoeia]

This plant can cause dermatitis in sensitive individuals. A  fragrant  lemon-scented  oil  caused  photosensitivity  when  ingested.  Herb  stomachic,  diaphoretic,  used  for  the  female  reproductive health. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Flowering tops are used for fl avouring beers, ales and stout. Fresh or dried flowers can also be added to soups, e.g. split pea soups, and can be brewed into tea. [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Vol-8]

Motherwort can be useful in reducing high blood pressure. It is also useful in rapid and irregular heart beat also heart palpitations.  Its primary use is for dealing with irregular menstruation.  I have found it to be of great benefit in dealing with the emotional instability of menopause.  Motherwort is also an effective uterine stimulator.  It can be used in con- junction with other similar herbs for inducing labor, which should only be done under the supervision of an experienced practitioner.   Motherwort is quite useful in reducing post partum bleeding or hemorrhaging.  It causes the uterus to clamp down and thus stops the bleeding.  It is equally as effective as Ergotamine in causing uterine contractions. CAUTION: Do not use during pregnancy. [God's Healing Leaves]

Motherwort is stated to possess sedative and antispasmodic properties. Traditionally, it has been used for cardiac debility, simple tachycardia, effort syndrome, amenorrhoea, and specifi- cally for cardiac symptoms associated with neurosis. [Herbal Medicines 3rd Ed]

Leonurus cardiaca has been used as a folkloric sedative, and sedative activity as well as a hypotensive effect in normo-and hyper- tensive animals have been confirmed. It has been used clinically for hyper- tension in the USSR with good results [Herbal Pharmacology in the People’s Republic of China]

In nervous cardiac disorders and as adjuvant for thyroid hyperfunction. (German Commission E.) As antispasmodic. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.) The British Herbal Compendium indicated its use for patients who have neuropathic cardiac disorders and cardiac complaints of nervous origin. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Leonurus cardiaca is used to tonify the heart, to treat nervous heart disorders, anxiety, shortness of breath. [A Materia Medica for Chinese Medicine: Plants, Minerals and Animal Products]

General protective against female ills,more particularly those associated with the womb and menstruation. [Medicinal Plants in Folk Tradition - An Ethnobotany of Britain & Ireland]

 Traditional use:  A decoction of the aboveground parts is used to treat heart, stomach and nervous system diseases (Khalmatov   1964  ) . A tea and an infusion of the aboveground parts are used to treat nervous disorders, hypertension, hysteria, epilepsy, tachycardia, gastrointestinal, and female diseases, and are used as sopori fi c, anti-in fl ammatory, diaphoretic, and laxative remedies (Khodzhimatov  1989  ) .   Documented effects:  Studies show that a tincture of the herb has a sedative effect, which is twice as strong as the effect of a valerian tincture. The tincture also causes decreased arterial pressure and strengthens the contraction of uterus muscles (Khalmatov  1964  ) . Stachydrine exhibited protective effects when given to rats with experimental myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (Ma and Yang  2006  ) . [Medicinal Plants of Central Asia Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan]

This herb is a pleasant, reliable, diffusive, stimulating and relaxing, antispasmodic nervine. It influences the mucous membrane, especially that of the pelvic organs. A hot infusion promotes a good outward circulation, increases the menstrual flow. It is useful in amenorrhoea and in dysmenorrhoea. when congestion is present, and in hysteria and palpitation when the patient is more or less chlorotic. [Physio-Medical Therapeutics, Materia Medica and Pharmacy]

102 Published articles of Leonurus cardiaca
1.    GABA(A) Receptor Binding Assays of Standardized Leonurus cardiaca and Leonurus japonicus Extracts as Well as Their Isolated Constituents Rauwald, H.W., et al., Planta Medica, 2015. 81(12-13): p. 1103-1110.
2.    Leonurus cardiaca L. herb extracts and their constituents promote lactoperoxidase activity Flemmig, J., et al., Journal of Functional Foods, 2015. 17: p. 328-339.
3.    Leaf's structural response of in vitro-cultured Leonurus cardiaca plants to N 6-benzyladenine and indole-3-butyric acid Stefanova, M.A. and D.P. Koleva, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2014. 8(8): p. 1014-1021.
4.    Discrimination of Leonurus japonicus and Leonurus cardiaca by phytochemical and DNA analyses Monschein, M., et al., Planta Medica, 2014. 80(16): p. 1386-1386.
5.    Leonurus cardiaca L. herb - a derived extract and an ursolic acid as the factors affecting the adhesion capacity of Staphylococcus aureus in the context of infective endocarditis Micota, B., et al., Acta Biochimica Polonica, 2014. 61(2): p. 385-388.
6.    Taxonomic individuality of Leonurus cardiaca and Leonurus quinquelobatus in view of morphological and molecular studies Marciniuk, P., et al., Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2014. 300(2): p. 255-261.
7.    H-1-qNMR for direct quantification of stachydrine in Leonurus japonicus and L. cardiaca Kuchta, K., et al., Fitoterapia, 2014. 96: p. 8-17.
8.    Comprehensive genetic discrimination of Leonurus cardiaca populations by AFLP, I., RAPD and IRAP molecular markers Khadivi-Khub, Abdollah and A. Soorni, Molecular Biology Reports, 2014. 41(6): p. 4007-4016.
9.    The Effect of Leonurus cardiaca Herb Extract and Some of its Flavonoids on Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in the Heart Bernatoniene, J., et al., Planta Medica, 2014. 80(7): p. 525-532.
10.    Leonurus cardiaca L. (Motherwort): A Review of its Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Wojtyniak, K., M. Szymanski, and I. Matlawska, Phytotherapy Research, 2013. 27(8): p. 1115-1120.
11.    DNA fingerprinting of Leonurus cardiaca L. germplasm in Iran using amplified fragment length polymorphism and inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism Soorni, A., et al., Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2013. 50: p. 438-447.
12.    Evaluation of genetic variability of several populations of medicinal plant Leonurus cardiaca in Iran using fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) Soorni, A., V. Nazeri, and M.R. Fattahi, Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 2013. 21(2): p. 209-224.
13.    GABA(A) receptor binding assays of standardized Leonurus cardiaca and L. japonicus extracts as well as their isolated constituents Rauwald, H.W., et al., Planta Medica, 2013. 79(13): p. 1260-1260.
14.    Stachydrine in Leonurus cardiaca, L.j., Leonotis leonurus: detection and quantification by instrumental HPTLC and H-1-qNMR analyses Kuchta, K., R.B. Volk, and H.W. Rauwald, Pharmazie, 2013. 68(7): p. 534-540.
15.    Analytical and active markers for quality assessment of Leonurus cardiaca and L. japonicus: RP-HPLC, H., and H-1-qNMR approaches for the determination of defined phenolic and N-containing constituents Kuchta, K. and H.W. Rauwald, Planta Medica, 2013. 79(13): p. 1121-1122.
16.    The quantitative comparison of essential oil composition of an Iranian endemic plant Leonurus cardiaca L. subsp. persicus (Boiss.) Rech. F. vs. previous studied population Mazooji, A., et al., Annals of Biological Research, 2012. 3(2): p. 1117-1124.
17.    Leonurus cardiaca, L.J., Leonotis leonurus: Quantitative HPLC and instrumental HPTLC determination of fourteen phenolics Kuchta, K., et al., Planta Medica, 2012. 78(11): p. 1259-1259.
18.    Leonurus japonicus, L.c., Leonotis leonurus: A novel HPLC study on the occurrence and content of the pharmacologically active guanidino derivative leonurine Kuchta, K., J. Ortwein, and H.W. Rauwald, Pharmazie, 2012. 67(12): p. 973-979.
19.    Effect of Leonurus cardiaca Oil Extract in Patients with Arterial Hypertension Accompanied by Anxiety and Sleep Disorders Shikov, A.N., et al., Phytotherapy Research, 2011. 25(4): p. 540-543.
20.    Application of Leonurus cardiaca L. oil extract for treatment of psycho neurological disorders in clinic Shikov, A.N., et al., Planta Medica, 2010. 76(12): p. 1215-1215.
21.    7-Chloro-6-desoxy-harpagide, a.m.i.g.f.L.c.L.P.E.R., C., L. Hennig, and H. Rauwald, Planta Medica, 2010. 76(12): p. 1252-1252.
22.    Cardiac and Electrophysiological Effects of Primary and Refined Extracts from Leonurus cardiaca L. (Ph.Eur.) Ritter, M., et al., Planta Medica, 2010. 76(6): p. 572-582.
23.    Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of extracts and fractions of cultivated Leonurus cardiaca L Jafari, S., et al., Planta Medica, 2010. 76(12): p. 1286-1286.
24.    Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Leonurus cardiaca L. in compare with antioxidant activity Jafari, S., et al., Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2010. 5(7): p. 484-487.
25.    In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Leonurus cardiaca subsp Persicus, G.p.a.O.d.E., M. A., et al., African Journal of Biotechnology, 2010. 9(51): p. 8865-8871.
26.    CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOBIOLOGICAL STUDY ON LEONURUS CARDIACA L. (LAMIACEAE) Popescu, M.-L., M. Dinu, and O. Toth, Farmacia, 2009. 57(4): p. 424-431.
27.    Micropropagation and biological activity of Leonurus cardiaca Dimitrova, M., et al., Lucrari Stiintifice - Universitatea de Stiinte Agronomice Si Medicina Veterinara Bucuresti. Seria F, Biotehnologii, 2009(Special Volume): p. 86-95.
28.    Micropropagation of Leonurus cardiaca - influence of auxins and cytokinins Dimitrova, M., et al., General and Applied Plant Physiology, 2009. 35(3/4): p. 146-152.
29.    Biodiversity of fungi colonizing and damaging selected parts of motherwort ( Leonurus cardiaca L.) Zimowska, B., Herba Polonica, 2008. 54(2): p. 30-40.
30.    HPLC - fingerprint analysis and quantification of phenolic compounds in Leonurus cardiaca L. (Ph. Eur.) and in an antiarrhythmic refined extract Strahler, S., et al., Planta Medica, 2008. 74(9): p. 1097-1097.
31.    Cascade of bioactive compounds from Leonurus cardiaca L. originated in Romania Ocnaru, D., et al. Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries. 2008. 128-128.
32.    Essential oil composition of Leonurus cardiaca L. in Iran Navaei, M.N. and M. Mirza, Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2008. 23(4): p. 560-566.
33.    The essential oil composition of Leonurus cardiaca L Morteza-Semnani, K., M. Saeedi, and M. Akbarzadeh, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2008. 20(2): p. 107-109.
34.    The antiarrhythmic effects of Leonurus cardiaca on cardiac electrophysiology Kuchta, K., et al., Planta Medica, 2008. 74(9): p. 1020-1020.
35.    New labdane diterpenes from Leonurus cardiaca Agnihotri, V.K., et al., Planta Medica, 2008. 74(10): p. 1288-1290.
36.    New Phoma species on Leonurus cardiaca Zimowska, B., Acta Mycologica, 2007. 42(1): p. 119-119.
37.    The effect of Atonik Al on motherwort ( Leonurus cardiaca L.) herb yield and flavonoids content Kieltyka-Dadasiewicz, A. and S. Berbec, Herba Polonica, 2007. 53(3): p. 171-174.
38.    Electrophysiologic and functional effects of Leonurus cardiaca, a.m.p.r.D., S., et al., Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology, 2007. 375: p. 25-25.
39.    Germacrene D chemotype of essential oils of Leonurus cardiaca L. growing wild in Vilnius district (Lithuania) Mockute, D., G. Bernotiene, and A. Judzentiene, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2006. 18(5): p. 566-568.
40.    Leonurus cardiaca in vitro Duskova, J. and J. Dusek, Ceska a Slovenska farmacie : casopis Ceske farmaceuticke spolecnosti a Slovenske farmaceuticke spolecnosti, 2004. 53(1): p. 39-41.
41.    Density dependent population growth of the two-spotted spider mite, T.u., on the host plant Leonurus cardiaca Rotem, K. A. and A.A. Agrawal, Oikos, 2003. 103(3): p. 559-565.
42.    Pharmacological effects of lavandulifolioside from Leonurus cardiaca Milkowska-Leyck, K., B. Filipek, and H. Strzelecka, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2002. 80(1): p. 85-90.
43.    A prefuranic labdane diterpene from Leonurus cardiaca Papanov, G.Y., et al., Phytochemistry, 1998. 47(6): p. 1149-1151.
44.    19-hydroxygaleopsin, a.l.d.f.L.c.P., G., P. Malakov, and K. Tomova, Phytochemistry, 1998. 47(1): p. 139-141.
45.    Accumulation of furanic labdane diterpenes in Marrubium vulgare and Leonurus cardiaca Knoss, W. and J. Zapp, Planta Medica, 1998. 64(4): p. 357-361.
46.    Accumulation of furanic labdane diterpenes in Marrubium vulgare and Leonurus cardiaca Knoess, W. and J. Zapp, Planta Medica, 1998. 64(4): p. 357-361.
47.    Leonurus cardiaca L. - medicinal plant with sedative and cardiac activity Msisz, A. and P. Gorecki, Herba Polonica, 1997. 43(2): p. 172-178.
48.    Effect of sowing date on herbage and seed production in Leonurus cardiaca L. (common motherwort) Pinzaru, G., Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 1995. 28(1/2): p. 114-118.
49.    Identification key for the Leonurus cardiaca group in Germany Loos, G.H., Floristische Rundbriefe, 1995. 29(1): p. 30-33.
50.    ESTABLISHMENT OF CALLUS, C.-S.A.S.C.O.L.-C.L.A.D.A.K., W., Plant Cell Reports, 1995. 14(12): p. 790-793.
51.    Establishment of callus, c.s.a.s.c.o.L.c.L.a.d.a.K., Werner, Plant Cell Reports, 1995. 14(12): p. 790-793.
52.    FURANIC LABDANE DITERPENES IN DIFFERENTIATED AND UNDIFFERENTIATED CULTURES OF MARRUBIUM-VULGARE AND LEONURUS-CARDIACA Knoss, W., Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 1994. 32(6): p. 785-789.
53.    Furanic labdane diterpenes in differentiated and undifferentiated cultures of Marrubium vulgare and Leonurus cardiaca Knoess, W., Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (Montrouge), 1994. 32(6): p. 785-789.
54.    Diterpenes in cultures of Leonurus cardiaca Knoss, W. and K.W. Glombitza, Planta Medica, 1993. 59(7): p. A655-A656.
55.    Terpenoids in cell suspension cultures of Marrubium vulgare Knoess, W., S. Wilhelm, and K.W. Glombitza, Planta Medica, 1993. 59(7 SUPPL.): p. A655-A655.
56.    STEROLS FROM LEONURUS-CARDIACA L. GROWING IN DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS Senatore, F., et al., Herba Polonica, 1991. 37(1): p. 3-7.
57.    Protective effect of an infusion of Leonurus cardiaca during vaccination of broilers Nikolaenko, V.P., Veterinariya (Moskva), 1990(4): p. 32-33.
58.    ON THE VILLAGE PLANT LEONURUS-CARDIACA L. SENSU LATO LAMIACEAE AND ITS PRESENCE IN HESSE WEST GERMANY Ludwig, W., Jahresberichte der Wetterauischen Gesellschaft fuer die Gesamte Naturkunde zu Hanau, 1987. 138-139: p. 17-29.
59.    THE STRUCTURE OF LEOCARDIN, E.O.A.D.F.L.-C.M., P., et al., Phytochemistry, 1985. 24(10): p. 2341-2343.
60.    FLAVONOID-O-GLYCOSIDES FROM THE HERBS OF LEONURUS-CARDIACA Kartnig, T., A. Gruber, and S. Menzinger, Journal of Natural Products, 1985. 48(3): p. 494-494.
61.    HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OF LEONURUS-CARDIACA IN SWEDEN Svensson, R. and M. Wigren, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 1984. 78(5): p. 263-276.
62.    Osservazioni sugli insetti impollinatori di alcune labiate di interesse erboristico (Acinos suaveolens G. Don. Fil, H.o.L., Lavandula angustifolia Miller, Leonurus cardiaca L. e Marrubium vulgare L.) in un areale specializzato Ricciardelli d'Albore, G., Apicoltore Moderno, 1984. 75(2): p. 77-85.
63.    CAFFEIC ACID 4-RUTINOSIDE FROM LEONURUS-CARDIACA Tschesche, R., A. Diederich, and H.C. Jha, Phytochemistry, 1980. 19(12): p. 2783-2783.
64.    BITTER PRINCIPLES OF LABIATAE - CLERODANE DERIVATIVE FROM LEONURUS-CARDIACA L Brieskorn, C.H. and R. Hofmann, Tetrahedron Letters, 1979(27): p. 2511-2512.
65.    Anti-Cad lectin from the seeds of Leonurus cardiaca Bird, G.W. and J. Wingham, Clinical and laboratory haematology, 1979. 1(1): p. 57-9.
66.    Yellow mottle on Leonurus cardiaca L., c.b.t.b.b.w.v.s.c.S., K. and C. Gebhart, Archiv fur Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, 1974. 10(4): p. 285-288.
67.    DRY EXTRACT OF LEONURUS-CARDIACA Zaitts, K.A., R.N. Zozulya, and O.K. Sharipov, Farmatsiya (Moscow), 1973. 22(5): p. 63-64.
68.    NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS PART 18 ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF A NEW 15 CARBON IRIDOID GLUCOSIDE FROM LEONURUS-CARDIACA Weinges, K., P. Kloss, and W.D. Henkels, Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 1973(4): p. 566-572.
69.    NATURAL-PRODUCTS FROM MEDICINAL-PLANTS .18. ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF A NEW C-15-IRIDOID GLUCOSIDE FROM LEONURUS-CARDIACA L Weinges, K., P. Kloss, and W.D. Henkels, Annalen Der Chemie-Justus Liebig, 1973(4): p. 566-572.
70.    BITTER SUBSTANCES AND FURANOID COMPOUNDS FROM LEONURUS-CARDIACA L Brieskor.Ch and W. Broschek, Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae, 1972. 47(2-3): p. 123-&.
71.    Study of the alkaloid composition of the five-lobed bladderwort (Leonurus cardiaca) Russ. sum. Petrenko, V.V. and N.V. Kurinna, Farm Zh, 1966. 21((6)): p. 36-39.
72.    Hypotensive action of Leonurus cardiaca from Azerbaidzhan in experimental chronic hypertension of animals Armenian summ. Arustamova, F.A., Izvest Akad Nauk Armyansk Ssr Biol Nauki, 1963. 16((7)): p. 47-52.
73.    Production of tablets of Leonurus cardiaca alone and in combination with nucleovasan, p.a.o.d.I., I., M. Boiadzhieva, and M. Milev, Nauchni trudove na Visshiia meditsinski institut, Sofiia, 1962. 41(4): p. 33-7.
74.    Isolation and assay for the clarification of the composition of 3 glycoside bitter principles from Leonurus cardiaca. 1 Schultz, O.E. and H.J. Haack, Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1961. 11: p. 830-5.
75.    ISOLIERUNG UND VERSUCHE ZUR KONSTITUTIONSAUFKLARUNG VON DREI BITTERSTOFFGLYKOSIDEN AUS LEONARUS CARDIACA .2 Schultz, O.E. and H.J. Haack, Arzneimittel-Forschung-Drug Research, 1961. 11(10): p. 975-&.
76.    CONTRIBUTION A LETUDE DES ALCALOIDES DU LEONURUS CARDIACA L Gheorghiu, A., Ionescum.E, and A. Constantine, Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises, 1961. 19(5): p. 341-&.
77.    Chromatographic isolation and analysis of an alkaloid of Leonurus cardiaca Romanowski, H., Acta Polon Pharmaceut, 1960. 17: p. 13-22.
78.    Production of galenic and neogalenic preparations and experience with the isolation of active substances from Leonurus cardiaca Isaev, I. and M. Boiadzhieva, Nauchni trudove na Visshiia meditsinski institut, Sofiia, 1960. 39(5): p. 145-52.
79.    On the effect, a.a.c.s.o.L.c.L., a Polish medicinal plant unjustifiably neglected Romanowski, H., Polski tygodnik lekarski (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 1959. 14: p. 1146-50.
80.    Phytochemical examination of Leonorus cardiaca L Ivanov, V. and M. Tomova, Farmatsiia, 1954. 4(4): p. 30-2.
81.    Phytochemical research on L. cardiaca and S. vulgaris van Eijk, J.L., Pharmaceut Weekblad, 1952. 87((3/4)): p. 38-41.
82.    Application of Leonurus cardiaca in therapy of children Orlandi, E., Il Lattante, 1950. 21(9): p. 582-6.
83.    Not Available Erspamer, V., Farmaco (Societa chimica italiana : 1989), 1949. 4(2): p. 179-81.
84.    RICERCHE FARMACOLOGICHE SUL LEONURUS-CARDIACA L (E SUL LEONURUS-MARRUBIASTRUM L) Erspamer, V., Archives Internationales De Pharmacodynamie Et De Therapie, 1948. 76(1): p. 132-152.
85.    Experiments of oligodynamic fertilization of Leonurus cardiaca L Ciferri, R., Rivista Italiana delle Essenze, 1947. 29: p. 190-191.
86.    Leonurus cardiaca, a.n.c.e.m.p.W., R. F., Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1938. 64: p. 932-933.
87.    Nutritious Leonurus cardiaca feed additive used for duck includes waxy corn, b.w., soybean meal, black wheat flour, scallop powder, squid powder, Leonurus cardiaca, Ziziphus jujube, rhizoma smilacis glabrae and phagostimulant Wu, H. Hefei Yinong Breeding Co Ltd.
88.    Medicinal composition, u.e.g.f.t.c.a.s., comprises Astragalus mongholicus, Ligusticum wallichii, Leonurus cardiaca, Hirudo, long-nosed pit viper, Chinese pearl barley, Gastrodia elata and Panax notoginseng Song, A. Song A.
89.    Agent for deodorizing tobacco odor, c.e.o.p.s.f.B.c., Leonurus cardiaca, Mallotus japonicus, Angelica archangelica and/or Myrtus comunis as main ingredients Shimizu, K., et al. Lotte Co Ltd; Lotte Confectionery Co Ltd.
90.    Traditional Chinese formulation for treating acute glomerulonephritis, c.c.r., Leonurus cardiaca, Alisma orientale, Chinese Lobelia, semen Plantaginis, umbellate pore-fungus, betelnut, and radix Rehmannia Shi, W. Shi W.
91.    Healthcare herbal tea used for preventing and treating phlegm-dampness, c.r.h., Leonurus cardiaca, safflower, Cassia seed and black tea component Qiao, D. Qiao D.
92.    Neuro-vegetative and neuro-endocrine disorder treatment compsn.|contg. flores, f.a.f.c.m., herba leonurus cardiaca, flores lavandula angustifolia and propolis extract Oprita, O. Intr Medicamente Biofarm.
93.    Hot tea comprises Imperata, w.b., Lycopodium stabilizer, Akebia quinata, Leonurus cardiaca, wild horsetail, raspberry, Gardenia, water, and black tea Li, M. Li M.
94.    Tea comprises white azure, l.h., jasmine flower, Prunella, Chinese dodder, Leonurus cardiaca, wildwood, raspberry, water, and green tea Li, M. Li M.
95.    Medicinal composition, u.e.g.f.t.l.w., comprises e.g. rhizoma Gastrodia, Uncaria, concha Haliotis, Gardenia, radix Scutellaria, medicinal Cyathula root, Eucommia bark, Leonurus cardiaca and parasitic Loranthus Li, C. Li C.
96.    Chinese preparation useful e.g. for promoting lactation in lactating sows, a.g.o.s.p., comprises radix Astragalus, Angelica, Codonopsis, Ligusticum wallichii, Vaccaria, sweetgum fruit, Leonurus cardiaca and sedge grass Huang, X., et al. Univ Fujian Agric&Forestry.
97.    Preparing traditional Chinese medicine for treating chronic nephritis, c.u.r.m.i.r.C., Oldenlandia diffusa, herba Cistanche, oyster, Leonurus cardiaca, rice and Serissa serissoide Gao, F. Gao F.
98.    Preparing special extracts, u.a.a.a.-a.i.c.a.a.f.t.i.o.c.p., comprises extracting the extracts from aboveground plant parts of the plant Leonurus cardiaca Dhein, S., K. Melichar, and J.W. Rauwald. Univ Leipzig.
99.    A test of an oligodynamic fertilizer effect of L. cardiaca Atti Ist. Bot. Univ. Lab. Crittogamico Centro Stud. Anticrittogamico Pavia Miscellanea (2 unnumbered pages) 1947(1948) Ciferri. A test of an oligodynamic fertilizer effect of L. cardiaca.
100.    Manufacture of detoxicated sulfur involves mixing natural mineral powder and sulfur-containing waste hazardous ingredient, h., cooling, filtering, adding Leonurus cardiaca and ocher, heating, cooling and precipitating sulfur Chae, H. Chae H.
101.    Pig catalyst powder comprises Epimedium, a., Leonurus cardiaca, Cyperus rotundus, Angelica, dodder grass, vitamin A, vitamin D3, vitamin E, biotin, organic chromium, and physiological activator Cao, J., et al. Changsha Spn Animal Pharm Co Ltd.
102.    Anti-hypertensive tablet compsn.|comprising viscum album, c., leonurus cardiaca, sambucus nigra, ribes nigrum, capsella bursa pastoris, rutoside and apilarnyl Bojor, O., et al. Intr Medicamente Biofarm.