Bombax ceiba Silk_cotton Shalmali Unnamurika Mullilavu Ilavu Buruga Randhu alas Randu alas

Bombax ceiba L.
Family: Malvaceae
Synonyms: Bombax aculeatum L., Bombax ceiba Burm.f., Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum Robyns, Bombax heptaphyllum Cav., Bombax malabaricum DC., Bombax thorelii Gagnep., Bombax tussacii Urb., Gossampinus malabarica Merr., Gossampinus rubra Buch.-Ham., Gossampinus thorelii Bakh., Melaleuca grandiflora Blanco, Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl

• Common name: Silk Cotton Tree, Kapok Tree Assamese: Dumboil 
• Bahas: Randu alas
• Bengali: শিমুল
• Chinese: 木棉花
• Dutch: Indische kapokboom
• Esperanto: Hinda bombako
• Greek: Βόμβαξ ο μαλαβαρικός    Vomvax malavarikos
• Hindi: शाल्मली Shalmali, सेमल Semal, शहतूत Shahatoot
• Japanese: キワタ
• Javanese: Randhu alas
• Kannada:  Kempuburunga
• Malayalam: Unnamurika, ഇലവ് Ilavu
• Manipuri: Tera
• Marathi: सांवर
• Polski: Wełniak azjatycki
• Portugues: Paineira-vermelha-da-índia
• Punjabi: Simble
• Sanskrit: Shalmali, Moca, Picchila, Raktapuhpa
• Tamil: Sittan, Sanmali, Mullilavu முள்ளிலவு
• Telugu: Buruga బూరుగ
• Thai: งิ้ว (พืช)
• Urdu: سنبل Sembhal
• Vietnamese: Gạo (cây)

Ayurvedic uses: Raktapitta, Vrana, Daha, Yuvanapidika [The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part- I, Volume – III]
Astringent, demulcent, diuretic,aphrodisiac, emetic [Medicinal Plants,  Kerala Agricultural University, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station]
Acne (yuvana Pidika) - [Classical Ayurvedic Prescriptions for Common Diseases]

To increase the potency of a man - seedling roots of Bombax ceiba L. (salamali) to chew. To treat the nocturnal pollution [The nocturnal pollutions are, in fact, involuntary loss of semen during sleep. Most often, pollutions occur during the so-called “wet dreams” or erotic dreams] consume the flowers of Bombax ceiba L. (salmali). Rural folk of Assam use leaf to treat infertility; Santals find seedling spermatorrhoea.
Garhwalis and tribes of Dahanu forest use root to treat impotency. The roots are used in dysentery. The gum is useful in dysentery, haemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis, burning sensation. The bark is used for healing wounds. Leaves are good for skin eruption. Flowers are good for skin troubles. [Herbal Cures: Traditional Approach]
Young root tips are dried in shade and cooked as a vegetable for patients suffering from impotency. This vegetable is considered to be as good as the leaves of Adansonia digitata to increase the amount of sperm in semen. A half-cup extract of bark and flowers is taken for 3 d to treat sexual diseases such as hydrocele, leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea and to treat an irregular menstrual cycle. [Herbal Drugs: Ethnomedicine to Modern Medicine]

Young roots (Semulmusali)— astringent, (used for dysentery) stimulant, demulcent. Fruits—stimulant, diuretic, expectorant. Used for chronic inflammation of bladder, kidney also for calculus affections. Flowers— astringent and cooling, applied to cutaneous affections. Leaves— anti-inflammatory. Stem bark— demulcent, styptic. Aqueous extract with curd is given for blooddysentery. Bark—paste is applied to skin eruptions, boils, acne, pimples. Seeds used for chickenpox, smallpox, catarrhal affections, chronic cystitis and genitourinary diseases. Gum—astringent, demulcent, styptic. Used for diarrhoea, dysentery, haemoptysis, bleeding piles, menorrhagia, spermatorrhoea. Root and pod—used for the treatment of low vitality and debility.

Chemistry: All parts of the plant gave betasitosterol and its glucosides; seeds, bark and root bark, lupeol; flowers, hentriacontane, hentriacontanol; root bark, in addition, gave -hydroxycadalene. The seed oil yields arachidic, linoleic, myristic, oleic and palmitic acids; seeds contain carotenes, n-hexacosanol, ethylgallate and tocopherols; the gum contains gallic and tannic acids, yields L-arbinose, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid and D-galactopyranose. Younger roots contain more sugars (arabinose and galactose  and peptic substances than the older ones. They contain mucilage, starch, mineralmatter, tannins  and non-tannins, along with other constituents. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Various parts of the plant are used in fever, smallpox, rheumatism and leprosy. Bark is demulcent and tonic and is used in menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, diarrhoea, dysentery, boils, acne, pimples and coughs. Roots have stimulant, tonic and aphrodisiac properties and are given in impotency. Roots and barks are emetics. Young fruits are stimulant, expectorant and diuretic and beneficial in calculous affections, chronic inflammation and ulceration of bladder and kidneys. Seed extract is used as oxytocic and gonorrhea. burned infections, dysentery and urinary problems. [Selected Medicinal Plants Of Chittagong Hill Tracts]

Unani uses: Jaryan, Auram [The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India Part – I Volume - V]

53 Published articles of Bombax ceiba

Passiflora vitifolia Perfumed Passion Flower Grape Leaved Passion Fruit granadilla del monte passion flower

Passiflora vitifolia Kunth
Family: Passifloraceae
Bulgarian: Пасифлора витифолиа
German: Rebenblättrige Passionsblume,  Weinblättrige Passionsblume
French: Passiflore à feuilles de vigne
Swedish: Kardinalpassionsblomma
Turkish: Karpuz çarkıfeleği
Colombia: Cocorilla pintada, pinta guatinaja, Curuba de monte, Galapo, granadilla de monte,
Nicaragua: Granadilla 
Common names: Perfumed Passion Flower, Grape Leaved Passion Fruit, granadilla del monte, passion flower

Vine or liana, stems to 3 cm diameter, all parts densely rusty-hairy, tendrils from leaf axils. Leaves alternate, deeply 3-lobed, 7–14 cm long, 9–14 cm wide, lobes tapered at tips, base round-lobed, margin toothed. Flowers bright red, very showy, 10–15 cm wide, petals 5, 4–6 cm long, narrow, crownlike floral center of 3 rows of filaments to 2 cm long, anthers 5, green; on leafless, lower branches in forest understory, sepals 5, 6–8 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, tips with a long, slender appendage; blooms on and off much of the year, mostly Jan.–Mar., often pollinated by hummingbirds. Fruit fleshy, yellow green with purple markings, egg-shaped, to 10 cm, with numerous black seeds about 1 cm long, probably eaten by mammals; fruit present [A Field Guide to Plants Of Costa Rica] 

Published articles
1. POLLINATION INTENSITY AND POTENTIAL SEED SET IN PASSIFLORA-VITIFOLIA
Author(s): SNOW, AA - OECOLOGIA  Volume: 55   Issue: 2   Pages: 231-237   DOI: 10.1007/BF00384492  Published: 1982
  
2. DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS AND AN ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF THE PASSIFLORA-VITIFOLIA COMPLEX - AMAZONIAN SPECIES-DIVERSITY DUE TO EDAPHICALLY DIFFERENTIATED COMMUNITIES
GENTRY, AH - PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION  Volume: 137   Issue: 1-2   Pages: 95-105   DOI: 10.1007/BF00983208   Published: 1981

Peperomia argyreia Watermelon Peperomia Watermelon Begonia Peperomia srebrzysta

Peperomia argyreia (Hook.f.) E.Morren
Family: Piperaceae
Synonyms: Peperomia arifolia var. argyreia Hook.f., Peperomia sandersii C.DC.
Other names: Watermelon Peperomia, Watermelon Begonia
Polish: Peperomia srebrzysta

2 Published articles

1. Regeneration from leaf squares of Peperomia sandersii A.DC: A relationship between rooting and budding
HARRIS, G. P.; HART, ENNID M. H.
ANN BOT [LONDON]  Volume: 28   Issue: (111)   Pages: 509-526   Published: 1964
2. REGENERATION FROM LEAF SQUARES OF PEPEROMIA SANDERSII ADC - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROOTING + BUDDING
HARRIS, GP; HART, EMH
Source: ANNALS OF BOTANY  Volume: 28   Issue: 111   Pages: 507-&   Published: 1964

Coleus blumei Plectranthus scutellarioides

Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br.
Family: Lamiaceae 

Synonyms: Calchas acuminatus (Benth.) P.V.Heath , Calchas atropurpureus (Benth.) P.V.Heath , Calchas crispipilus (Merr.) P.V.Heath , Calchas scutellarioides (L.) P.V.Heath , Calchas scutellarioides var. angustifolia (Benth.) P.V.Heath , Calchas scutellarioides var. crispipilus (Merr.) P.V.Heath , Calchas scutellarioides var. limnophila (Benth.) P.V.Heath , Coleus × hybridus Voss , Coleus acuminatus Benth. , Coleus atropurpureus Benth. , Coleus atropurpureus var. densiflorus Benth. , Coleus atropurpureus var. javanicus Benth. , Coleus atropurpureus var. ramosus Benth. , Coleus blancoi Benth. , Coleus blumei Benth. , Coleus crispipilus (Merr.) Merr. , Coleus formosanus Hayata , Coleus gaudichaudii Briq. , Coleus gibbsiae S.Moore , Coleus grandifolius Benth. , Coleus grandifolius Blanco [Illegitimate] , Coleus hybridus Cobeau , Coleus igolotorum Briq. , Coleus ingratus (Blume) Benth. , Coleus integrifolius Elmer , Coleus laciniatus (Blume) Benth. , Coleus macranthus var. crispipilus Merr. , Coleus multiflorus Benth. , Coleus petersianus Vatke , Coleus pubescens Merr. , Coleus pumilus Blanco , Coleus rehneltianus A.Berger , Coleus savannicola K.Schum. , Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. , Coleus scutellarioides var. angustifolia Benth. , Coleus scutellarioides var. blumei (Benth.) Miq. , Coleus scutellarioides var. celebicus Miq. , Coleus scutellarioides var. crispipilus (Merr.) H.Keng , Coleus scutellarioides var. gibbsiae (S.Moore) Keng , Coleus scutellarioides var. gracilis Miq. , Coleus scutellarioides var. grandifolius (Benth.) Keng , Coleus scutellarioides var. ingratus (Blume) Miq. , Coleus scutellarioides var. integrifolius (Elmer) Keng , Coleus scutellarioides var. laciniatus (Blume) Miq. , Coleus scutellarioides var. laxa Benth. , Coleus scutellarioides var. limnophila Benth. , Coleus secundiflorus Benth. , Coleus verschaffeltii Lem. , Coleus zschokkei Merr. , Germanea nudiflora Poir. , Majana acuminata (Benth.) Kuntze , Majana blancoi (Benth.) Kuntze , Majana grandifolia (Benth.) Kuntze , Majana multiflora (Benth.) Kuntze , Majana pumila (Blanco) Kuntze , Majana scutellariodes (L.) Kuntze , Majana scutellarioides var. atropurpureus (Benth.) Kuntze , Majana scutellarioides var. blumei (Benth.) Kuntze, Majana secundiflora (Benth.) Kuntze , Ocimum peltatum Schweigg. ex Schrank , Ocimum scutellarioides L. , Perilla nankinensis Wender. , Plectranthus aromaticus Roxb. , Plectranthus blumei (Benth.) Launert , Plectranthus ingratus Blume , Plectranthus laciniatus Blume , Plectranthus nudiflorus (Poir.) Willd. , Plectranthus scutellarioides Blume [Illegitimate] , Solenostemon blumei (Benth.) M.Gómez , Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd 

279 Published articles of Coleus blumei / Plectranthus scutellarioides

Records of Natural Products - Free access Journal

Records of Natural Products - Free access Journal

Volume 1 (2007) to Uptodate 4 issues per year

http://www.acgpubs.org/RNP/previous_issue_list.htm

Chenopodium murale Goyalo Mazrita Nettle-Leaved Goosefoot Australian-spinach

Chenopodium murale L.
Family: Amaranthaceae

Synonyms: Anserina muralis (L) Montandon, Atriplex muralis (L.) Crantz, Chenopodium baccatum Labill., Chenopodium biforme Nees, Chenopodium carthagenense Zuccagni, Chenopodium carthagenense Zucc., Chenopodium chamrium Buch.-Ham [Invalid], Chenopodium congestum Hook.f., Chenopodium flavum Forssk., Chenopodium gandhium Buch.-Ham [Invalid], Chenopodium guineense Jacq., Chenopodium laterale Aiton, Chenopodium longidjawense Peter, Chenopodium lucidum Gilib., Chenopodium maroccanum Pau, Chenopodium murale var. acutidentatum Aellen, Chenopodium murale var. albescens Moq., Chenopodium murale var. angustatum Fenzl, Chenopodium murale var. biforme (Nees) Moq., Chenopodium murale var carthagenense Moq., Chenopodium murale var. latifolium Fenzl, Chenopodium murale var. spissidentatum Murr, Rhagodia baccata (Labill.) Moq., Rhagodia baccata var. congesta (Hook, f.) Hook. f., Rhagodia billardierei R. Br., Rhagodia congesta (Hook, f.) Moq., Vulvaria trachisperma Bubani,

• Common name: Nettle-Leaved Goosefoot, Australian-spinach, salt-green, sowbane,
• Hindi: Goyalo
• German: Mauer-Gänsefuß
• Brasil: quenopódio
• Estonian: Müür-hanemalts
• Western Panjabi: کرنڈ
• Runa Simi / Kichwa: Asnaq qañiwa
• Russian: Марь постенная
• Svenska: Gatmålla
• Tunisian: Mazrita

Traditional uses in Tunisia: Leaves used for Fever, kidney diseases [Ethnomedicinal Plants Revitalization of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs]

51 Published articles on  Chenopodium murale

Clerodendrum splendens Flaming Glorybower Pagoda Flower Bleeding Heart Vine

 Clerodendrum splendens G.Don
Family: Lamiaceae
Synonyms: Clerodendrum aurantium G.Don, Clerodendrum giletii De Wild. & T.Durand, Clerodendrum splendens var. giletii (De Wild. & T.Durand) B.Thomas, Siphonanthus splendens (G.Don) Hiern

Chinese name: 紅龍吐珠
Common name: Flaming Glorybower, Pagoda Flower, Bleeding Heart Vine

8 Published articles on Clerodendrum splendens

Cordyline fruticosa Cabbage Palm Good Luck Plant Palm Lily

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev.
Family: Asparagaceae

Synonyms: Aletris chinensis Lam., Asparagus terminalis L  , Calodracon heliconiifolia (Otto & A.Dietr) Planch., Calodracon jacquinii (Kunth) Planch , Calodracon nobilis Planch., Calodracon sieberi (Kunth) Planch., Calodracon terminalis (L.) Planch., Convallaria fruticosa L., Cordyline amabilis Cogn. & Marchand, Cordyline baptistii Cogn. & Marchand, Cordyline cheesemanii Kirk, Cordyline dennisonii Andre, Cordyline denslcoma Linden & Andre, Cordyline eschscholzlana Mart, ex Schult. & Schult.f., Cordyline ferrea (L.) Endl.  , Cordyline gloriosa Linden & Andre, Cordyline guilfoylei Linden ex Lem., Cordyline tiedychioides F.Muell., Cordyline heliconiifolia Otto & A.Dietr., Cordyline hendersonll Cogn. & Marchand, Cordyline jacquinii Kunth  , Cordyline javanica Klotzsch ex Kunth, Cordyline metallica Dalliere, Cordyline nobilis (Planch.) K.Koch, Cordyline reali (Linden & Andre) G.Nicholson, Cordyline regina Veitch ex Regel, Cordyline sepiaria Seem., Cordyline sieberi Kunth, Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth  , Cordyline ti Schott, Cordyline timorensis Planch., Dianella cubensis A.Rich., Dracaena alborosea Baker , Dracaena amabilis auct., Dracaena argenteostriata W.Bull, Dracaena aurora Linden & Andre, Dracaena baptistii auct., Dracaena bellula Linden & Andre, Dracaena brasiliensis Schult. & Schult.f., Dracaena casanovae Linden & Andre, Dracaena chelsoni Veitch, Dracaena cooperi Regel, Dracaena coullingii auct., Dracaena cuprea T. Moore, Dracaena cuprea L.Linden & Rodigas  , Dracaena douceti auct., Dracaena esculenta Regel, Dracaena ferrea L.  , Dracaena flemingii Baker , Dracaena formosa Baker , Dracaena fraseri Baker , Dracaena gibsonii Baker , Dracaena gloriosa Linden ex E.Morren, Dracaena guilfoylei Veitch ex Regel, Dracaena tiybrida auct., Dracaena illustris Baker , Dracaena imperialis Baker , Dracaena inscripta Baker , Dracaena leonensis Lodd. ex Loudon, Dracaena lineata Baker, Dracaena lutescens Versehaff., Dracaena macleayi Regel, Dracaena magnifica Baker , Dracaena metallica W.Bull, Dracaena neocaledonica Linden, Dracaena nobilis Baker , Dracaena porteana Baker, Dracaena pulchella Baker , Dracaena pulcherrima Baker , Dracaena reali Linden & Andre, Dracaena regalis Baker , Dracaena reginae T.Moore, Dracaena regis Andre, Dracaena robinsoniana Andre, Dracaena rothiana Carriere, Dracaena salviati Linden, Dracaena sepiaria Seem., Dracaena siamensis Baker , Dracaena spectabilis Baker , Dracaena splendens Baker , Dracaena sulcata Baker , Dracaena terminalis L., Dracaena troubetzKoi Linden & Andre, Dracaena utilis Baker , Dracaena warocquei Linden & Andre, Ezehlsia palma Lour, ex B.A.Gomes, Taetsia ferrea Medik., Taetsia fruticosa (L.) Merr., Taetsia terminalis (L.) W.Wight  , Terminalis fruticosa (L.) Kuntze

Common names: Cabbage Palm, Good Luck Plant, Palm Lily, Ti Plant,
Othr names: Kī, La'i, Tī Pore, cordyline, feuille-way, roseau des Indes
Catalan / Maori: Tī Pore
Tongan: Sī
Samoan: Lauti
Tahitian: Auti
Kapampangan: Tukud pari
Sundanese: Hanjuang
Swedish: Bloddracena
Chinese:朱蕉
Tongan: Sī
Uses: Root: Surinamese Indonesians use pieces of root in vinegar for a preparation against bleeding. Leaf: An infusion in oil is used to treat wounds. Infusion of three crushed leaves of the purple cultivar is used in hypotensive drink. Proximal (lower) portion of leaf is macerated in olive oil for a cataplasm or tampon for wounds.
CHEM: Plant contains steroidal saponins [ Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana)]

Uses: Young leaf dripped into ear for fuafua momono,  Leaves, together with pue sele la, for manava mamau. [ Samoan Medicinal Plants and Their Usage]

Phenolic compounds, amino acids,  Stops bleeding, vomiting with blood, blood in urine, cough, stomachache. [Taiwanese Native Medicinal Plants Phytopharmacology and
Therapeutic Values]

18 Published articles of Cordyline fruticosa

Trewia nudiflora Mallotus nudiflorus pindar Nay Kumil

Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen accepted name
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Synonyms: Mallotus cardiophyllus Merr., Rottlera hoperiana Blume ex Mull.Arg., Rottlera indica Willd., Rottlera operiana Blume ex Baill., Trewia integerrima Stokes, Trewia macrophylla Roth, Trewia macrostachya Klotzsch, Trewia nudiflora L., Trewia nudiflora var. tomentosa Susila & N.P.Balakr.,

Common name: False White Teak, Gutel
Assamese: bhelkol
Bengali: pitali
Garo: arurong, bol diktak, bol khap
Hindi: पिण्डालु pindalu, पिण्डार pindar
Kannada: ಕಾಡುಗುಮ್ಬಳ kaadugumbala, ಕಾಡುಕಮ್ಚೀ kaadukamchi
Khasi: dieng soh lyndot
Konkani: बोंवारो bomvaro
Lushai: thing-chingel
Malayalam: നീര്ക്കടമ്പ് niirkkatamp, പമ്പരക്കുമ്പിള് pamparakkumpil
Manipuri: wangphop
Marathi: पेटारी petari
Nepalese: gurel
Oriya: pithaliya
Sanskrit: पिण्डारः pindarah
Tamil: ஆற்றுப்பூவரசு arru-p-puvaracu, Attarasu, Nay Kumil
Telugu: ఏరుపొణకు eruponaku
Urdu: پنڐارا pindara

Plant—antibilious, antiflatulent, bechic, anti-inflammatory. Root—carminative, antirheumatic Applied as poultice in gout and rheumatism. Plant extract showed antileukaemic activity. Plant contains a pyridine alkaloid, N-methyl-5-carboxamide-2-pyridone. Leaves contain an alkaloid, nudiflorine. Bark yields taraxerone and betasitosterol. Seeds contain an alkaloid ricinidine. The seeds also contain a maytansinoid compound, trewiasine (TWS). [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

41 Published article lists of Trewia nudiflora

Suaeda maritima Canyametes Nirumari Moras Uppu aaku Strand-Sode Pikkukilokki Saltort

Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort.
Family:Amaranthaceae

Common Names: Indian salt wort, herbaceous seepweed, seaside Indian saltwort, white sea-blite
Gujarati: લાણો lano, લૂણો luno, મોરડ morad, મોરસ moras
Marathi: मोरस moras
Oriya: ଗେଡ଼ିଆ gerdia
Tamil: நீருமரி nir-umari, உமரிக்கீரை umari-k-kirai
Telugu: ఇల కూర ila kura, ఉప్పు ఆకు uppu aku
Catalan: Canyametes, canyameta o salat
Deutsch: Strand-Sode
Hornjoserbsce: Mórska zolica
Japanese: ハママツナ
Finnish: Pikkukilokki
Swedish: Saltört
Chinese: 裸花鹼蓬

Synonyms: Atriplex maritima (L.) Crantz, Chenopodina aestuaria Dumort., Chenopodina bacciformis Dumort., Chenopodina filiformis Moq., Chenopodina indica Wight, Chenopodina maritima (L.) Moq., Chenopodina maritima var. erecta Moq., Chenopodina maritima var. vulgaris Moq., Chenopodina prostrata (Pall.) Moq., Chenopodina sativa Moq., Chenopodina spicata Moq., Chenopodina tortuosa Moq., Chenopodium fiiiforme Dumort., Chenopodium hortense Raddi ex Moq., Chenopodium hostii Ledeb., Chenopodium jacquinii Ten., Chenopodium macrocarpum Desv., Chenopodium maritimum L, Chenopodium prostratum Schult., Chenopodium salsum Guss., Chenopodium spicatum Schult., Cochliospermum cavanillesii Lag., Cochliospermum salsum Lag., Dondia maritima (L.) Druce, Lerchia maritima (L.) Kuntze, Salsola indica Willd., Saisoia maritima (L.) M.Bieb. , Salsola maritima (L.) Poir., Salsola sedoides L., Schoberia crassifolia Steud., Schoberia linifolia Nutt. ex Moq., Schoberia maritima (L.) C.A.Mey., Suaeda cavanillesiana (Lazaro Iberia) Cout., Suaeda fernaldii (Standi.) Standi., Suaeda indica Moq., Suaeda maritima var. cavanillesiana Lazaro Iberia, Suaeda maritima subsp. richii (Fernald) Bassett & Crompton, Suaeda maritima var. vulgaris Moq., Suaeda nudiflora Moq., Suaeda prostrata Pall., Suaeda richii Fernald. 

108 Published article of Suaeda maritima

Commiphora mukul Commiphora wightii Guggulu

Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl.
Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari
Synonyms: Balsamea mukul Baill., Balsamodendrum mukul Hook, ex Stocks, Balsamodendrum roxburghii Stocks, Balsamodendrum wightii Arn.
Family: Burseraceae

Common name: Indian bdellium
Hindi / Sanskrit: गुग्गुल
Telugu: గుగ్గులు
Malayalam: ഗുൽഗുലു
Sanskrit: Pura, Mahisaksha, Kaushika, Palankasa
Assamese / Gujarati: Guggul
Urdu: Muqil (Shiahappu)
Tamil: Erumaikan, Kungiliyam

Selected vernacular names: Afl atan, baijahundana, bdellium, boe-jahudan, devadhüpa, gogil, gugaru, guggal, guggul, guggula, guggulu, gukkal, gukkulu, hill mango, Indian bdellium, Indian myrrh tree, itinnil, kiluvai, kondamamidi, koushikaka, kungiliyam, maisatchi, moghl, moghl-arabi, moghl-azragh, moghl-makki, moql, moqle-azraqi, mugul, mukul myrrh tree, pura, ranghan [WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants Volume 3]
Ayurvdic uses: Amavata, Kushta, {rameha, Vatavyadhi, Grandhi, Sopha, Gandamala, Medoroga [API, Part-1, Vol.1]

Yield Plant: 700-900 g gum per plant Tree yield [Advances in Medicinal Plants]

Highly effective in the treatment of rheumatism, obesity, neurological and urinary disorders, tonsillitis, arthritis and a few other diseases. The fumes from burning guggul are recommended in hay- fever, chronic bronchitis and phytises. The gum resin is bitter, acrid, astringent, thermogenic, aromatic, expectorant, digestive, anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, anodyne, antiseptic, demulcent, carminative, emmenagogue, haematinic, diuretic, lithontriptic, rejuvenating and general tonic. Guggulipid is hypocholesteremic. [MEDICINAL PLANTS by P. P. Joy, J. Thomas, Samuel Mathew, Baby P. Skaria]

Chemistry: The gum resin contains guggul sterons Z and E, guggul sterols I-V, two diterpenoids- a terpene hydrocarbon named cembreneA and a diterpene alcohol- mukulol, a-camphrone and cembrene, long chain aliphatic tetrols- octadecan-1,2,3,4-tetrol, eicosan-1,2,3,4-tetrol and nonadecan-1,2,3,4-tetrol. Major components from essential oil of gum resin are myrcene and dimyrcene. Plant without leaves, flowers and fruits contains myricyl alcohol, b-sitosterol and fifteen aminoacids. Flowers contain quercetin and its glycosides as major flavonoid components, other constituents being ellagic acid and pelargonidin glucoside.
Activities  — Alterative,  Analgesic,  Antiaging,  Antiaggregant,  Antiarthritic,  Antiatherosclerotic,  Antiedemic,  Antiinflammatory,  Antiobesity,  Antioxidant,  Antiseptic,  Antispasmodic,  Antisuppurative,  Antithrombic,  Aperitif,  Aphrodisiac,  Astringent,  Bitter,  Cardioprotective,  Carminative,  Demulcent,  Diaphoretic,  Digestive,  Diuretic,  Ecbolic,  Emmenagogue,  Expectorant,  Fibrinolytic,  Hypocholesterolemic,  Hypoglycemic,  Hypolipidemic,  Hypotriglyceridemic,  Immunostimulant,  Leucocytogenic,  Lipolytic,  Mucolytic,  Phagocytotic,  Thyrotropic,  Uterotonic,  Vermifuge.

Indications  — Abscess,  Acne,  Adenopathy,  Amenorrhea,  Anemia,  Angina,  Anorexia,  Arthrosis,  Ascites,  Asthma,  Atherosclerosis,  Atony,  Bite,  Bronchosis,  Cancer,  Cardiopathy,  Catarrh,  Cramp,  Cyst,  Dermatosis,  Diabetes,  Dysmenorrhea,  Dyspepsia,  Dyspnea,  Dysuria,  Edema,  Endometriosis,  Enterosis,  Fever,  Fracture,  Fistula,  Gas,  Gastrosis,  Gingivosis,  Gleet,  Hay Fever,  Hemorrhoid,  Hepatosis,  High Blood Pressure,  High Cholesterol,  High Triglyceride,  Hyperlipemia,  Hysteria,  Immunodepression,  Impotence,  Inflammation,  Ischemia,  Laryngosis,  Lassitude,  Leprosy,  Leukoderma,  Menorrhagia,  Myosis,  Neurosis,  Obesity,  Odontosis,  Otosis,  Pain,  Phthisis,  Psoriasis,  Pulmonosis,  Pyorrhea,  Rheumatism,  Sciatica,  Scrofula,  Scurvy,  Rhinosis,  Snakebite,  Sore,  Sting,  Stone,  Swelling,  Syphilis,  Thrombosis,  Water Retention,  Worm. [Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd Ed. By James A. Duke]

Resin contains steroids (called guggulsterones) that lower blood cholesterol and triglycerides via stimulation of thyroid function. [Medical Herbalism The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine by David Hoffmann]
Indian Commiphora mukul Hook, ex Stocks the essential oil has been found to contain 4-6% of myrcene, 11% of dimyrcene and some polymyrcene. The petroleum ether extract of the gum-resin has yielded sesamin, cholesterol and a few other steroids (Indian Council, 1976, p. 271). A number of steroids have been isolated and identified and the diterpenoid constituents cembrene A and mubulol as well as some fatty tetrols have been reported.
The oleo-resin fraction from C. mukul has shown significant anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity (minimum effective dose 12.5 mg/100 g in albino rats). This activity has been localized in the acidic fraction of the oleo-resin and has been shown to occur even in adrenalectomized animals (Santhakumari et al., 1964). The aqueous extract of the oleo-gum-resin of C. mukul had suppressive action on carrageenan-induced acute rat paw oedema and in the granuloma pouch test as well. In adjuvant arthritis the secondary lesions were very effectively suppressed without any significant action on the primary phase. Side-effects were negligible as compared to those occurring in beta methasone-treated animals (Gujral et al., 1960; Satyavati et al. ,1969).

A steroidal compound isolated from the petroleum ether extract of C. mukul showed a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity on rat paw oedema which was much more potent than that of the resin fraction. The steroid fraction had a pronounced effect on primary and secondary inflammation induced by Freund's adjuvant; it was less effective than hydrocortisone acetate in the primary phase but more effective in reducing the severity of secondary lesions (Arora et al., 1972). Furthermore, C. mukul was also found to lower the serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits and to protect the animals against cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis (Satyavati et al., 1969; Nityanand et al., 1973). Long-term experimental studies of its effectiveness as a hypolipaedemic agent gave satisfactory results and showed that the effect could be attributed to (a) an increase in the rate of removal/excretion of cholesterol, (b) a decrease in the  input/synthesis of cholesterol and (c) mobilization of cholesterol from tissues (Indian Council, 1976, pp. 272-5).[Medicinal plants in tropical West Africa]

Siddha uses: Kilvayu, Kuttam, Uaal vali, viranam
Unani uses: Bawaseer Amya, Qabz, Nafkh-e-Shikam, Waj-ul-Mafasil, Waram-e-Mafasil.[UPC, Part-1, Vol-1]

167 Published article on Commiphora mukul

Gomphrena globosa Vadamalli rakthamallika Sennichikou Globe-Amaranth

Gomphrena globosa L.
Family: Amaranthaceae

Synonyms: Amaranthoides globosus Maza, Amaranthoides globosus var. albiflorus Maza, Gomphrena eriopoda Gillies ex Moq., Gomphrena globosa var. albiflora Moq., Gomphrena globosa var. aureiflora Stuchlik, Gomphrena globosa var. carnea Moq., Gomphrena rubra Moq., Gomphrena tumida Seidl ex Opiz, Xeraea globosa Kuntze

Vernacular names: Azərbaycanca: Başcıqlı qomfrena
Bengali: বোতাম ফুল
Deutsch:Echter Kugelamarant
Japanese: センニチコウ
Hawaiian Pidgin - bozu
Hawaiian - lehua pepa, lehua moa loa[2]
Tamil - Vadamalli
Malayalam - “രക്തമല്ലിക (rakthamallika” / “വാടാമല്ലി (vaaDaamalli)”
Maldivian - Gullalaa / Gul-alaa
Sanskrit - “रक्तमल्लिका (rakthamallika)”
Hindi - “रक्तमल्लिका (rakthamallika”
Japanese - Sennichikou
Nepali - 'makhamali मखमली '
Lao language - Saam pii
Tongan: Malila
Thai: บานไม่รู้โรย
Malay: Pokok Butang Ungu

Other Names:

Amarantina,  Amarantine,  Amor Seco,  Bachelor’s Button,  Boton,  Bunga Butan,  Bunga Tila Bulan,  Chacmol,  Common Globe-Amaranth, Qian-ri-hong, Chin-yut-hung, Cheon-il-hong, Don Diego Morado,  Eterna,  Gian Ri Hong,  Globe-Amaranth,  Habana,  Immortelle,  Inmortal,  Inmortales Blanco,  Kugelamarant,  Ma - nhyo - lone, Manto de Cristo,  Marguerite,  Perpetua,  Qian Ri Hong,  San Diego,  Santoma,  Sennichi So,  Siempre Viva,  Standvastig,  Suspiro,  Suspiro Branco,  Suspiro Roxo,  Tmuul,  Wax Work, immortelle pourpre, stanfasti.
Activities: Depurative,  Diuretic,  Expectorant,  Hypotensive .
Indications: Asthma,  Bronchosis,  Cardiopathy,  Catarrh,  Coughs,  Dermatosis,  Diabetes,  Dysentery,  Dysmenorrhea,  Dyspepsia,  Dysuria,  Epistaxis,  Erysipelas,  Fever,  Gas,  High Blood Pressure,  Leukorrhea,  Metrorrhagia,  Oliguria,  Respirosis.
Chinese Folk Medicinal Uses: Bronchial asthma , Acute and chronic bronchitis, Chin cough, Haemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis,  Dizziness, Blurring of vision, Dysentery, Infantile fever, and night screaming,  Whooping cough, Headache.
Chemstry
l)Glucosides: gomphrenin, 4',5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavanol 3-0-0-D-glucoside, amaranthin, isoamaranthin.
Pharmacology: Expectorant activity [International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine, Vol-4]
Uses: In Malaysia, a decoction of the flowers of Gomphrena globosa L. is drunk to treat asthma, bronchitis and leucorrhea, check hemorrhage and nocturnal weeping of children and to soothe sore eyes. The fresh plant is boiled or macerated and applied to traumatic injuries and pyoderma. [Medicinal Plants of The Asia-Pacific Drugs for the Future?]
USES: Whole plant: Infusion of the white-flowered variant of this plant is recommended as a
diabetes remedy. Leaf: Warm infusion for a sudorific [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana)]
Claimed Therapeutical Values: Treats chronic bronchitis, whooping cough, dysentery, pertussis, pulmonary tuberculosis with hemoptysis, infantile fever.
Chemistry: (Flower): Saponins, β-cyamines, gomphrenin, amaranthin, isoamaranthin [Taiwanese Native Medicinal Plants Phytopharmacology and Therapeutic Values]

72 Published articles on Gomphrena globosa L.

Coccinia grandis Ivy Gourd Donda kaya Kovai kai Telakucha Bimbika kunduri

Coccinia grandis (L.) J.Voigt
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Synonyms: Bryonia acerifolia D.Dietr., Bryonia alceifolia Willd., Bryonia barbata Buch.-Ham. ex Cogn., Bryonia grandis L., Cephalandra grandis Kurz, Cephalandra moghadd (Asch.) Broun & Massey, Cephalandra schimperi Naudin, Coccinia cordifolia Cogn., Coccinia grandis war. wightiana (M.Roem.) Greb., Coccinia helenae Buscal. & Muschl., Coccinia loureiriana M.Roem., Coccinia moghadd (J.F.Gmel.) Asch., Coccinia moimoi M.Roem., Coccinia palmatisecta Kotschy, Coccinia schimperi Naudin, Coccinia wightiana M.Roem., Cucumis pave! Kostel., Cucurbita dioica Roxb. ex Wight & Arn., Momordica bicolor Blume.

Common name: Ivy Gourd
Hindi: कुन्द्रू Kunduru, कुंदुरी kunduri
Marathi: तॊंडली Tondli, तोंडले Tondle
Tamil: கோவை Kovai
Malayalam: കോവൽ Kova
Telugu: దొండ కాయ Donda kaya
Kannada:  ತೊಂಡೆಕಾಯಿ Tondikay, Kaagethonde, Konde ball, Theekkuduru, Thonde balli, Thundike
Bengali: Telakucha
Oriya: Ban-kundri
Sanskrit: Bimbika
Deutsch: Tindola
Thai: ตำลึง
Tongan: Vaine fakafulutāmakiaʻi
Malay: Pepasan
Japanese: Yasai karasu uri
French: Gourde écarlate de l'Inde
Danish: Skariagenagurk
Spanish:  Pepino cimarrón
Vietnamese: Bát
Chinese: Hong gua

Other vernacular names: (AMHARIC) werk-bemeda; (Assamese) kunduli; (Bamanankan) bagéna ka dégé; (Bengali) telakuch, telacucha, tela kucha; (Burmese) kin-mone-thi; (Chinese, Mandarin) hong gua; (Chinese, WÚ) hong qua; (Danish) skariagenagurk; (English) ivy gourd, tindora, kovai fruit, small gourd, scarlet gourd; (Gikuyu) kînya; (Greek) koukourvita; (Gujarati) gilodia, tindora, ghobe, gluru, ghobe, ghuru; (Hausa) gùrjín-dájìi, gwanduwa; (Hindi) tindora, kanduri, tinda, tendus, kundroo, kunduzi, kunduri, kundru, kanduri-ki-bel, bhimb, gulakaankh, kunali, kundaru, kunderi, kundori, thirkola; (Hmong Daw) taub txaij; (Indonesian) labu air; (Izon) e̩mbadákà; (Japanese) yasai karasuuri; (Javanese) papasan, kemarongan, bolu teke; (Kannada) thonde kayi, thonde kaayi, tondekai, kaage thonde, konde balli, sihi thonde, thonde balli; (Khmer, Central) slök baahs; (Konkani) pendli, tendulem, thendle; (Lahu) hpa˄ hkeh˄; (Lao) tam ling, tam nin; (Lomwe, Malawi) cikho; (Luyia) tsindashe1; (Maithili) kunḍal; (Malay) pepasan, papasan; (Malayalam) kowva, kovalam, gwel, kova, kwel, thondi; (Maltese) qara tork; (Marathi) tondli, bimbi, thondali, tendli, kondvalli, thendli, zidadi; (Nepali) ban kiri; (Oriya) kaichi, kakudi; (Panjabi, Eastern) kanouri, tinda, tendu, tendus; (Polish) tykwa bluszczowa; (Sanskrit) bimba, bimbee, bimbika, bimbaka, chharindini, danthachhadaa, danthachhadopama, govhi, jhundikeshi, kaamboja, karmakari, katubimbi, katuka, katutundika, oshthi, oshtopamaphala, piluparni, rakthaphala, ruchiraphala, thikthabimbi, thikthakhya, thikthathundi, thundi, thundika, thundikeri, thundiparyyayaga; (Serer-Sine) safu gaynak; (Songhay) lombaria; (Spanish) pepino cimarrón; (Tamil) kovai, kovaikai, kavaikai, kovaikaai, thondai; (Telugu) dondakaya, kaakidonda, donda kaya, bimbika, donda, dondatheege, kaaidonda; (THAI) tamlueng, phaktamlung, phakkhaep; (Tulu) manoli; (Turkish) aǧma kabaǧi; (Urdu) tinda, kanduzi; (Vietnamese) hoa b[as]t, rau b[as]t; (Vlaams) klimopkalebas; (Wolof) yombu mbet, yomb u mbot [Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon]

Some more vernacular names: Bangladesh: Kawajhinga, Telakucha;, Chinese: Hong Gua;, Danish : Skariagenagurk;, Ethiopia : Gale ( Afaan Oromo );, French : Gourde Écarlate De L´Inde Tindola,, Courge Écarlate;, German : Scharlachranke, Tindola;, India : Kunduli ( Assamese ), Kundri, Telakucha,, Telakuch ( Bengali ), Bimb, Gol, Golan, Golenda,, Kaduri, Kandaroi, Kanduri, Kanturi, Kunduru,, Shiv Lingi ( Hindu ), Kaage Thonde, Kaagethonde,, Konde Balli, Sihithonde, Theekkuduru, Thonde, Balli, Thundike, Tondikay ( Kannada) , Covel,, Kova, Koval ( Malayalam ), Bimbi, Kondvalli,, Thendli, Thondali, Tondili, Tondli, Zidadi, ( Marathi ), Ban-kundri, Kundru ( Oriya) ,, Bhrngaraja, Bimbi, Bimbika, Chilihindah,, Patalagarudah, Vira ( Sanskrit ), Acoki, Annalvalli,, Aracan, Aracanviroti, Araiyanviroti, Attarittan,, Avaiyanal, Avanti, Avaramuli, Ayanamatti,, Ayavalli, Cempi, Cenkovai, Ciranapimpi, Ciravi,, Civakamuli, Civanarpakal, Civanarpavai,, Civanarpavaikkoti, Cutakatti, Ilinkapputol,, Kakkam, Katumatuppi, Katutumpi, Korutan,, Kotturukanni, Kovai, Kovaikkay, Kovvankay,, Koyilakam, Kulirntukolli, Kunkumakkovai,, Kutamakaram, Kuvattinurukanni, Makaciravi,, Mannumulunki, Marikovai, Matampuratti,, Matupakku, Matupari, Nallakovai, Naripputu,, Narkovai, Periyakovai, Perunkovai,, Perunkovaikkoti, Perunkovikakkoti, Perunkovikam,, Pimpakam, Pimpam, Pimpi, Pimpikai, Potanacani,, Rattakkovai, Rattakkovaikkoti, Talavaykkovai,, Tirattikkovai, Tuntakeri, Tuntakori, Tunti, Tuntikeri,, Vattakkarimuli, Vattakkovai, Velikkovvai,, Vimpakakkoti, Vimpakam, Vimpi, Vimpikai,, Velikkovvaikkoti, Vellaippuvi ( Tamil) , Bimbika,, Donda, Donda Kaya, Dondatheege, Kaaidonda,, Kaakidonda, Kaki Donda ( Telugu );, Indonesia : Bolu Teke, Kapasan, Kemarongan,, Papasan, Sarap Alas, Tekli ( Java ), Aropi Papasan, ( Sundanese ), Papasan, Paspasan, Sarap Alas, ( Madurese );, Japanese : Yasai Karasu Uri;, Kenya : Nyamutu Kuru ( Luo );, Khmer : Slok Baahs;, Laos : Tam Ling, Tam Min;, Malaysia : Pepasan;, Marshall Islands : Kiuri Awia;, Nepalese : Akhu Pami, Golkakri, Gol Kankri,, Kundaruu, Kundaru, Van Kirii;, Niger : Magaro;, Pakistan : Kanduri, Kundur;, Pohnpei : Aipikohr;, Somalia : Guud-Fayleey;, Spanish : Pepino Cimarrón;, Swahili : Ruho;, Thai : Tam Lueng, Phak Tam Lueng;, Vietnamese : Bát, Hoa Bát, Rau Bát, Chum Bát., [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants]

Ayurvedic Uses: Hypoglycaemic, antiprotozoal.

Numerous scientifi c studies have validated the plant’s hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic, antidyslipidemic, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective activities as well as anti-hyperuricaemia and antitussive attributes and supported its traditional medicinal uses for diabetes, lowering blood cholesterol, gout and other complaints [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants]

Activities  — Alexeteric,  Amebicide,  Antiemetic,  Antipyretic,  Antiseptic,  Antispasmodic,  Aphrodisiac,  Astringent,  Bitter,  Depurative,  Diaphoretic,  Emetic,  Expectorant,  Hypoglycemic,  Laxative,  Parasiticide,  Protisticide .

Indications  — Adenopathy,  Ameba,  Anemia,  Asthma,  Biliousness,  Bronchosis,  Catarrh,  Constipation,  Convulsion,  Cramp,  Dermatosis,  Diabetes,  Dusgeusia,  Dysuria,  Earache,  Enterosis,  Fever,  Fungus,  Gas,  Glossosis,  Glycosuria,  Gonorrhea,  Gravel,  Halitosis,  Inflammation,  Itch,  Jaundice,  Leprosy,  Menorrhagia,  Mycosis,  Ophthalmia,  Parasite,  Parturition,  Psoriasis,  Ringworm,  Sinusosis,  Smallpox,  Snakebite,  Sore,  Sore Throat,  Stomatosis,  Syndrome-X,  Syphilis,  Tuberculosis,  Vomiting [Handbook of Medicinal Herbs by James A. Duke]

The roots are useful in vomiting; leaves fruits useful in skin diseases, fever, asthma, cough and jaundice [Herbal Cures Traditional Approach]

33 Published articles of Coccinia grandis