Sunday, December 15, 2013

Aleurites triloba, Aleurites moluccana, Indian walnut, Akrotu

Aleurites triloba J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Family: Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms: Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd., Aleurites ambinux Pers. , Aleurites angustifolia Vieill. , Aleurites angustifolia Vieill. ex Guillaumin , Aleurites commutata Geiseler , Aleurites cordifolia (Gaertn.) Steud. , Aleurites cordifolius (Gaertn.) Steud. , Aleurites integrifolia Vieill. , Aleurites integrifolia Vieill. ex Guillaumin , Aleurites javanica Gand. , Aleurites lanceolata Blanco , Aleurites lobata Blanco , Aleurites moluccana var. aulanii O.Deg. & I.Deg. , Aleurites moluccana var. floccosa Airy Shaw , Aleurites moluccana var. katoi O.Deg., I.Deg. & Stone , Aleurites moluccana var. remyi (Sherff) Stone , Aleurites moluccana var. serotina O.Deg. & Sherff , Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. , Aleurites moluccanus var. serotinus O. Deg. & Sherff , Aleurites pentaphylla Wall. , Aleurites remyi Sherff , Aleurites triloba J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. , Camerium moluccanum (L.) Kuntze , Camirium cordifolium Gaertn. , Camirium oleosum Reinw. ex Blume , Camirium oleosum Reinw. ex Müll. Arg. , Dryandra oleifera Lam. , Jatropha moluccana L. , Juglans camirium Lour. , Mallotus moluccanus (L.) Müll.Arg. , Manihot moluccana (L.) Crantz , Ricinus dicoccus Roxb. , Rottlera moluccana (L.) Scheff. , Telopea perspicua Sol. ex Seem.
Common Names: Candle Nut, Candleberry, Indian walnut, Kemiri, Varnish tree, Kukui nut tree
Hindi: जंगली आख़रोट Jangli akhrot, अख़रोट Akhrot
Kannada: Akroda, Natakrodu, Arkod, Naadu aakrotu
Malayalam: Akrottu, Akshotam, Karankolam, Vadam
Marathi: रामाखरोट Ramakrot, अखरोड Akhod, Japhala, Ranakot
Oriya: Akshota
Sanskrit: Akharota, Akhota, Akshota, Asphotaka, Gudashaya
Tamil: நாட்டு அகரொட்டு Nattu akrottu, Woodooga
Telugu: Uduga, Natu akrotu

Description: It is a tree which grows to a height of 18m and a girth of 50 cm. It grows in the geographic area spanning Malaysia and the Pacific Islands. When cut, the bark exudes a clear watery sap. The stems, petioles, and blades are covered with a whitish starry tomentum. Leaves: simple, spiral and without stipules. The petiole is 11.5 cm–15 cm and thin. The blade is lanceolate, rigid, 3–5-lobed, 7.8 cm × 4 cm–12.5 cm × 16.2 cm and marked at the base with a pair of 1mm diameter, disc-shaped glands. The margin is recurved. The nervations are raised on both surfaces of the blade which shows 6–7 pairs of secondary nerves. The inflorescences are terminal panicles.The calyx is 2.5mm long, 2–3-lobed and covered with a whitish starry tomentum. The corolla is 1.3 cm across.

Folk Medicinal Uses: Amenorrhea, Traumatic hemorrhage. Adverse effects: Toxic; not for use in pregnancy. [International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine. Part-IV]

Antifeedant, Aperient, Aphrodisiac, Cardiotonic,; Carminative, Diaphoretic, Expectorant, Hematonic,; Laxative, Piscicide, Stimulant.

Indications  — Arthrosis, Asthma, Bleeding, Constipation,; Diarrhea, Dysentery, Edema, Fever, Gas,; Gonorrhea, Headache, Hematochezia, Hemorrhoid,Hydrophobia, Rheumatism, Ringworm, Sore, Sprue, Swelling, Tumor, Ulcer.

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects  — Toxic and irritant. Seeds dangerous to eat [Handbook of Medicinal Herbs]

Seed-oil is slightly purgative and also a drying substance (siccative) [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana)]

Young leaves taken internally for children’s fever and convulsions. [Samoan Medicinal Plants]

47 Published articles of Aleurites triloba / Aleurites moluccana
1.    Validation of the Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for the Major Flavonoids in Spray- Dryed Leaf Extract of Aleurites moluccana L. Willd
Cesca, Talita Gesser; Block, Luciana Catia; Machado, Marina Silva; et al. - CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS  Volume: 8   Issue: 4   Pages: 349-359   Published: NOV 2012

2.    Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and wound healing features in animal models treated with a semisolid herbal medicine based on Aleurites moluccana L. Willd. Euforbiaceae standardized leaf extract Semisolid Herbal
Cesca, T. G.; Faqueti, L. G.; Rocha, L. W.; et al. - JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY  Volume: 143   Issue: 1   Pages: 355-362   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.051   Published: AUG 30 2012

3.    Aleurites moluccana and its main active ingredient, the flavonoid 2 ''-O-rhamnosylswertisin, have promising antinociceptive effects in experimental models of hypersensitivity in mice
Quintao, Nara L. M.; Antonialli, Carla S.; da Silva, Gislaine F.; et al. - PHARMACOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR  Volume: 102   Issue: 2   Pages: 302-311   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2012.05.005   Published: AUG 2012

4.    Megastigmanes from Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. (Euphorbiaceae)
da Silva, Denise Brentan; Alves Fernandes, Eduardo Felipe; Ferreira, Leandro de Santis; et al. - BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY  Volume: 40   Pages: 34-37   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2011.09.014   Published: FEB 2012

5.    Megastigmanes from Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. (Euphorbiaceae).
Silva, D. B. da; Fernandes, E. F. A.; Ferreira, L. de S.; et al. - Biochemical Systematics and Ecology  Volume: 40   Pages: 34-37   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2011.09.014   Published: 2012

6.    Vegetable oil production potential from Jatropha curcas, Croton megalocarpus, Aleurites moluccana, Moringa oleifera and Pachira glabra: Assessment of renewable energy resources for bio-energy production in Africa
Kibazohi, O.; Sangwan, R. S. - BIOMASS & BIOENERGY  Volume: 35   Issue: 3   Pages: 1352-1356   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.12.048   Published: MAR 2011

7.    Assay of Total Flavonoids in Dried Extract of Aleurites moluccana
Matos, Denise C. S.; Meyre-Silva, Christiane; Silva, Ruth M. L.; et al. - LATIN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY  Volume: 30   Issue: 2   Pages: 213-219   Published: MAR 2011

8.    Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.: ecology, silviculture and productivity.
Krisnawati, H.; Kallio, M. H.; Kanninen, M. - Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.: ecology, silviculture and productivity   Pages: vi + 9 pp.   Published: 2011

9.    Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Leaves: Mechanical Antinociceptive Properties of a Standardized Dried Extract and Its Chemical Markers
Quintao, Nara L. M.; Meyre-Silva, Christiane; Silva, Gislaine F.; et al. - EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/179890   Published: 2011

10.    Anthropogenic Vegetation Contributions to Polynesia's Social Heritage: The Legacy of Candlenut Tree (Aleurites moluccana) Forests and Bamboo (Schizostachyum glaucifolium) Groves on the Island of Tahiti
Larrue, Sebastien; Meyer, Jean-Yves; Chiron, Thomas - ECONOMIC BOTANY  Volume: 64   Issue: 4   Pages: 329-339   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12231-010-9130-3   Published: DEC 2010

11.    Accelerated Solvent Extraction of Lignin from Aleurites moluccana (Candlenut) Nutshells
Klein, Andrew P.; Beach, Evan S.; Emerson, John W.; et al. - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY  Volume: 58   Issue: 18   Pages: 10045-10048   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf1019856   Published: SEP 22 2010

12.    Antibacterial Activity of Aleurites Moluccana (Euphorbiaceae) against Some Clinical Isolates
Abd, Samah Othman; Mohamad, Razar Rasyidah - RESEARCH JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY  Volume: 5   Issue: 3   Pages: 25-30   Published: AUG 2010

13.    Evaluation of kukui oil (Aleurites moluccana) for controlling termites
Nakayama, F. S.; Osbrink, W. L. - INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS  Volume: 31   Issue: 2   Pages: 312-315   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.11.009   Published: MAR 2010

14.    Synthesis of Laurylchitosan and Its Use in the Separation of Flavonoids from Aleurites moluccana by Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion
Stenger, Fernanda Cristina; Cechinel-Filho, Valdir; Meyre-Silva, Christiane; et al. - CHROMATOGRAPHIA  Volume: 69   Supplement: 2   Pages: 183-187   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s10337-009-1016-0   Published: JUN 2009

15.    Three novel 3,4-seco-podocarpane trinorditerpenoids from Aleurites moluccana
Liu, Haiyang; Di, Yingtong; Yang, Junyun; et al. - TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  Volume: 49   Issue: 35   Pages: 5150-5151   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.088   Published: AUG 25 2008

16.    Primary study on oil wood ( Aleurites moluccana).
Liu ChangSheng; Huang FengHong; Li ChongYi; et al. - Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences  Volume: 30   Issue: 1   Pages: 106-107   Published: 2008

17.    Four new podocarpane-type trinorditerpenes from Aleurites moluccana
Liu, Hai-Yang; Li, Shi-Jin; Zhao, Yi; et al. - HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA  Volume: 90   Issue: 10   Pages: 2017-2023   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200790209   Published: 2007

18.    The use of chitosan modified with glutaraldehyde and glyoxal as chromatographic support for the separation of flavonoids from Aleurites moluccana leaves
Morsch, M.; Girardi, L. G. J.; Cechinel-Filho, V.; et al. - PHARMAZIE  Volume: 61   Issue: 8   Pages: 670-672   Published: AUG 2006

19.    Separation of flavonoids from Aleurites moluccana leaves using chitosan modified with heptaldehyde
Morsch, M; Girardi, LGJ; Cechinel, V; et al. - ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES  Volume: 59   Issue: 9-10   Pages: 649-652   Published: SEP-OCT 2004

20.    Isolation of flavonoids from Aleurites moluccana using chitosan modified with benzaldehyde (CH-Bz) as chromatographic support
Girardi, LGJ; Morsch, M; Cechinel, V; et al. - PHARMAZIE  Volume: 58   Issue: 9   Pages: 629-630   Published: SEP 2003

21.    Hypolipidaemic activity of methanol extract of Aleurites moluccana
Pedrosa, RC; Meyre-Silva, C; Cechinel, V; et al. - PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH  Volume: 16   Issue: 8   Pages: 765-768   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1046   Published: DEC 2002

22.    Separation of C-glycoside flavonoids from Aleurites moluccana using chitin and full N-acetylated chitin
Morsch, M; Girardi, LGJ; Cechinel, V; et al. - ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES  Volume: 57   Issue: 9-10   Pages: 957-959   Published: SEP-OCT 2002

23.    A new phorbol diester from Aleurites moluccana
Satyanarayana, P; Kumar, KA; Singh, SK; et al. - FITOTERAPIA  Volume: 72   Issue: 3   Pages: 304-306   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00314-2   Published: MAR 2001

24.    Isolation of a C-glycoside flavonoid with antinociceptive action from Aleurites moluccana leaves
Meyre-Silva, C; Yunes, RA; Santos, ARS; et al. - PLANTA MEDICA  Volume: 65   Issue: 3   Pages: 293-294   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960785   Published: APR 1999

25.    Preliminary phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Aleurites moluccana leaves [L.] Willd.
Meyre-Silva, C; Mora, TC; Biavatti, MW; et al. - PHYTOMEDICINE  Volume: 5   Issue: 2   Pages: 109-113   Published: APR 1998

26.    The use of kemiri seed meal ( Aleurites moluccana willd.) in native chicken diets.
Resnawati, H.; Iskandar, S.; Surayah - Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner  Volume: 3   Issue: 3   Pages: 154-157   Published: 1998

27.    A triterpene and a flavonoid C-glycoside from Aleurites moluccana L. Willd. (Euphorbiaceae)
Meyre-Silva, Christiane; Mora, Ticiana C.; Soares Santos, Adair R.; et al. - Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense  Volume: 16   Issue: 3   Pages: 169-172   Published: July-Sept., 1997

28.    Tung oil ( Aleurites moluccana, Willd). Note I: Characteristics of the lipidic fraction and prospective utilization.
Giuffre, F.; Neri, A.; Poiana, M.; et al. - Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse  Volume: 73   Issue: 10   Pages: 475-478   Published: 1996

29.    MOLUCCANIN, A COUMARINOLIGNOID FROM ALEURITES-MOLUCCANA
SHAMSUDDIN, T; RAHMAN, W; KHAN, SA; et al. - PHYTOCHEMISTRY  Volume: 27   Issue: 6   Pages: 1908-1909   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80480-1   Published: 1988

30.    Trial planting of kemiri ( Aleurites moluccana) in a shifting cultivation area at Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung, Sumatra.
Gintings, A. N.; Semadi, I. G. K. - Laporan, Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Indonesia  Issue: 339   Pages: vii + 51 pp.   Published: 1980

31.    CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PHYLLOPLANE OF ALEURITES-MOLUCCANA EUPHORBIACEAE
BORY G; CLAIR-MACZULAJTYS D - Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Vegetales  Volume: 40   Issue: 1   Pages: 1-14   Published: 1977

32.    Hastening the germination of lumbang (Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.) seeds.
Eakle, T. W.; Garcia, A. S. - Sylvatrop  Volume: 2   Issue: 4   Pages: 291-295   Published: 1977

33.    Anatomical structure of Lumbang [Aleurites moluccana] as regards woolliness in veneer manufacture.
Alonzo, D. S.; Lopez, F. R.; Valmonte, A. D. - Forpride Digest  Volume: 3   Issue: 3/4   Pages: 71   Published: 1974

34.    THE OZONOLYSIS OF PHILIPPINE UNSATURATED OILS PART 2 LUMBANG ALEURITES-MOLUCCANA
ARIDA V P; BORLAZA F C - Philippine Journal of Science  Volume: 101   Issue: 1-2   Pages: 93-95   Published: 1972

35.    THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF LUMBANG-BATO-D ALEURITES-MOLUCCANA-D
YOUNG R G; JANOLINO V G; BARRIL C R - Philippine Agriculturist  Volume: 53   Issue: 2   Pages: 95-99   Published: 1969

36.    AN EXAMINATION OF EUPHORBIACEAE OF HONG KONG .1. OCCURRENCE OF TRITERPENOIDS
HUI, WH; HO, CT - AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY  Volume: 21   Issue: 6   Pages: 1675-&   Published: 1968

37.    PRELIMINARY VOLUME TABLE FOR ALEURITES-MOLLUCCANA-D
HUTADJULU S - Rimba Indonesia  Volume: 12   Issue: 1   Pages: 64-69   Published: 1967

38.    PLANTS USED FOR DYEING IN POLYNESIA HUMAN BISCHOFIA-JAVANICA-D CASUARINA-EQUISETIFOLIA-D FICUS-TINCTORIA-D CORDIA-SUBCORDATA-D CURCUMA-LONGA-M ALEURITES-MOLUCCANA-D MORINDA-CITRIFOLIA-D EUGENIA-MAIRE-D DIANELLA-LAVARUM-M DIANELLA-SANDWICENSIS-M ABUTILON-INCANUM-D
ZEPERNICK B - Willdenowia  Issue: 5   Pages: 3-97   Published: 1967

39.    A note on the silviculture of: I. Salmalia malabarica; II. Alstonia scholaris; III. Aleurites triloba.
Joseph, P. V. - Ceylon Forester  Volume: 5   Issue: 1/2   Pages: 113-5   Published: 1961

40.    Contribution to the knowledge of Aleurites moluccana Willd
DITTMAR, H. F. K. - PHARMAZEUT ZENTRALHALLE DEUTSCHLAND  Volume: 94   Pages: 393-400   Published: 1955

41.    Candlenut (A. moluccana) oil and its drying properties
KEHREN, L. - OLEAGINEUX  Volume: 5   Issue: (6)   Pages: 359-363   Published: 1950

42.    Chromosomes in A. moluccana
GOES, O. C. - ARQ JARDIM BOT RIO DE JANEIRO  Volume: 7   Pages: 5-10   Published: 1947

43.    THE COMPONENT ACIDS AND GLYCERIDES OF AUSTRALIAN LUMBANG OIL
GUNSTONE, FD; HILDITCH, TP - JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY-LONDON  Volume: 66   Issue: 7   Pages: 205-208   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5000660702   Published: 1947

44.    Contribution to a chemical study of the Iguape nut (Aleurites moluccana)
BUHRER, N. E. - ARQ BIOL TECNOL  Volume: 2   Pages: 21-29   Published: 1947

45.    Ceylon candlenut oil, Aleurites moluccana (Linn.) Willd
CHILD, REGINALD - OIL AND SOAP  Volume: 18   Issue: (11)   Pages: 224-226   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02547734   Published: 1941

46.    Der brasilianische Iguape-Nussbaum
FREISE, FRED. W. - TROPENPFLANZER  Volume: 37   Issue: (1)   Pages: 59-64   Published: 1934

47.    Use of oil of Aleurites triloba or Aleurites moluccana in the treatment of leprosy
Wayson, JT - ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY AND SYPHILOLOGY  Volume: 4   Issue: 6   Pages: 818-818   Published: DEC 1921

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prostratus Dolichandrone spathacea Dolichos biflorus Dregea volubilis Drimia indica Drosera peltata Duranta erecta Dysoxylum binectariferum Dysoxylum gotadhora Dysphania ambrosioides Echinocereus pentalophus Echinops niveus Echium plantagineum Edgeworthia gardneri Eichhornia crassipes Elaeagnus umbellata Elaeocarpus ganitrus Elephantopus scaber Eleutheranthera ruderalis Elsholtzia fruticosa Elytraria acaulis Embelia ribes Emblica officinalis Enterolobium cyclocarpum Ephedra foliata Ephedra gerardiana Epipactis helleborine Eranthemum pulchellum Eryngium foetidum Erysimum hieraciifolium Erythrina suberosa Erythrina variegata Euonymus echinatus Euonymus japonicus Eupatorium capillifolium Eupatorium perfoliatum Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbia cornigera Euphorbia cotinifolia Euphorbia granulata Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia hypericifolia Euphorbia milii Euphorbia nivulia Euphorbia peplus Euphorbia tirucalli Fagonia cretica Fagopyrum acutatum Ferula foetida Ficus elastica Ficus religiosa Filicium decipiens Filipendula vestita Flacourtia indica Flemingia procumbens Flemingia semialata Foeniculum vulgare Free Access Journal Fumaria indica Fumaria parviflora Furcraea foetida Galega officinalis General Gentiana kurroo Geranium lucidum Geranium nepalense Geranium pratense Geranium wallichianum Ghee Globba schomburgkii Glochidion hohenackeri Gloriosa superba Glycyrrhiza glabra Gmelina arborea Gomphrena globosa Gomphrena serrata Goodyera repens Grewia asiatica Grewia optiva Grewia serrulata Grewia tenax Gymnema sylvestre Habenaria edgeworthii Habenaria plantaginea Handroanthus impetiginosus Hedychium spicatum Helianthus annuus Helicteres isora Helinus lanceolatus Heliotropium indicum Hemidesmus indicus Hemigraphis alternata Hemigraphis colorata Hemigraphis hirta Heracleum sphondylium Herpetospermum pedunculosum Hibiscus cannabinus Hibiscus esculentus Hibiscus hirtus Hibiscus lobatus Hibiscus radiatus Hibiscus vitifolius Hippophae rhamnoides Holarrhena antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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