Tuesday, June 23, 2015

Sida spinosa, Nagabala, Otasiida, prickly fanpetals, minyundimi

Sida spinosa L.
Family: Malvaceae

Synonyms: Malva spinosa (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Malvinda alba (L.) Medik., Malvinda angustifolia (Mill.) Medik., Malvinda spinosa (L.) Medik., Malvinda spinosa (L.) Moench, Sida affinis J.A.Schmidt, Sida alba L., Sida angustifolia Lam., Sida angustifolia Mill., Sida bicolor Cav., Sida brachypetala DC., Sida carpinifolia Mill., Sida emarginata Willd., Sida heterocarpa Engelm. ex A.Gray, Sida milleri DC., Sida minor Macfad., Sida pimpinellifolia Mill., Sida subdistans A.St.-Hil. & Naudin, Sida tenuicaulis Hook.f., Sida truncata L'Hér., Sida ulmifolia Mill., Malachodendron corchoroides J.F.Gmel., Malvinda alnifolia Medik., Sida angustifolia var. major C.Presl, Sida carpinifolia f. balbisiana (DC.) Millsp., Sida spinosa var. angustifolia Griseb., Sida spinosa var. spinosa, Stewartia corchoroides Forssk.


English: Indian mallow, prickly fanpetals, prickly mallow, prickly sida, spiny sida, spring sida, yellow barleria
Arabic: ملوخيه ابليس (مِلوخية ابليس) , meloukhiet iblis
Bengali: বন মেথি Bon Methi
Finnish: Otasiida
Gujarati: કાંટાળો બલ Kantalo Bal
Hindi: गुलशकरी Gulsakari, बरयार Baryar
Malayalam: കുറുന്തൊട്ടി Kurunthotti, Valiya-oorakam
Marathi: जंगली मेथी Jungali Methi
Sanskrit: विश्वदेव Visvadeva, सहदेव Sahadeva
Telugu: నాగబల Nagabala
Urdu: بريار Baryar
Burundi: akavumvu
Nigeria: yarfe
Southern Africa: lente sida, sindanibita, stekeltaaiman
Tanzania: minyundimi

Various Indian vernacular names: arivalmanai-poondu,  avishta,  bariari,  bonmethi, chinamootam,  chinamuttama,  chinamuttavapulagam,  chinnamuttama,  chinnamuttamu,  chinnamuttavapulagamu, cinnamuttavapulagamu,  cinnamuttemu,  gorakchaulia,  gulsakari, kadumenthys, kantalo-bal, kantio balkari-kaddigida, kantiobal, katiobal, khar-yashtika, kattuvantiyam, kulbahebarri,  kulbahebarri,  mayir-mamkkam,  nagabala,  pilabarela,  sham-lethe-dashti,  sham  lithedash-ti,  shamlithedashti, shanbalide-barri,  shanbalidebarri,  ternaliabenda,  thernalla benda,  thirinelabenda,  tirinelabenda,  tukati-khareti,  tukhm kharenti, vishvadeva, vishvadevi

Description: Annual or perennial, erect or diffuse herbs or undershrubs, to 60 cm high; stems with 1 or 2 spines at the base of petioles; stems, petioles and pedicels cinereous-stellate-and simple hairy. Leaves alternate, oblong or ovate, acute or subcordate at base, serrate at margin, acute, rounded to truncate at apex, 6-30 x 4-25 mm, stellate-pubescent, sometimes glabrescent above; petioles 2-15 mm long; stipules linear, equal, 1-2.5 mm long, hairy. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters of 2-5 on small axillary shoots; pedicels 2-8 mm long, accrescent to 8 mm, jointed above middle. Calyx campanulate, 3-5 mm across; lobes free above middle, deltoid, acute to acuminate with a prominent midnerve, 1-2 x 1.5-2 mm, cinerous-stellate-and simple hairy outside, glabrous except at margin inside. Corolla ca 1 cm across, yellow or yellowish white; petals obovate, rounded or emarginate at apex, ca 6 x 3 mm, glabrous. Staminal column ca 2 mm long, glabrous, antheriferous at apex. Ovary ovoid; styles 5; stigmas globose, purple. Schizocarps ca 5 mm across, enclosed in calyx; mericarps 5, 3-gonous, 2-3 mm long, with 2 divergent awns to 1-1.5 mm long, prominently dorsally reticulate, stellate-hairy at apex; seeds ovoid, slightly 3-gonous, 1-1.5 mm long, glabrous, brownish black.

Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Seed poisonous if ingested.  Decoction of roots for infantile diarrhea, fever, diaphoretic.  Root and root bark used in debility and fever, irritability of  bladder,  genital  disorders;  powdered  rootbark  mixed  with  sugar and taken with milk as a sexual tonic. Leaves demulcent  and  refrigerant,  diaphoretic,  diuretic,  emollient,  stomachic, tonic, used in gonorrhea, for venomous stings, bites,  diarrhea, and to stop early graying of hair. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Root—nervine tonic and diaphoretic; used in debility and fevers. Decoction given as a demulcent in irritability of bladder and genitourinary tract. Leaves—demulcent and refrigerant; used for scalding urine. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Aerial plant: emollient, antiphlogistic, antidiarrheal  Dried leaf, decoction: for infections, skin sores and rashes, and antidiarrheal  Leaf + root, infusion: antidiarrheal  and for dysentery  Root juice: for gonorrhea. Entire plant: hypoglycemic activity  [Medicinal Flora of Argentine]

53 Published articles of Sida spinosa
1.    Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Sida spinosa Linn. root in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Ibrahim, S., et al., British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2015. 5(2): p. 124-136.
2.    Investigation of Sida spinosa for antidiabetic potential in experimental induced diabetes in animals Kachwala, Y., N. Pandita, and P. Sangave, Planta Medica, 2014. 80(16): p. 1507-1508.
3.    High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Quantification of Kaempferol and Apigenin in the Whole-Plant Powder of Sida spinosa Linn Sawant, L.P., et al., Jpc-Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern Tlc, 2012. 25(4): p. 301-305.
4.    In-vitro antioxidant activity of Sida spinosa Linn Jayasri, P., et al., Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 2011. 1(4): p. 35-39.
5.    In-vitro antibacterial activity of Sida spinosa Linn Pesaramelli, K., A.P. Kumar, and A.K. Harsha, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2011. 4(4): p. 1092-1092.
6.    Hypoglycemic activity of Sida spinosa Linn. root extract in normoglycemic rats Ibrahim, S., et al., International Journal of Phytomedicine, 2011. 3(3): p. 338-345.
7.    Anitimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Sida spinosa Linn. (Malvaceae) Selvadurai, S., et al., Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 2011. 1(2): p. 36-40.
8.    Sida spinosa L., S.r.L., S. cordifolia L. en Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke as casuals in lily fields Reijerse, A. I. and A.L.A.I. Verrijdt, Gorteria, 2010. 34(5): p. 121-136.
9.    New addition of Sida spinosa L. (Malvaceae) to the flora of Nepal Bhatt, G.D. and P.P. Kurmi, Banko Janakari, 2010. 20(2): p. 53-54.
10.    Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F. Blake and Sida spinosa L., t.n.w.r.f.G.L., S. and C.N. Giannopolitis, Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 2009. 2(1): p. 37-40.
11.    Standardization and therapeutic potential of Sida spinosa Linn. (Malvaceae) Juhi, A., et al. Phytochemicals: a therapeutant for critical disease management, ed. D.R. Khanna, et al. 2008. 207-212.
12.    Spectrophotometric determination of manganese (II) in Sida spinosa Linn Juhi, A., et al., Environment Conservation Journal, 2008. 9(3): p. 7-10.
13.    First report of a begomovirus infecting two common weeds: Malvastrum americanum and Sida spinosa in Jamaica Graham, A.P., C.S. Stewart, and M.E. Roye, Plant Pathology, 2007. 56(2): p. 340-340.
14.    Uptake, t., and metabolism of sulfentrazone in peanut, prickly sida (Sida spinosa), and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) Thomas, W. E., et al., Weed Science, 2005. 53(4): p. 446-450.
15.    First report of Sclerotinia minor on Sida spinosa in North Carolina Hollowell, J.E. and B.B. Shew, Plant Disease, 2005. 89(10): p. 1128-1128.
16.    Prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) and spurge (Euphorbia hyssopifolia L.) response to wide row and ultra narrow row cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) management systems Molin, W.T., J.A. Hugie, and K. Hirase, Weed Biology and Management, 2004. 4(4): p. 222-229.
17.    Ecdysteroids and other constituents from Sida spinosa L Darwish, F.M.M. and M.G. Reinecke, Phytochemistry, 2003. 62(8): p. 1179-1184.
18.    Detecting and overcoming water-impermeable barriers in prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) seeds Egley, G.H. and R.N. Paul, Jr., Seed Science Research, 1993. 3(2): p. 119-127.
19.    Reduced rates of tank mixtures for prickly sida Sida spinosa and morningglory Ipomoea sp. Reynolds, D.B., P.R. Vidrine, and J.L. Griffin, Louisiana Agriculture, 1992. 35(4): p. 22-24.
20.    DISTINGUISHING SIDA-ACUTA, S.-R., SIDA-SPINOSA AND SIDA-CORDIFOLIA SEEDS BY GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS Vieritz, A. M., Seed Science and Technology, 1992. 20(3): p. 465-471.
21.    ARROWLEAF SIDA (SIDA-RHOMBIFOLIA) AND PRICKLY SIDA (SIDA-SPINOSA) - GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE Smith, C.A., D.R. Shaw, and L.J. Newsom, Weed Research, 1992. 32(2): p. 103-109.
22.    THIDIAZURON AND COLLETOTRICHUM-COCCODES EFFECTS ON ETHYLENE PRODUCTION BY VELVETLEAF (ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI) AND PRICKLY SIDA (SIDA-SPINOSA) Hodgson, R.H. and R.H. Snyder, Weed Science, 1989. 37(3): p. 484-489.
23.    A LOCALITY OF SIDA-SPINOSA L. MALVACEAE IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA Arque, A.M., Collectanea Botanica (Barcelona), 1987. 17(1): p. 153-153.
24.    SEED COAT IMPOSED DORMANCY - HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE REGION CONTROLLING ONSET OF WATER ENTRY INTO SIDA-SPINOSA SEEDS Egley, G.H., R.N. Paul, and A.R. Lax, Physiologia Plantarum, 1986. 67(2): p. 320-327.
25.    EVALUATION OF FUSARIUM-LATERITIUM AS A BIOLOGICAL HERBICIDE FOR CONTROLLING VELVETLEAF (ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI) AND PRICKLY SIDA (SIDA-SPINOSA) Boyette, C.D. and H.L. Walker, Weed Science, 1986. 34(1): p. 106-109.
26.    FACTORS INFLUENCING BIOCONTROL OF VELVETLEAF (ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI) AND PRICKLY SIDA (SIDA-SPINOSA) WITH FUSARIUM-LATERITIUM Boyette, C.D. and H.L. Walker, Weed Science, 1985. 33(2): p. 209-211.
27.    Panicum dichotomiflorum and Sida spinosa in the flora of Romania Negrean, G. and C. Karacsonyi, Contributii Botanice Gradina Botanica Universitatea Babes Bolyai din Cluj Napoca, 1984: p. 33-35.
28.    GERMINATION ECOLOGY OF PRICKLY SIDA SIDA-SPINOSA ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR SEED COAT SOFTENING Baskin, J.M. and C.C. Baskin, American Journal of Botany, 1984. 71(5 PART 2): p. 71-71.
29.    ENVIRONMENTAL-CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR GERMINATION OF PRICKLY SIDA (SIDA-SPINOSA) Baskin, J.M. and C.C. Baskin, Weed Science, 1984. 32(6): p. 786-791.
30.    The physiology and anatomy of prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) seed coat impermeability to water Egley, G.H., et al., Abstracts, 1983 Meeting of the Weed Science Society of America, 1983: p. 84-85.
31.    ROLE OF PEROXIDASE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER-IMPERMEABLE SEED COATS IN SIDA-SPINOSA L Egley, G.H., et al., Planta, 1983. 157(3): p. 224-232.
32.    POTENTIAL OF COLLETOTRICHUM-MALVARUM FOR BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL OF PRICKLY SIDA Kirkpatrick, T.L., et al., Plant Disease, 1982. 66(4): p. 323-325.
33.    PEROXIDASE INVOLVEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT OF IMPERMEABILITY BY PRICKLY SIDA SIDA-SPINOSA SEED COATS Egley, G.H., et al., Plant Physiology (Rockville), 1982. 69(4 SUPPL): p. 153-153.
34.    DEVELOPMENT, S.A.F.O.S.-P.C.I.W.I.S.-S.S.E., G. H. and R.N. Paul, American Journal of Botany, 1982. 69(9): p. 1402-1409.
35.    CONTROL OF PRICKLY SIDA SIDA-SPINOSA IN COTTON Murdock, E.C. and L.H. Harvey, Proceedings Southern Weed Science Society, 1982. 35: p. 382-382.
36.    BENAZOLIN AND ADMIXTURES FOR COMMON COCKLEBUR (XANTHIUM-PENSYLVANICUM) AND PRICKLY SIDA (SIDA-SPINOSA) CONTROL IN SOYBEANS (GLYCINE-MAX) Walker, R.H., et al., Weed Science, 1982. 30(1): p. 50-53.
37.    MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE EARLY IMBIBITION OF WATER BY SIDA-SPINOSA (MALVACEAE) SEED Egley, G.H. and R.N. Paul, American Journal of Botany, 1981. 68(8): p. 1056-1065.
38.    FUSARIUM-LATERITIUM - A PATHOGEN OF SPURRED ANODA (ANODA-CRISTATA), P.S.S.-S., AND VELVETLEAF (ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI) Walker, H. L., Weed Science, 1981. 29(6): p. 629-631.
39.    CHEMICAL-CONSTITUENTS OF MALVACEAE .3. ALKALOIDAL CONSTITUENTS OF SIDA-ACUTA SIDA-HUMILIS, S.-R.A.S.-S.P., A., R.K. Varma, and S. Ghosal, Planta Medica, 1981. 43(4): p. 384-388.
40.    THE TAXONOMY OF SIDA MALVACEAE IN NIGERIA SIDA-LINIFOLIA SIDA-CORDIFOLIA SIDA-PILOSA SIDA-URENS SIDA-SPINOSA AND SIDA-OVATA Ugborogho, R.E., Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, 1980. 54: p. 5-40.
41.    INFLUENCE OF TIME OF PLANTING AND DISTANCE FROM THE COTTON (GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM) ROW OF PITTED MORNINGGLORY (IPOMOEA-LACUNOSA), P.S.S.-S., AND REDROOT PIGWEED (AMARANTHUS-RETROFLEXUS) ON COMPETITIVENESS WITH COTTON Buchanan, G. A., J.E. Street, and R.H. Crowley, Weed Science, 1980. 28(5): p. 568-572.
42.    ABSORPTION AND TRANSLOCATION OF TETRAFLURON IN COTTON (GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM), J.D.-S., PEANUT (ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA), AND PRICKLY SIDA (SIDA-SPINOSA) Pinto, H. and F.T. Corbin, Weed Science, 1980. 28(5): p. 557-565.
43.    Uptake, t.a.m.o.t.b.c., jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), peanuts and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) Pinto, H. and F.T. Corbin, Abstracts of 1979 Meeting of the Weed Science Society of America., 1979: p. 91-91.
44.    ENZYME-ACTIVITIES IN PRICKLY SIDA (SIDA-SPINOSA) SEEDS OF DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES Smith, E.W., B.J. Reger, and G.H. Egley, Weed Science, 1978. 26(4): p. 349-351.
45.    DEVELOPMENT OF ISOCITRIC LYASE ACTIVITY IN GERMINATING PRICKLY SIDA SEED Reger, B.J. and E.W. Smith, Weed Science, 1976. 24(3): p. 298-301.
46.    DORMANCY OF SIDA-SPINOSA SEEDS Robinson, E.L., Plant Physiology, 1975. 56(2): p. 85-85.
47.    Dormancy of Sida spinosa seeds Robinson, E.L., Plant Physiology, 1975. 56(2 Supplement): p. 85-85.
48.    COMPARATIVE UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF METHAZOLE IN PRICKLY SIDA AND COTTON Butts, E.R. and C.L. Foy, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 1974. 4(1): p. 44-55.
49.    PRICKLY SIDA CONTROL AND COMPETITION IN COTTON Ivy, H.W. and R.S. Baker, Weed Science, 1972. 20(2): p. 137-&.
50.    Control of Sida spinosa L. in cotton Baker, R.S. and H.W. Ivy, Proceedings 22nd annu. Mtg south. Weed Sci. Soc., 1969., 1969: p. 59-59.
51.    IDENTITY OF NAGBALA AN INDIGENOUS DRUG ABSTRACT SIDA-VERANACEFOLIA-D SIDA-SPINOSA-D GREWIA-TENAX-D TRIUMFETTA-BARATMIA-D Pandey, G., Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 1967. 29(12): p. 352-352.
52.    Composition useful for controlling harmful weeds e.g. Datura stramonium and Sida spinosa in field land, c.a.a.-t.h.c.c.f.g., bialaphos, glufosinate and their salts, and triaziflam Ikeda, H., H. Kobayashi, and T. Miyazaki. Nissan Chem Ind Ltd.
53.    Composition for controlling weeds e.g. Sida spinosa, c.-.-c.-p.-.-y.-s.-.-., 6-dimethoxypyrimidine-2- yl)urea and N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzeneamine as active ingredients Ikeda, H. and S. Kizawa. Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd; Ikeda H; Kizawa S.
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Ficus religiosa Filicium decipiens Filipendula vestita Flacourtia indica Flemingia procumbens Flemingia semialata Foeniculum vulgare Free Access Journal Fumaria indica Fumaria parviflora Furcraea foetida Galega officinalis General Gentiana kurroo Geranium lucidum Geranium nepalense Geranium pratense Geranium wallichianum Ghee Globba schomburgkii Glochidion hohenackeri Gloriosa superba Glycyrrhiza glabra Gmelina arborea Gomphrena globosa Gomphrena serrata Goodyera repens Grewia asiatica Grewia optiva Grewia serrulata Grewia tenax Gymnema sylvestre Habenaria edgeworthii Habenaria plantaginea Handroanthus impetiginosus Hedychium spicatum Helianthus annuus Helicteres isora Helinus lanceolatus Heliotropium indicum Hemidesmus indicus Hemigraphis alternata Hemigraphis colorata Hemigraphis hirta Heracleum sphondylium Herpetospermum pedunculosum Hibiscus cannabinus Hibiscus esculentus Hibiscus hirtus Hibiscus lobatus Hibiscus radiatus Hibiscus vitifolius Hippophae rhamnoides Holarrhena antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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