Saturday, July 23, 2016

Erythrina variegata, tiger's claw, coral tree, pangara, paribhadra, mandar, Drala


Erythrina variegata L.
Family:  Fabaceae also placed in Papilionaceae 
  • Assamese: Madaar, Modar, Ranga
  • Telugu: Nelaguridi, Nelagurudu, వాజ్యపుచెట్టు vajyapu chettu
  • Common name: Indian coral tree, tiger's claw
  • Sanskrit: Paribhadrah
  • Bangladesh : Mandar  
  • Bengali: পারিজাত
  • Burmese : Penglay-Kathit 
  • Chinese : Hai Tong Pi, Hoi Tong Peh 
  • Chuukese : Paar, Weeku
  • Cook Islands : Gatae  
  • Gujarati: પંગારો
  • Hindi: पांगारा
  • Kannada: ಹಾಲವಾಣ
  • Malayalam: മുൾമുരിക്ക്
  • Oriya:  Salotonoya
  • Tamil: Civappu-Moccai, Kaliyana Murukku, Mul murukku முள்முருக்கு
  • Fiji :  Drala,  Drala  Dina,  Rara,  Rara  Damu, Rarawai, Segar 
  • French : Arbreau Corail, Arbre Corail À Feuilles, Panachées,  Arbre  Corail  De  L’inde,  Arbre, Immortel, Bois Immortel, Bois Immortel Vrai, Pignon D’inde 
  • German : Indischer Korallenbaum 
  • Hawaiian : Wiliwili-Haole 

Uses: Galactogogue, anthelmintic [Medicinal Plants Kerala Ag University]

Used  in  Ayurveda  and  Sidha.  Toxic  alkaloids,  poisonous,  cyanogenic glycoside, saponin, all parts of the tree poisonous.  Raw  seeds  poisonous,  can  be  eaten  after  boiling  and  roasting.  Bark  antipyretic,  febrifuge;  bark  decoction  with  sugar  taken  to  eradicate  intestinal  worms  and  for  blood  dysentery;  gum  from  bark  diluted  in  water  and  applied  to  the  eyes  for  jaundice;  a  soup  made  from  bark  of  this  tree  and leaves of Adhatoda vasica given in cold and cough; a  decoction of bark and leaves used to treat dysentery, rheumatism, fever and to relieve asthma and coughs; stem bark  ground with calcium and the paste applied on scorpion sting;  scraped bark used in stomachache, colic. Leaves soporific, a  cure for convulsions and stomachache; leaves juice anthelmintic, for killing worms in sores; leaf paste used on boils;  leaves  and  flowers  to  treat  menstrual  disorders;  warm  leaf  juice applied on chest in cough; drops of leaf juice put into  ear to cure ear infections. Roots and leaves febrifuge; roots  decoction to treat bronchitis. Seeds astringent, crushed seeds  as a poultice to treat cancer, sores and abscesses. Veterinary  medicine, crushed bark antiinflammatory and astringent for  diarrhea; bark extract given in indigestion; for trypanosomiasis, bark extract of Capparis divaricata pounded with leaves  of Erythrina variegata, ginger, garlic and turmeric in goat’s  milk and given orally; leaves paste applied on the wounds of  the cattle. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Medicinal importance  of  the  species  is  recognized  by some  ethnic  communities and in many Ayurvedic works. In the Ayurvedic system the stem-bark and leaves are  recommended  in  dysmenorrhoea. [Herbal Cures: Traditional Approach]

In Asia and the Pacifi c Islands, different parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine for a variety of ailments and as nervine sedative, collyrium in ophthalmia, antiasthmatic, antiepileptic, antiseptic, astringent, febrifuge, anti-bilious, diuretic, laxative, expectorant, anthelmintic, vermifuge and an astringent The bark is used as a laxative, diuretic, expectorant astringent, febrifuge, anti-bilious and anthelmintic and is useful in ophthalmia and skin diseases. The bark is also employed to facilitate the maturation of boils. Dried bark decoction or infusion in alcohol is used for lumbar and leg pain. The stem bark is used against rheumatism in the form of a decoction, extract or tincture and an infusion used for stomachache. The bark when crushed and pounded is used for curing toothache by inserting into cavities or hollow tooth. The bark is chewed for dysentery. A mixture of bark scrapings and lime is applied to reduce swellings. The inner bark is scraped and mixed with little water; the juice is squeezed and drunk to cure cough with sore throat. The wood is rasped in water and given for haematuria. The bark and leaves are used in ‘paribhadra’, an Indian preparation as a vermifuge, for treating fi lariasis, and to relieve joint pain. A decoction of the bark and leaves, sweetened, is considered a good expectorant. The leaves and bark were found to contain the toxic alkaloid, erythrinine , a central nervous system depressant with effects similar to the alkaloid cytosine [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Vol-7] 

Inner bark taken internally for umete (fulamaua) [Samoan Medicinal Plants]


151 published articles of  Erythrina variegata
1.    Nagar, J.C. and L.S. Chauhan, Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of root extracts of Erythrina variegata in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016. 5(2): p. 1322-1332.
2.    Md, M., et al., Phytoconstituents from the leaves of Adenanthera pavonina Linn and Erythrina variegata L. ( Syn.=Erythrina indica Lam). Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 2016. 10(1): p. 29-36.
3.    Devaki, K., S. Priyanga, and S. Hemmalakshmi, Antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Erythrina variegata L. bark in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016. 8(4): p. 306-312.
4.    Vennila, V., et al., In vitro anthelmintic activity of extracts of Erythrina variegata leaves in Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (WJPPS), 2015. 4(5): p. 1306-1318.
5.    Tanaka, H., et al., Two New Isoflavanones from the Roots of Erythrina variegata. Natural Product Communications, 2015. 10(3): p. 499-501.
6.    Saad, J. and A. Mohammad, Cobalt induced augmentation of in vitro morphogenic potential in Erythrina variegata L.: a multipurpose tree legume. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 2015. 120(2): p. 463-474.
7.    Pankaj, N.K., et al., Effect of Erythrina variegata and Spondia spinnata bark powder on cadmium induced pathological changes in rats. Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 2015. 39(4): p. 339-342.
8.    Liu, Q., et al., One-Step Separation of Antioxidant Compounds from Erythrina variegata by High Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 2015. 53(5): p. 730-735.
9.    Bin Javed, S. and M. Anis, Cobalt induced augmentation of in vitro morphogenic potential in Erythrina variegata L.: a multipurpose tree legume. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 2015. 120(2): p. 463-474.
10.    Zhang, B.-J., et al., Dimeric Erythrina Alkaloids from the Flower of Erythrina variegata. Organic Letters, 2014. 16(24): p. 6400-6403.
11.    Uddin, M.M.N., et al., Molecular docking and analgesic studies of Erythrina variegata׳s derived phytochemicals with COX enzymes. Bioinformation, 2014. 10(10): p. 630-6.
12.    Suriyavathana, M., et al., Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Erythrina variegata. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (WJPPS), 2014. 3(6): p. 680-690.
13.    Murugalakshmi, M., et al., Antipyretic and cns depressant activities of Erythrina variegata leaves extracts. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (WJPPS), 2014. 3(6): p. 2145-2151.
14.    Mangathayaru, K., K. Sarah, and K. Balakrishna, Estrogenic effect of Erythrina variegata L. in prepubertal female rats. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2014. 5(3): p. 223-227.
15.    Liu, C.-Y., M.-J. Huang, and Y.-Y. Lu, Distribution of Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim galls on the tender twigs of Erythrina variegata var. orientalis. Huanjing Kunchong Xuebao, 2014. 36(4): p. 655-660.
16.    Javed, S. and M. Anis, Manifestations of Cobalt on Growth and Development of Erythrina Variegata: An In Vitro Study. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant, 2014. 50(4): p. 518-519.
17.    Samanta, T.D. and L. Subrata, Analysis of oil and fatty acids from the seeds of Erythrina variegata Linn. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 2013. 10(1): p. 433-437.
18.    Pompeng, P., et al., Antiangiogenetic effects of anthranoids from Alternaria sp., an endophytic fungus in a Thai medicinal plant Erythrina variegata. Phytomedicine, 2013. 20(10): p. 918-922.
19.    Nakamoto, A. and M. Izawa, Daily patterns of pollinator activity at planted Erythrina variegata trees on Okinawa-jima Island. Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology, 2013. 18(2): p. 111-119.
20.    Nakamoto, A. and M. Izawa, Daily patterns pollinator activity at planted Erythrina variegata trees on Okinawa-jima Island. Hozen Seitaigaku Kenkyu, 2013. 18(2): p. 111-119.
21.    Sahoo, K., et al., In vitro analysis of antimicrobial activity of stem extracts of Erythrina variegata L: a useful medicinal plant. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2012. 3(3): p. B-766-B-772.
22.    Liu, Z.L., et al., Antifeedants from Chinese Medicinal Herb, Erythrina variegata var. orientalis, Against Maize Weevil Sitophilus zeamais. Natural Product Communications, 2012. 7(2): p. 171-172.
23.    Kongmanila, D., et al., Utilisation of some Erythrina species and biomass production of Erythrina variegata. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2012. 24(8): p. 137-Article 137.
24.    Kongmanila, D., et al., Effect of feeding different levels of foliage from Erythrina variegata on the performance of growing goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2012. 44(7): p. 1659-1665.
25.    Aditya, G.V.V., et al., Biosorption of chromium onto Erythrina Variegata Orientalis leaf powder. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2012. 29(1): p. 64-71.
26.    Tanaka, H., et al., Three New Constituents from the Roots of Erythrina variegata and Their Antibacterial Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2011. 8(3): p. 476-482.
27.    Matheus, M.T., J.C. Lopes, and N.B. Correa, PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURATION OF Erythrina variegata L. SEEDS. Ciencia Florestal, 2011. 21(4): p. 619-627.
28.    Kumar, A., et al., Hypoglycemic activity of Erythrina variegata leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2011. 49(6): p. 577-582.
29.    Kalachaveedu, M., S. Kuruvilla, and K. Balakrishna, Effect of Erythrina variegata on experimental atherosclerosis in guinea pigs. Journal of pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics, 2011. 2(4): p. 285-7.
30.    Herlina, T., et al., In vitro anticancer and antimalarial erystagallin-A from Erythrina variegata (L.) stem bark. Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 2011. 3(1): p. 9-13.
31.    Das, B.K. and T. Barindra, Record of invasive Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim, gall wasp on Erythrina variegata L. from Eastern India with notes on gall morphologies. Insect Environment, 2011. 17(1): p. 9-11.
32.    Zhang, Y., et al., Erythrina variegata extract exerts osteoprotective effects by suppression of the process of bone resorption. British Journal of Nutrition, 2010. 104(7): p. 965-971.
33.    Tanaka, H., et al., A New Biisoflavonoid from the Roots of Erythrina variegata. Natural Product Communications, 2010. 5(11): p. 1781-1784.
34.    Sherman, J.A. and P.L. Fall, Observations on feeding frequencies among native and exotic birds and fruit bats at Erythrina variegata and Dysoxylum trees on American Samoa, in Altered Ecologies: Fire, Climate and Human Influence on Terrestrial Landscapes, S.G. Haberle, J. Stevenson, and M. Prebble, Editors. 2010. p. 101-116.
35.    Pitchaiah, G., et al., Anxiolytic and anticonvulsant activity of aqueous extract of stem bark of Erythrina variegata in rodents. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2010. 2(1): p. 40-48.
36.    Manoharan, P.T., et al., Influence of AM fungi on the growth and physiological status of Erythrina variegata Linn. grown under different water stress conditions. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2010. 46(2): p. 151-156.
37.    Kumar, A., et al., Erythrina variegata Linn: A review on morphology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects. Pharmacognosy reviews, 2010. 4(8): p. 147-52.
38.    Chen, Y., et al., Distribution and sampling techniques of galls induced by Quadrastichus erythrinae on Erythrina variegata leaves. Plant Protection, 2010. 36(6): p. 45-49.
39.    Baskar, N., B.P. Devi, and R.M. Kumar, Evaluation of anti-cancer activity of methanol extract of root bark of Erythrina variegata Linn. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2010. 3(8): p. 1724-1725.
40.    Balamurugan, G. and A. Shantha, Effect of Erythrina variegata seed extract on hyperlipidemia elicited by high-fat diet in wistar rats. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences, 2010. 2(4): p. 350-5.
41.    Bai, M.T., K. Komali, and P. Venkateswarlu, Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies on biosorption of copper and zinc from mixed solution by Erythrina variegata orientalis leaf powder. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 2010. 17(5): p. 346-355.
42.    Zhang, H., et al., Anti-tumor activity of Erythrina variegata L. extract and its mechanism of action. Yaoxue Xuebao, 2009. 44(12): p. 1359-1363.
43.    Zhang, H., et al., Anti-tumor activity of Erythrina variegata L. extract and its mechanism of action. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 2009. 44(12): p. 1359-63.
44.    Shasthree, T., et al., IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF THE LEGUMINOUS TREE ERYTHRINA VARIEGATA L. VIA MULTIPLE SHOOT FORMATION. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 2009. 10(1-2): p. 75-78.
45.    Shasthree, T., S. Madhavi, and B. Mallaiah, Regeneration of Plantlets in Erythrina Variegata L. by Organogenesis. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 2009. 4(3): p. 30-37.
46.    Shasthree, T., M.A. Imran, and B. Mallaiah, In vitro rooting from callus cultures derived from seedling explants of Erythrina variegata L. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 2009. 3(4): p. 447-452.
47.    Samanta, T.D. and S. Laskar, Chemical investigation of Erythrina variegata Linn. seed proteins. Food Chemistry, 2009. 114(1): p. 212-216.
48.    Matheus, M.T. and J.C. Lopes, Cardinal temperatures for the germination of Erythrina variegata L. seeds. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 2009. 31(3): p. 115-122.
49.    Lakshmi, G.V., et al., POTENTIAL OF ERYTHRINA VARIEGATA ORIENTALIS LEAF POWDER FOR THE REMOVAL OF COBALT(II). Chemical Engineering Communications, 2009. 196(4): p. 463-480.
50.    Kumar, P.R., et al., Utilization of Erythrina variegata orientalis leaf powder for the removal of cadmium. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 2009. 16(4): p. 308-316.
51.    Deng, X., L. Zeng, and Y. Lu, Structure and dynamics of Quadrastichus erythrinae galls on Erythrina variegate var. orientalis leaf. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2009. 30(1): p. 31-33.
52.    Venkateswarlu, P., et al., Biosorption of Zn(II) from an aqueous solution by Erythrina variegata orientalis leaf powder. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2008. 3(9): p. 197-204.
53.    Venkateswarlu, P., N.C. Babu, and G.V.S. Aditya, ENVR 256-Chromium biosorption by Erythrina variegata orientalis leaf powder. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 2008. 235.
54.    Zhang, Y., et al., Anti-osteoporotic effect of Erythrina variegata L. in ovariectomized rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2007. 109(1): p. 165-169.
55.    Zhang, Y., X.-L. Li, and W.-X. Huang, Effect of Erythrina variegata on Ca2+ homeostasis in ovariectomized rats and action mechanism. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2007. 32(7): p. 627-30.
56.    Yan, Z., L.I. Xiaoli, and H. Wenxiu, Effect of Erythrina variegata on Ca~(2＋) homeostasis in ovariectomized rats and action mechanism. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2007. 32(7): p. 627-630.
57.    Uechi, N., T. Uesato, and J. Yukawa, Detection of an invasive gall-inducing pest, Quadrastichus erythrinae (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae), causing damage to Erythrina variegata L. (Fabaceae) in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Entomological Science, 2007. 10(2): p. 209-212.
58.    Rahman, M.Z., et al., Phytochemical and biological investigations of Erythrina variegata. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 2007. 15(2): p. 140-145.
59.    Nayak, D., et al., Application of tracer packet technique for studying metal-protein interactions with Erythrina variegata Linn. seed proteins. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2007. 271(2): p. 387-390.
60.    Matheus, M.T. and J.C. Lopes, Morfologia de frutos, sementes e plântulas e germinação de sementes de Erythrina variegata L. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 2007. 29(3): p. 8-17.
61.    Gerlach, J. and M. Madl, Notes on Erythrina variegata (LINNAEUS 1754) (Rosopsida : Fabaceae) and Quadrastichus erythrinae kim 2004 (Hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : Eulophidae) in Seychelles. Linzer Biologische Beitraege, 2007. 39(1): p. 79-82.
62.    Xiaoli, L., et al., Four new isoflavonoids from the stem bark of Erythrina variegata. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2006. 54(4): p. 570-3.
63.    Li, X.L., et al., Four new isoflavonoids from the stem bark of Erythrina variegata. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2006. 54(4): p. 570-573.
64.    Jyothirmayi, T., P.G.P. Rao, and S.G. Walde, Nitrogen extractability and functional properties of defatted Erythrina variegata flour. Food Chemistry, 2006. 96(2): p. 242-247.
65.    Tanaka, H., et al., Two new isoflavonoids and a new 2-arylbenzofuran from the roots of Erythrina variegata. Heterocycles, 2005. 65(4): p. 871-877.
66.    Li, x., N. Wang, and X. Yao, Chemical constituents from stem bark of Erythrina variegata. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2005. 36(7): p. 975-978.
67.    Wakamura, S. and N. Arakaki, Sex pheromone components of pyralid moths Terastia subjectalis and Agathodes ostentalis feeding on the coral tree, Erithrina variegata: Two sympatric species share common components in different ratios. Chemoecology, 2004. 14(3-4): p. 181-185.
68.    Tanaka, H., et al., Six new constituents from the roots of Erythrina variegata. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2004. 1(7): p. 1101-1108.
69.    Sato, M., et al., Synergistic effects of mupirocin and an isoflavanone isolated from Erythrina variegata on growth and recovery of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2004. 24(3): p. 241-246.
70.    Rangaiah, K., A.J.S. Raju, and S.P. Rao, Passerine bird-pollination in the Indian coral tree, Erythrina variegata var. orientalis (Fabaceae). Current Science, 2004. 87(6): p. 736-739.
71.    Raju, A.J.S., et al., Passerine bird-pollination and fruiting behaviour in Erythrina variegata L. (Fabaceae) in the Eastern Ghats forests, India. Beitraege zur Biologie der Pflanzen, 2004. 73(2): p. 321-330.
72.    Huang, K.-F. and J.-Y. Chiang, Constituents of the stem bark of Erythrina variegata Linn. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal (Taipei), 2004. 56(3-6): p. 133-139.
73.    Aregheore, E.M. and D. Perera, Effects of Erythrina variegata, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala on dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility of maize stover, before and after spraying with molasses. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2004. 111(1-4): p. 191-201.
74.    Aregheore, E.M. and D. Perera, Effect of supplementation of a basal diet of maize stover with Erythrina variegata, Gliricidia sepium or Leucaena leucocephala on feed intake and digestibility by goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2004. 36(2): p. 175-189.
75.    Aregheore, E.M., Intake and digestibility of mixtures of batiki grass ( Ischaemum aristatum var. indicum) and dadap ( Erythrina variegata var. oriental) by crossbred Anglo-Nubian goats in Samoa. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 2004. 35(2): p. 69-73.
76.    Tanaka, H., et al., Eryvarins F and G, two 3-phenoxychromones from the roots of Erythrina variegata. Phytochemistry, 2003. 62(8): p. 1243-1246.
77.    Tanaka, H., et al., Four new isoflavonoids and a new 2-arylbenzofuran from the roots of Erythrina variegata. Heterocycles, 2003. 60(12): p. 2767-+.
78.    Sato, M., et al., Antibacterial property of isoflavonoids isolated from Erythrina variegata against cariogenic oral bacteria. Phytomedicine, 2003. 10(5): p. 427-433.
79.    Muthuchelian, K., M. Velayutham, and N. Nedunchezhian, Ameliorating effect of triacontanol on acidic mist-treated Erythrina variegata seedlings - Changes in growth and photosynthetic activities. Plant Science, 2003. 165(6): p. 1253-1259.
80.    Tanaka, H., et al., Antibacterial activity of isoflavonoids isolated from Erythrina variegata against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2002. 35(6): p. 494-498.
81.    Tanaka, H., et al., Two diphenylpropan-1,2-diol syringates from the roots of Erythrina variegata. Journal of Natural Products, 2002. 65(12): p. 1933-1935.
82.    Islam, S. and J.R. Barnett, Growth rate and physical properties of Erythrina variegata with regard to dry matter production. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 2002. 31(2): p. 103-106.
83.    Dai, D. and Y. Dai, Ultrastructural study on the building of the cell wall of protocambium at the shoot top in EryThrina variegata L. Journal of Chinese Electronic Microscopy Society, 2002. 21(5): p. 562-563.
84.    Yik, C.P., et al., A study on the control of bark rot of the coral tree, Erythrina variegata. Singapore Journal of Primary Industries, 2001. 29: p. 39-44.
85.    Tanaka, H., et al., Three new isoflavonoids from Erythrina variegata. Heterocycles, 2001. 55(12): p. 2341-2347.
86.    Muthuchelian, K., M. Bertamini, and N. Nedunchezhian, Triacontanol can protect Erythrina variegata from cadmium toxicity. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2001. 158(11): p. 1487-1490.
87.    Aregheore, E.M., Intake and digestibility of mixtures of batiki grass ( Ischaemum aristatum var. indicum) and dadap ( Erythrina variegata var. oriental) by Anglo-Nubian * Fiji local goats in Samoa. Journal of South Pacific Agriculture, 2001. 8(1): p. 18-21.
88.    Tanaka, H., et al., Two new isoflavonoids from Erythrina variegata. Planta Medica, 2000. 66(6): p. 578-579.
89.    Yadava, R.N. and K.I.S. Reddy, A novel prenylated flavone glycoside from the seeds of Erythrina indica. Fitoterapia, 1999. 70(4): p. 357-360.
90.    Iwanaga, S., et al., Conformation of the primary binding loop folded through an intramolecular interaction contributes to the strong chymotrypsin inhibitory activity of the chymotrypsin inhibitor from Erythrina variegata seeds. Journal of Biochemistry, 1999. 126(1): p. 162-167.
91.    Sharma, S.K. and H.M. Chawla, Structure elucidation of erythrosotidienone and erythromotidienone - Two new isoquinoline alkaloids from Erythrina variegata flowers. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 1998. 75(10-12): p. 833-837.
92.    Ohba, H., et al., Cytotoxicity induced by Erythrina variegata serine proteinase inhibitors in tumor hematopoietic stem cell lines. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 1998. 62(6): p. 1166-1170.
93.    Ohba, H., et al., Cytotoxicity induced by Erythrina variegata serine proteinase inhibitors against tumor hematopoietic stem cell lines. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 1998. 9: p. 379A-379A.
94.    Iwanaga, S., N. Yamasaki, and M. Kimura, Chymotrypsin inhibitor from Erythrina variegata seeds: Involvement of amino acid residues within the primary binding loop in potent inhibitory activity toward chymotrypsin. Journal of Biochemistry, 1998. 124(3): p. 663-669.
95.    Huang, K.-F. and C.-F. Tseng, Constituents of Erythrina variegata (III). Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal (Taipei), 1998. 50(2): p. 123-128.
96.    Muthuchelian, K., et al., Photosynthesis and growth of Erythrina variegata as affected by water stress and triacontanol. Photosynthetica, 1997. 33(2): p. 241-248.
97.    Kouzuma, Y., N. Yamasaki, and M. Kimura, The tissue-type plasminogen activator inhibitor ETIa from Erythrina variegata: Structural basis for the inhibitory activity by cloning, expression, and mutagenesis of the cDNA encoding ETIa. Journal of Biochemistry, 1997. 121(3): p. 456-463.
98.    Kouzuma, Y., N. Yamasaki, and M. Kimura, Cloning, expression, and mutagenesis of trypsin inhibitor ETIb from Erythrina variegata seeds. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 1997. 61(6): p. 1041-1043.
99.    Kobayashi, M., et al., Indonesian medicinal plants .21. Inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchanger from the bark of Erythrina variegata and the roots of Maclura cochinchinensis. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1997. 45(10): p. 1615-1619.
100.    Kimura, M., et al., Analysis of the complex formed by Erythrina variegata chymotrypsin inhibitor with chymotrypsin and properties of the peptides prepared from the inhibitor by a limited proteolysis. European Journal of Biochemistry, 1997. 249(3): p. 870-877.
101.    Huang, K.-F. and Y.-F. Yhen, Constituents of Erythrina variegata (II). Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 1997. 49(1): p. 21-29.
102.    Sands, D.P.A. and R.R. Chan, Survivorship of Australian Othreis fullonia on Erythrina variegata: Hypotheses for development of host-plant biotypes in the Pacific. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata, 1996. 80(1): p. 145-148.
103.    Nakagaki, T., et al., Inhibitory potency of Erythrina variegata proteinase inhibitors toward serine proteinases in the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 1996. 60(8): p. 1383-1385.
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146.    Bisht, B.S. and S.L. Nayar, Pharmacognostieal study of the bark of Erythrina variegata Linn. var. orientalis (Linn.) Merrill. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1959. 18C: p. 224-8.
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148.    Wang, L., External lotion prepared by mixing e.g. Erythrina variegata bark, Gastrodia elata, and Magnolia amoena, adding water, extracting and filtering mixture, again adding water, extracting mixture, and filtering and combining filtrates. Wang L.
149.    Sun, T., Medicine used e.g. for treating sciatica includes Lycopodium clavatum, radix clematidis, Astragalus mongholicus, Chinese Angelica, suberect spatholobus stem, Asarum, Erythrina variegata, frankincense, myrrh, semen brassicae, and medlar. Sun T.
150.    Mohan, B., Herbal formulation in treatment of asthma comprises Justicia adhotoda, Solanum surattense, Solanum trilobatrum, Ocimum sanctum, Mimosa instiana, Oldenlandia umbellate, Erythrina variegata and Azima tetracantha. Mohan B.
151.    Liu, Y., Wine used for dispelling wind and relieving pain, comprises frankincense, myrrh, Spatholobus stem, peach kernel, safflower, luffa sponge, Erythrina variegata, Lycopodium clavatum, pawpaw, radix zanthoxyli and radix aconite. Liu Y.
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verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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