Thursday, August 11, 2016

Trifolium repens, Creeping white clover, witte klaver, Trèfle rampant, Đậu chẽ ba hoa trắng, シロツメクサ, 토끼풀


Trifolium repens L.Family: Leguminosae

English: Creeping white clover
Arabic: قرط (قُرط)، قدب (قَدْب)، قرض (قَرَض)
Bulgarian: Пълзяща детелина
Chinese: 白车轴草
Dutch: witte klaver
Finnish: valkoapila
French: Trèfle rampant
Georgian: სამყურა მხოხავი
German: Weiss-Klee
Italian: trifoglio bianco
Japanese: シロツメクサ
Korean: 토끼풀
Romanian: Trifoi Alb
Russian: klever belyj, Клевер ползучий
Swedish: hvitklöfver
Vietnamese: Đậu chẽ ba hoa trắng
Welsh: meillion gwyn

Description: his perennial plant is about 6" tall, branching from the base. Initially, it produces several compound leaves from a short stem that grows only a little, after which this stem rapidly elongates and becomes up to 1' long. These elongated stems sprawl along the ground and have the capacity to root at the nodes. They are hairless and light green. The alternate compound leaves are trifoliate and hairless. They occur at intervals along the elongated stems and have long hairless petioles. The leaflets are obovate or ovate. Their margins are finely serrate. Across the upper surface of each leaflet are white markings in the form of a chevron (an upside down "V"), although for this species these markings are often degenerate, irregular, or absent. Each leaflet is about ¾" long and about half as wide. At the base of each petiole there are a pair of small lanceolate stipules that are light green and membranous; sometimes they wrap around the elongated stems. Each stipule is less than ½" in length.  Flowerheads about ¾" across are produced on long naked stalks (peduncles) that are unbranched and hairless. These flowering stalks are usually a little taller than the compound leaves. Each flowerhead has 20-50 flowers and is more or less globular in shape. Each flower is narrowly tubular, consisting of a green calyx with 5 narrow teeth and 5 petals that are white or pinkish white. When fully open, there is a small standard and 2 side petals that enclose the keel. The teeth of the calyx are equal to, or less than, the length of the calyx tube. Each flower has a very short pedicel. The blooming period occurs intermittently for several months, from late spring through the fall. The flowers gradually turn brown and are replaced by seedpods. Each little seedpod contains only a few seeds, which are flat, round or slightly heart-shaped, and variously colored. The root system consists of a shallow branching taproot and the rootlets formed by the elongated stems. This plant reproduces by seed or vegetatively, and often forms colonies. 

Toxins. White clover can cause bloat in livestock. It has caused laminitis in horses and cattle; after they are ingested, some varieties can liberate HCN, causing cyanogenic poisoning in animals. Cyanogenic glycosides. Plant infusion antirheumatic, astringent, depurative, tonic, eyewash, for fevers, eyes troubles, asthma, colds, cough; whole plant decoction given for fever; plant juice for fever. Veterinary medicine, forage plant to increase lactation. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Red clover is stated to act as a dermatological agent, and to possess mildly antispasmodic and expectorant properties. Tannins are known to possess astringent properties. Traditionally red clover has been used for chronic skin disease, whooping cough, and specifically for eczema and psoriasis. [Herbal Medicines 3rd Ed] 
 
61 Published articles of  Trifolium repens
 1.    Nitric oxide contributes to minerals absorption, p.p.a.h.e.u.c.e.i.T.r.L.p.L., Shiliang, et al., Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2015. 119: p. 35-46.
2.    The Combined Toxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cd and As to Plant Bioindicator Trifolium repens L Ghiani, A., et al., Plos One, 2014. 9(6).
3.    Studies on Secondary Metabolites Produced by Endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus from Trifolium repens Yang, Y., et al., Natural Product R & D, 2013. 25(1): p. 64-67.
4.    Impact of cadmium and zinc on root system of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens Lambrechts, T., et al., Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences, 2013. 78(1): p. 19-24.
5.    Phenolic Content and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of the Flowers and Leaves of Trifolium repens Kicel, A. and M. Wolbis, Natural Product Communications, 2013. 8(1): p. 99-102.
6.    Biomarker measurements in Trifolium repens and Eisenia fetida to assess the toxicity of soil contaminated with landfill leachate: A microcosm study Manier, N., et al., Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2012. 80: p. 339-348.
7.    COUMARINS FROM THE FLOWERS OF Trifolium repens Kicel, A. and M. Wolbis, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2012. 48(1): p. 130-132.
8.    Study on the phenolic constituents of the flowers and leaves of Trifolium repens L Kicel, A. and M. Wolbis, Natural Product Research, 2012. 26(21): p. 2050-2054.
9.    Changes in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxlate (ACC) oxidase expression and enzyme activity in response to excess manganese in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Dorling, S.J., et al., Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2011. 49(9): p. 1013-1019.
10.    Responses of two cultivars of Trifolium repens L. to ethylene diurea in relation to ambient ozone Singh, S., et al., Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2010. 22(7): p. 1096-1103.
11.    Lin, I.a.i.o.w.p.o.c.c.f.T.r.L.S.U.N., et al., Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 2010. 27(1): p. 40-43.
12.    Calcium protects Trifolium repens L. seedlings against cadmium stress Wang, C.Q. and H. Song, Plant Cell Reports, 2009. 28(9): p. 1341-1349.
13.    Volatile Constituents of Trifolium pratense and T. repens from NE Italian Alpine Pastures Tava, A., et al., Natural Product Communications, 2009. 4(6): p. 835-838.
14.    Effects of ozone on inter- and intra-species competition and photosynthesis in mesocosms of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens Hayes, F., G. Mills, and M. Ashmore, Environmental Pollution, 2009. 157(1): p. 208-214.
15.    Ozone stress and antioxidant substances in Trifolium repens and Centaurea jacea leaves Severino, J.F., K. Stich, and G. Soja, Environmental Pollution, 2007. 146(3): p. 707-714.
16.    Effects of Alternaria tenuis nees on Trifolium repens L. under Cu stress Chu, L., et al., Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban, 2007. 18(11): p. 2594-9.
17.    Air quality biomonitoring: Assessment of air pollution genotoxicity in the Province of Novara (North Italy) by using Trifolium repens L. and molecular markers Piraino, F., et al., Science of the Total Environment, 2006. 372(1): p. 350-359.
18.    Separate and combined effects of Cu and Cd on seedling growth and active oxygen metabolism system of Trifolium repens L Chu, L., et al., Frontiers in Bioscience, 2006. 11: p. 2861-U68.
19.    Expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase genes during the development of vegetative tissues in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) is regulated by ontological cues Chen, B. and M.T. McManus, Plant Molecular Biology, 2006. 60(3): p. 451-467.
20.    Activities and survival of endophytic bacteria in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Burch, G. and U. Sarathchandra, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 2006. 52(9): p. 848-856.
21.    Molecular evidence for benzo a pyrene and naphthalene genotoxicity in Trifolium repens L Aina, R., L. Palin, and S. Citterio, Chemosphere, 2006. 65(4): p. 666-673.
22.    Anticestodal activity of Trifolium repens Extract. (vol 42, p., 2004) Tangpu, V., Temjenmongla, and A.K. Yadav, Pharmaceutical Biology, 2005. 43(4): p. 382-382.
23.    Application of Aspergillus niger-treated agrowaste residue and Glomus mosseae for improving growth and nutrition of Trifolium repens in a Cd-contaminated soil Medina, A., et al., Journal of Biotechnology, 2005. 116(4): p. 369-378.
24.    Anticestodal activity of Trifolium repens extract Tangpu, V., K. Temjenmongla, and A.K. Yadav, Pharmaceutical Biology, 2004. 42(8): p. 656-658.
25.    Structure and activity of the nitrate-reducing community in the rhizosphere of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens under long-term elevated atmospheric pCO(2) Deiglmayr, K., et al., Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2004. 49(3): p. 445-454.
26.    Two new bicoumarins from Trifolium repens L Zhan, Q.F., et al., Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 2003. 5(4): p. 303-306.
27.    Ozone differentially affects physiological and biochemical responses of two clover species; Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense Scebba, F., G. Soldatini, and A. Ranieri, Environmental Pollution, 2003. 123(2): p. 209-216.
28.    Variation in acclimation of photosynthesis in Trifolium repens after eight years of exposure to Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Ainsworth, E.A., et al., Journal of Experimental Botany, 2003. 54(393): p. 2769-2774.
29.    The effect of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and white clover (Trifolium repens) in mixed pasture swards on incoming and established nematode infections in young lambs Bernes, G., P.J. Waller, and D. Christensson, Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2000. 41(4): p. 351-361.
30.    Trifolium repens Millemann, J., Ganzheitliche Tiermedizin, 1999. 13(3): p. 119-120.
31.    SURFACE STERILIZATION OF HETERODERA-TRIFOLII GOFFART (NEMATODA, T.A.I.M.C.O.R.C.O.W.C.T.-R.L.H., F. S., New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1994. 21(2): p. 209-212.
32.    Should one use white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) varieties rich in hydrogen cyanide? Lehmann, J., et al., Revue Suisse d'Agriculture, 1991. 23(2): p. 107-112.
33.    VARIATION IN HCN POTENTIAL AMONG CULTIVARS OF WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM-REPENS) Wheeler, J.L. and P.J. Vickery, Grass and Forage Science, 1989. 44(1): p. 107-109.
34.    SHILAJIT .2. BIPHENYL METABOLITES FROM TRIFOLIUM-REPENS Ghosal, S., S.K. Singh, and R.S. Srivastava, Journal of Chemical Research-S, 1988(6): p. 196-197.
35.    FACTORS AFFECTING THE HYDROGEN-CYANIDE POTENTIAL OF WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L) Vickery, P.J., J.L. Wheeler, and C. Mulcahy, Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1987. 38(6): p. 1053-1059.
36.    THE RUMEN OF CATTLE Beever, D. E., T.U.O.M.O.F.T.C.T.D.O.T.N.C.O.P.R.L.-P.C.M.A.W.C.T.-R.C.B.I., et al., British Journal of Nutrition, 1987. 57(1): p. 57-67.
37.    THE PRESENCE OF A SPECIALIZED-BETA-GLUCOSIDASE - LINAMARASE, I.T.L.O.T.-R.I.C.B.T.G.L.K., P. and H. Eeltink, Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C-a Journal of Biosciences, 1985. 40(7-8): p. 509-513.
38.    Varietal differences in the content of cyanides released from white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) by acid hydrolysis Mika, V., Scientia Agriculturae Bohemoslovaca, 1984. 16(1): p. 37-43.
39.    DEVELOPMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL-STUDIES ON THE CYANOGENIC GLUCOSIDES OF WHITE CLOVER, T.-R.L.C., D. B. and M.A. Hughes, Journal of Experimental Botany, 1982. 33(132): p. 154-161.
40.    Accumulation of hydrocyanic acid in some forage plants (Trifolium repens, T.p., Lolium perenne, Lotus ulginosus, Holcus lanatus, Plantago lanceolata) Pedro Tapia, M. V. and O. Araya, Gaceta Veterinaria, 1980. 42(353): p. 546-551.
41.    REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE OF EWES GRAZING RED-CLOVER (GRASSLANDS PAWERA) OR WHITE CLOVER-GRASS PASTURE AT MATING Kelly, R.W., G.H. Shackell, and A.J. Allison, New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1980. 8(2): p. 87-91.
42.    DIFFERENTIAL ROOT-GROWTH OF THE CYANOGENIC PHENOTYPES OF TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L Dommee, B., P.M. Brakefield, and M.R. Macnair, Acta Oecologica-Oecologia Plantarum, 1980. 1(4): p. 367-370.
43.    SILVER UPTAKE BY SEEDLINGS OF LOLIUM-PERENNE L AND TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L Ward, N.I., E. Roberts, and R.R. Brooks, New Zealand Journal of Science, 1979. 22(2): p. 129-132.
44.    An attempt at changing the frequency of occurrence of cyanogenetic glucosides in Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium repens Nowacki, E. and H. Blaim, Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roslin, 1979(137): p. 127-132.
45.    Cyanogenesis in white clover (Trifolium repens): studies on arthropod herbivores and cyanogenesis frequencies in natural populations Dritschilo, W., Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences and Engineering, 1978. 38(12): p. 5731-5732.
46.    Hydrogen cyanide concentration in three varieties of white clover Moundiroff, N., et al., Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, Argentina, 1976. 57(4): p. 243-247.
47.    The relationship between altitude and cyanogenesis in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Araujo, A.M.d., Heredity, 1976. 37(2): p. 291-293.
48.    DETERMINATION OF ESTROGENIC ISOFLAVONES AND COUMESTROL IN CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM-PRATENSE L AND TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L) Sachse, J., Journal of Chromatography, 1974. 96(1): p. 123-136.
49.    SELECTIVE EATING OF ACYANOGENIC FORM OF TRIFOLIUM-REPENS Angseesi.Jp, Heredity, 1974. 32(FEB): p. 73-83.
50.    HERBIVORE FEEDING AND CYANOGENESIS IN TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L Whitman, R.J., Heredity, 1973. 30(APR): p. 241-244.
51.    EFFECTS OF RED-CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM-PRATENSE VAR. REDHEAD), W.C.T.-R.V.S.-O.P.R.L.-P.V.S.-O.R.P.O. and J.E. Betts, Journal of Agricultural Science, 1973. 80(APR): p. 323-327.
52.    STUDIES ON NATURE OF LI LOCUS IN TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L .2. EFFECT OF GENOTYPE ON ENZYME-ACTIVITY AND PROPERTIES Maher, E.P. and M.A. Hughes, Biochemical Genetics, 1973. 8(1): p. 13-26.
53.    STUDIES ON NATURE OF LI LOCUS IN TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L .1. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF ENZYME COMPONENTS Hughes, M.A. and E.P. Maher, Biochemical Genetics, 1973. 8(1): p. 1-12.
54.    FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON CYANOGENESIS POLYMORPHISM IN TRIFOLIUM-REPENS Angseesi.Jp and Angseesi.Wj, Heredity, 1973. 31(OCT): p. 276-282.
55.    BLOAT INCIDENCE AND LIVE WEIGHT GAIN IN BEEF CATTLE ON PASTURES CONTAINING DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF WHITE CLOVER-D TRIFOLIUM-REPENS-D Wolfe, E.C. and A. Lazenby, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 1972. 12(55): p. 119-125.
56.    TRANSFORMATION OF NARINGENIN TO APIGENIN (OR ONE OF ITS DERIVATIVES) IN DETACHED LEAVES OF TRIFOLIUM REPENS L Schultz, G., Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenphysiologie, 1969. 61(1): p. 41-&.
57.    A COMPARISON OF 7 ADDITIVES USED IN ENSILING HIGH-MOISTURE GRASS/CLOVER PASTURES McCarric.Rb, Journal of the British Grassland Society, 1969. 24(1): p. 25-&.
58.    Advance of the research on presumed oestrogenic substances in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) I. Contribution Nino Larru, F., M.M. Blanco, and M. Nevado, Arch Zootecnia, 1957. 6((22)): p. 160-164.
59.    Goitrogenic effect of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Flux, D.S., et al., New Zealand Jour Sci and Technol Ser A, 1956. 38((1)): p. 88-102.
60.    Cyanogenesis in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). IV. Methods of determination and general considerations Melville, J., et al., New Zealand Jour Sci and Tech, 1940. 22((3B)): p. 144B-154B.
61.    Cyanogenesis in White Clover (Trifolium repens L.). III. A Study of Linamarase, t.E.w.H.L.C., I. E., New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, 1940. 22: p. 71B-83B.
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Ficus religiosa Filicium decipiens Filipendula vestita Flacourtia indica Flemingia procumbens Flemingia semialata Foeniculum vulgare Free Access Journal Fumaria indica Fumaria parviflora Furcraea foetida Galega officinalis General Gentiana kurroo Geranium lucidum Geranium nepalense Geranium pratense Geranium wallichianum Ghee Globba schomburgkii Glochidion hohenackeri Gloriosa superba Glycyrrhiza glabra Gmelina arborea Gomphrena globosa Gomphrena serrata Goodyera repens Grewia asiatica Grewia optiva Grewia serrulata Grewia tenax Gymnema sylvestre Habenaria edgeworthii Habenaria plantaginea Handroanthus impetiginosus Hedychium spicatum Helianthus annuus Helicteres isora Helinus lanceolatus Heliotropium indicum Hemidesmus indicus Hemigraphis alternata Hemigraphis colorata Hemigraphis hirta Heracleum sphondylium Herpetospermum pedunculosum Hibiscus cannabinus Hibiscus esculentus Hibiscus hirtus Hibiscus lobatus Hibiscus radiatus Hibiscus vitifolius Hippophae rhamnoides Holarrhena antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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