Tuesday, September 25, 2018

Brassica rapa, peltokaali, Majroen, Kolzo, Sawi bunga, Shalgom, Рэпа colza Rübsen, ブラッシカ・ラパ, Шалқан, 순무 (종), Чамгыр

 
Brassica rapa L.Family: Brassicaceae
  • Common name: Turnip, Turnip rape, Fast plants, field mustard, Turnip mustard
  • Belarusian: Рэпа
  • Bengali: শলগম Shalgom
  • Chinese: 蔓菁
  • Danish: Majroen
  • Finnish: peltokaali
  • French: colza
  • German: Rübsen
  • Hindi: शलगम Shalgam, Sarsav
  • Icelandic: Næpur
  • Ido: Kolzo
  • Japanese: ブラッシカ・ラパ
  • Kazakh: Шалқан
  • Korea: 순무 (종)
  • Kyrgyz: Чамгыр
  • Malay: Sawi bunga
  • Marathi: Kalamohare, Sherasa, Turnip
  • Mizo: An-tam
  • Norwegian: Nepe
  • Persian: کلم راپا
  • Polish: Kapusta właściwa
  • Portuguese: nabo
  • Russian: Репа
  • Swedish: rova
  • Telugu: నల్ల ఆవాలు Nalla avalu
  • Urdu: शलजम Shaljam
Description: This non-native plant is an annual or biennial about 1-3' tall. Small plants are branched sparingly, while large plants branch abundantly in the upper half. The stems are gray-green or gray-blue, terete, glabrous, and glaucous. Plants that begin growth during the fall will overwinter as low rosettes with basal leaves, while plants that begin growth during the spring bolt upward almost immediately. Both the basal and lower leaves are up to 10" long and 2" across, but they are usually smaller than this. They are oblanceolate in overall shape and strongly pinnatifid with undulate or bluntly dentate margins; their terminal lobes are the largest in size. Both types of leaves have stout petioles. In contrast, the middle to upper leaves are smaller in size, lanceolate-oblong in shape, with margins that are smooth or bluntly dentate. These latter leaves have bases that usually clasp their stems, although some of them may be sessile. Like the stems, these various leaves are grey-green or blue-green, glaucous, and usually glabrous – occasionally the basal leaves have short bristly hairs. The lower, middle, and upper leaves are alternate. The upper stems terminate in racemes of bright yellow flowers. The flowers bloom toward the apex of each raceme, while the seedpods develop below. Each flower is 1/3–1/2" across, consisting of 4 yellow petals, 4 green to yellow sepals, several stamens, and a pistil with a single style. The sepals are narrowly lanceolate and hairless. The blooming period can occur anytime between late spring to early fall; it usually lasts about 1 month for a small colony of plants. Each flower is replaced by an ascending cylindrical seedpod (silique) that is 1¼–2¼" long at maturity and hairless. Each seedpod terminates in a seedless beak that is about one-fourth its entire length. At the base of each seedpod, there is a stout hairless pedicel about ½" long that is widely spreading to ascending. Each seedpod divides into 2 valves to release its small globoid seeds. The root system consists of a taproot. This plant reproduces by reseeding itself. 
Uses: For frost bite (of feet), rub heels with roasted turnip. Hot cooked turnips used to cure chilblains. Bound around foot for frostbite. [African American Slave Medicine : Herbal and Non-herbal Treatments]

Oil from the seeds depurative, used as massage on chest for cough and cold. Ceremonial, seeds used in marriage ceremony. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

In Northeast India, the flowers are a delicacy; they are used to make a vegetable soup. The flowers are cleaned and boiled without any herbs, not even salt, and the soup is consumed in a mug along with meals. It is slightly bitter. [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Vol-7]

188 Pharmacology / pharmacy related published articles of Brassica rapa

 1.    Yamamoto, K., et al., Enhancement of natural killer activity and IFN- production in an IL-12-dependent manner by a Brassica rapa L. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 2018. 82(4): p. 654-668.
2.    Pavlovic, I., et al., Short-term salt stress in Brassica rapa seedlings causes alterations in auxin metabolism. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018. 125: p. 74-84.
3.    Navarro-Leon, E., et al., Physiological profile of CAX1a TILLING mutants of Brassica rapa exposed to different calcium doses. Plant Science, 2018. 272: p. 164-172.
4.    Miao, B.-J., et al., A New Adenine Glycoside from the Flowers of Brassica rapa. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2018. 54(2): p. 327-329.
5.    Elsayed, G.A. and A.K. Khalil, Facile Synthesis of Chalcone Glycosides Isolated from Aerial Parts of Brassica rapa I. 'hidabeni'. Current Organic Synthesis, 2018. 15(3): p. 423-429.
6.    Zong, H., et al., Protective effect of chitosan on photosynthesis and antioxidative defense system in edible rape (Brassica rapa L.) in the presence of cadmium. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017. 138: p. 271-278.
7.    Zong, H., et al., Improvement in cadmium tolerance of edible rape (Brassica rapa L.) with exogenous application of chitooligosaccharide. Chemosphere, 2017. 181: p. 92-100.
8.    Ureta, M.S., et al., IMI resistance associated to crop-weed hybridization in a natural Brassica rapa population: characterization and fate. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2017. 189(3).
9.    Saka, B., et al., Chemical Variability and Biological Activities of Brassica rapa var. rapifera Parts Essential Oils Depending on Geographic Variation and Extraction Technique. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2017. 14(6).
10.    Qiu, N., et al., Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp Pekinensis) to Salt Stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2017. 18(9).
11.    Nakasato, D.Y., et al., Evaluation of the effects of polymeric chitosan/tripolyphosphate and solid lipid nanoparticles on germination of Zea mays, Brassica rapa and Pisum sativum. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017. 142: p. 369-374.
12.    Kim, M.J., et al., Cultivar-Specific Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Pak Choi (Brassica Rapa, Chinensis Group) by Methyl Jasmonate. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2017. 18(5).
13.    Khan, K.Y., et al., Impact of different feedstocks derived biochar amendment with cadmium low uptake affinity cultivar of pak choi (Brassica rapa ssb. chinensis L.) on phytoavoidation of Cd to reduce potential dietary toxicity. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017. 141: p. 129-138.
14.    Joo, H.K., et al., Ethanol Extract of Brassica rapa ssp pekinensis Suppresses Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-Induced Inflammatory Response in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2017. 20(5): p. 511-518.
15.    Chu, B., et al., Effects of Tibetan turnip (Brassica rapa L.) on promoting hypoxia-tolerance in healthy humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2017. 195: p. 246-254.
16.    Chen, Z.-E., et al., Structural Characterization and Immunostimulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2017. 65(44): p. 9685-9692.
17.    Chen, Z., et al., Study on decolorization process of macroporous adsorption resin of crude polysaccharides from Xinjiang Brassica rapa L. Applied Chemical Industry, 2017. 46(2): p. 230-233,239.
18.    Ye, X.D., et al., Rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of auraptene in rat plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study in rats. Genetics and Molecular Research, 2016. 15(2).
19.    Wang, W., et al., Optimization of extraction, characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016. 82: p. 979-988.
20.    Thiruvengadam, M., S.-H. Kim, and I.-M. Chung, Influence of amphetamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and fosmidomycin on metabolic, transcriptional variations and determination of their biological activities in turnip (Brassica rapa ssp rapa). South African Journal of Botany, 2016. 103: p. 181-192.
21.    Thiruvengadam, M., et al., Effects of abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid on the content of phytochemicals and their gene expression profiles and biological activity in turnip (Brassica rapa ssp rapa). Plant Growth Regulation, 2016. 80(3): p. 377-390.
22.    Seong, G.-U., I.-W. Hwang, and S.-K. Chung, Antioxidant capacities and polyphenolics of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp Pekinensis) leaves. Food Chemistry, 2016. 199: p. 612-618.
23.    Paul, P., et al., Genome-Wide Analysis and Characterization of Aux/IAA Family Genes in Brassica rapa. Plos One, 2016. 11(4).
24.    Mayilsamy, D. and K. Krishnaswamy, EVALUATION OF ANTICANCER EFFECT OF BRASSICA RAPA CHINENSIS LINN. USING IN VIVO MODEL. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2016. 7(11): p. 4516-4522.
25.    He, Q., Z. Zhang, and L. Zhang, Anthocyanin Accumulation, Antioxidant Ability and Stability, and a Transcriptional Analysis of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Purple Heading Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp pekinensis). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016. 64(1): p. 132-145.
26.    Fu, R., et al., Hepatoprotection using Brassica rapa var. rapa L. seeds and its bioactive compound, sinapine thiocyanate, for CCl4-induced liver injury. Journal of Functional Foods, 2016. 22: p. 73-81.
27.    Chung, I.-M., et al., Production of glucosinolates, phenolic compounds and associated gene expression profiles of hairy root cultures in turnip (Brassica rapa ssp rapa). 3 Biotech, 2016. 6.
28.    Chen, Z., et al., Study on the anti-tumor effect of aqueous extract from Brassica rapa L. Northwest Pharmaceutical Journal, 2016. 31(3): p. 264-267.
29.    Azizuddin, A. Qadeer, and S. Ghafoor, EFFECTS OF POSTHARVEST STORAGE CONDITIONS ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF BRASSICA RAPA L. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 2016. 45(1): p. 85-92.
30.    Zhu, B., et al., Glucosinolate Accumulation and Related Gene Expression in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp chinensis var. communis N. Tsen & SH Lee Hanelt) in Response to Insecticide Application. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015. 63(44): p. 9683-9689.
31.    Zhang, L., et al., Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Cell Death through Restraining ROS Accumulation in Roots of Brassica rapa L. ssp pekinensis. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2015.
32.    Zang, Y.-x., et al., Leaf and root glucosinolate profiles of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp pekinensis) as a systemic response to methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B, 2015. 16(8): p. 696-708.
33.    Yao, X., et al., Effect of N-Butanol Extract of Brassica rapa on Blood Glucose Level of Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice. Natural Product Research and Development, 2015. 27(4): p. 706-709,731.
34.    Wishart, D., et al., Brassica rapa pollen. DrugBank, 2015.
35.    Wang, Z., et al., A study on immunomodulatory mechanism of polysaccharopeptide mediated by TLR4 signaling pathway. BMC Immunology, 2015. 16(34): p. (2 June 2015)-(2 June 2015).
36.    Thiruvengadam, M., S. Gurunathan, and I.-M. Chung, Physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional effects of biologically-synthesized silver nanoparticles in turnip (Brassica rapa ssp rapa L.). Protoplasma, 2015. 252(4): p. 1031-1046.
37.    Thiruvengadam, M. and I.-M. Chung, Selenium, putrescine, and cadmium influence health-promoting phytochemicals and molecular-level effects on turnip (Brassica rapa ssp rapa). Food Chemistry, 2015. 173: p. 185-193.
38.    Robin, S. Arora, and A.P. Vig, Inhibition of DNA oxidative damage and antimutagenic activity by dichloromethane extract of Brassica rapa var. rapa L. seeds. Industrial Crops and Products, 2015. 74: p. 585-591.
39.    Rahman, M.S., et al., Analgesic and antidepressant activities of Brassica rapa subspecies chinensis (L.) Hanelt on Swiss-albino mice model. Bangladesh Medical Research Council bulletin, 2015. 41(3): p. 114-120.
40.    Rahman, M.S., et al., CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS OF BRASSICA RAPA SUBSP CHINENSIS (L.) HANELT. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 2015. 44(2): p. 327-332.
41.    Lima, M.P.R., A.M.V.M. Soares, and S. Loureiro, Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and turnip (Brassica rapa) to the combined exposure of carbaryl and ultraviolet radiation. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2015. 34(7): p. 1665-1674.
42.    Khan, S., et al., The influence of various biochars on the bioaccessibility and bioaccumulation of PAHs and potentially toxic elements to turnips (Brassica rapa L.). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015. 300: p. 243-253.
43.    Jeong, J., et al., Effects of Glucosinolates from Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) Root on Bone Formation by Human Osteoblast-Like MG-63 Cells and in Normal Young Rats. Phytotherapy Research, 2015. 29(6): p. 902-909.
44.    Fard, M.H., et al., Effects of aqueous extract of turnip leaf (Brassica rapa) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 2015. 5(2): p. 148-156.
45.    Dai, Y.-L., G.-L. Shao, and F. Wang, Extract of Brassica rapa suppresses ovalbumin-induced asthma by down-regulating NF-kappa B and p38 MAPK activity. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2015. 10(1): p. 106-114.
46.    Blasco, B., N.S. Graham, and M.R. Broadley, Antioxidant response and carboxylate metabolism in Brassica rapa exposed to different external Zn, Ca, and Mg supply. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2015. 176: p. 16-24.
47.    Wiesner, M., M. Schreiner, and H. Glatt, High mutagenic activity of juice from pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp chinensis) sprouts due to its content of 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate, and its enhancement by elicitation with methyl jasmonate. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2014. 67: p. 10-16.
48.    Usami, A., et al., Chemical Composition, Aroma Evaluation, and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity of Volatile Oil Extracted from Brassica rapa cv. "Yukina" Used in Japanese Traditional Food. Journal of Oleo Science, 2014. 63(7): p. 723-730.
49.    Sun, L., H. Yan, and X. Jia, Contents Determination of Quercetin and Kaempferol and Fingerprint Chromatograms of Brassica Rapa L. Seed by HPLC. Chinese Journal of Modern Applied Pharmacy, 2014. 31(11): p. 1347-1351.
50.    Siddiqui, M.M., et al., Toxic effects of heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) on seed germination and growth and DPPH-scavenging activity in Brassica rapa var. turnip. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2014. 30(3): p. 238-249.
51.    Shin, J.-S., et al., Standardized ethyl acetate fraction from the roots of Brassica rapa attenuates the experimental arthritis by down regulating inflammatory responses and inhibiting NF-kappa B activation. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2014. 66: p. 96-106.
52.    Paul, P., et al., Identification of candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in Brassica rapa. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 2014. 55(4): p. 342-351.
53.    Lee, M.-K., et al., Variation of glucosinolates in 62 varieties of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp pekinensis) and their antioxidant activity. Lwt-Food Science and Technology, 2014. 58(1): p. 93-101.
54.    Lao, X., et al., Physiological and genetic analysis of CO2-induced breakdown of self-incompatibility in Brassica rapa. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2014. 65(4): p. 939-951.
55.    Chen, Y., et al., Selenium Inhibits Root Elongation by Repressing the Generation of Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide in Brassica rapa. Plos One, 2014. 9(10).
56.    Chen, Y., et al., The Endogenous Nitric Oxide Mediates Selenium-Induced Phytotoxicity by Promoting ROS Generation in Brassica rapa. Plos One, 2014. 9(10).
57.    Chen, X., et al., Hypoglycemic mechanism of volatile oil of plateau plant Brassica rapa L. in hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic mice. Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences), 2014. 52(12): p. 20-23.
58.    Wu, Q., et al., A new phenanthrene derivative and two diarylheptanoids from the roots of Brassica rapa ssp. campestris inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines and LDL-oxidation. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 2013. 36(4): p. 423-429.
59.    Wu, Q., et al., Carbohydrate derivatives from the roots of Brassica rapa ssp campestris and their effects on ROS production and glutamate- induced cell death in HT-22 cells. Carbohydrate Research, 2013. 372: p. 9-14.
60.    Wu, Q., et al., Phenolic Compounds from the Roots of Brassica rapa ssp campestris. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2013. 49(5): p. 852-856.
61.    Wiesner, M., et al., Induced Production of 1-Methoxy-indol-3-ylmethyl Glucosinolate by Jasmonic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate in Sprouts and Leaves of Pak Choi (Brassica rapa ssp chinensis). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2013. 14(7): p. 14996-15016.
62.    Wang, L., et al., Morphological and microscopic identification of Brassica rapa L. Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 2013. 30(8): p. 641-645.
63.    Sun, l., et al., Identify and determine the beta - sitsterol in the Brassica rapa by TLC and HPLC. West China Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013. 28(3): p. 295-297.
64.    Ogra, Y., et al., Analysis of animal and plant selenometabolites in roots of a selenium accumulator, Brassica rapa var. peruviridis, by speciation. Metallomics, 2013. 5(5): p. 429-436.
65.    Nishina, A., et al., Neurite Outgrowth of PC12 Cells by 4 '-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-3 ',4-Dimethoxychalcone from Brassica rapa L. 'hidabeni' was Enhanced by Pretreatment with p38MAPK Inhibitor. Neurochemical Research, 2013. 38(11): p. 2397-2407.
66.    Lee, K.-R., et al., Functional analysis and tissue-differential expression of four FAD2 genes in amphidiploid Brassica napus derived from Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea. Gene, 2013. 531(2): p. 253-262.
67.    Kastell, A., et al., Effects of Phytohormones and Jasmonic Acid on Glucosinolate Content in Hairy Root Cultures of Sinapis alba and Brassica rapa. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2013. 169(2): p. 624-635.
68.    Jeon, S.-M., et al., Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Powdered Brassica rapa Ethanol Extract on Alteration of Body Composition and Plasma Lipid and Adipocytokine Profiles in Overweight Subjects. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2013. 16(2): p. 133-138.
69.    Jafarian-Dehkordi, A., B. Zolfaghari, and M. Mirdamadi, The effects of chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of Brassica rapa L. on cell-mediated immune response in mice. Research in pharmaceutical sciences, 2013. 8(3): p. 159-65.
70.    Huang, L.X., et al., Uptake of arsenic species by turnip (Brassica rapa L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) treated with roxarsone and its metabolites in chicken manure. Food Additives and Contaminants Part a-Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment, 2013. 30(9): p. 1546-1555.
71.    Gallo, M., et al., Beneficial effects of Trichoderma genus microbes on qualitative parameters of Brassica rapa L. subsp sylvestris L. Janch. var. esculenta Hort. European Food Research and Technology, 2013. 236(6): p. 1063-1071.
72.    Fujiwara, A., et al., Exogenous ascorbic acid derivatives and dehydroascorbic acid are effective antiviral agents against Turnip mosaic virus in Brassica rapa. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 2013. 79(3): p. 198-204.
73.    Fierro, J.E., P. Jimenez, and E.D. Coy-Barrera, Antifungal Activity of Brassica rapa-Derived Extracts Against F. oxysporum. Planta Medica, 2013. 79(10): p. 888-888.
74.    Chen, X., et al., Study on Hypoglycemic Effect of Different Extracts of Brassica rapa on Diabetic Model Mice. China Pharmacy, 2013. 24(7): p. 596-598.
75.    Wu, Q., et al., New indoles from the roots of Brassica rapa ssp campestris. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2012. 48(2): p. 281-284.
76.    Wang, R., et al., Prediction and analysis of architecture as well as function of Brassica rapa defensin genes. Journal of Chongqing Normal University, 2012. 29(6): p. 80-86.
77.    Tenore, G.C., et al., Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Rapa Catozza Napoletana (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa DC.) seed meal, a promising protein source of Campania region (southern Italy) horticultural germplasm. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2012. 92(8): p. 1716-1724.
78.    Sun, Y., et al., Preliminary research of quality standard on Brassica rapa. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2012. 37(16): p. 2356-9.
79.    Sun, L., L. Tian, and Abuduxukuer·Tuerxun, Content Determination of 4 Kinds of Isothiocyanates Compounds in the Seeds of Brassica rapa by GC Me- thod. China Pharmacy, 2012. 23(47): p. 4482-4483.
80.    Shin, J.S., et al., Antiarthritic effects of Ethyl acetate fraction from Brassica rapa (EABR) through suppression of NF-kappa B. Planta Medica, 2012. 78(11): p. 1127-1127.
81.    Saeed, M.K., et al., Nutritional facts and free radical scavenging activity of turnip (Brassica rapa) from Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 2012. 19(3): p. 370-375.
82.    Ryu, J., et al., Antioxidant potential of ethanol extract of Brassica rapa L. root. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012. 6(9): p. 1581-1584.
83.    Rios, J.J., et al., Distribution of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the leaves of Brassica rapa under varying exogenous Ca and Mg supply. Annals of Botany, 2012. 109(6): p. 1081-1089.
84.    Ninomiya, M., et al., CHALCONE GLYCOSIDES FROM BRASSICA RAPA L. EHIDABENIF AND THEIR SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES INHIBIT LPS-INDUCED NO PRODUCTION. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2012. 50(5): p. 590-590.
85.    Liu, H., et al., Hypoglycemic effect of crude saponins of turnip (Brassica rapa L.) on diabetic mice. Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition, 2012. 40(6): p. 23-27.
86.    Furtula, V., et al., Effects of the Veterinary Pharmaceutical Salinomycin and its Formulation on the Plant Brassica rapa. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2012. 63(4): p. 513-522.
87.    Chen, F., et al., Three Brassica rapa metallothionein genes are differentially regulated under various stress conditions. Molecular Biology Reports, 2012. 39(3): p. 2157-2162.
88.    Ahmedi, A., et al., Enzymatic Degradation of Congo Red by Turnip (Brassica rapa) Peroxidase. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section C-a Journal of Biosciences, 2012. 67(7-8): p. 429-436.
89.    Zhang, X., et al., Correlation of leaf senescence and gene expression/activities of chlorophyll degradation enzymes in harvested Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis). Journal of Plant Physiology, 2011. 168(17): p. 2081-2087.
90.    Turson, M. and D. Xiaoli, RP-HPLC determination of Quercetin in Brassica rapa L.for Uighur medicine. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2011. 31(7): p. 1420-1422.
91.    Sun, L., et al., Determination of the oil in Brassica rapa by GC-MS and pre-column derivatization-HPLC method. West China Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011. 26(1): p. 62-64.
92.    Shin, J.-S., et al., Indole-Containing Fractions of Brassica rapa Inhibit Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression by Inactivating Nuclear Factor-kappa B. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2011. 14(12): p. 1527-1537.
93.    Shin, J.-S., et al., Arvelexin from Brassica rapa suppresses NF-kappa B-regulated pro-inflammatory gene expression by inhibiting activation of I kappa B kinase. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2011. 164(1): p. 145-158.
94.    Sengul, M., et al., SOME PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TURNIP (BRASSICA RAPA VAR. RAPA L.) ROOTS. Italian Journal of Food Science, 2011. 23(3): p. 338-343.
95.    Schreiner, M., et al., Enhanced Glucosinolates in Root Exudates of Brassica rapa ssp rapa Mediated by Salicylic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011. 59(4): p. 1400-1405.
96.    Samec, D., et al., Antioxidant potency of white (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) and Chinese (Brassica rapa L. var. pekinensis (Lour.)) cabbage: The influence of development stage, cultivar choice and seed selection. Scientia Horticulturae, 2011. 128(2): p. 78-83.
97.    Samad, F., et al., Antimicrobial Activity of Compounds Isolated from Brassica rapa Against Multi-drug Resistant Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Burn Wound Infection. Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 2011. 111: p. 2003-2003.
98.    Londo, J.P., et al., Glyphosate-drift but not herbivory alters the rate of transgene flow from single and stacked trait transgenic canola (Brassica napus) to nontransgenic B. napus and B. rapa. New Phytologist, 2011. 191(3): p. 840-849.
99.    Kato, M., et al., Kinetic Changes in Glucosinolate-Derived Volatiles by Heat-Treatment and Myrosinase Activity in Nakajimana (Brassica rapa L. cv. nakajimana). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011. 59(20): p. 11034-11039.
100.    Karowe, D.N. and C. Grubb, Elevated CO2 Increases Constitutive Phenolics and Trichomes, but Decreases Inducibility of Phenolics in Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2011. 37(12): p. 1332-1340.
101.    Hara, H., et al., Inhibitory effects of chalcone glycosides isolated from Brassica rapa L. 'hidabeni' and their synthetic derivatives on LPS-induced NO production in microglia. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2011. 19(18): p. 5559-5568.
102.    Hammond, J.P., et al., Regulatory Hotspots Are Associated with Plant Gene Expression under Varying Soil Phosphorus Supply in Brassica rapa. Plant Physiology, 2011. 156(3): p. 1230-1241.
103.    Francisco, M., et al., Effect of Genotype and Environmental Conditions on Health-Promoting Compounds in Brassica rapa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011. 59(6): p. 2421-2431.
104.    Daryoush, M., et al., Protective effect of turnip root (Brassica rapa L.) ethanolic extract on early hepatic injury in alloxanized diabetic rats. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2011. 5(7): p. 748-756.
105.    Daryoush, M., et al., Brassica rapa L. extract alleviate early hepatic injury in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2011. 5(31): p. 6813-6821.
106.    Abasi, A., G. Li, and J. Wang, Hypoglycemic function of polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. of Xinjiang. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2011. 48(3): p. 471-479.
107.    Xie, Y., et al., Composition analysis and anti-hypoxia activity of polysaccharide from Brassica rapa L. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2010. 47(4): p. 528-533.
108.    Washida, K., et al., Suppressive Effect of Yamato-mana (Brassica rapa L. Oleifera Group) Constituent 3-Butenyl Glucosinolate (Gluconapin) on Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia in Mice. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 2010. 74(6): p. 1286-1289.
109.    Olszyk, D., et al., Phytotoxicity Assay for Seed Production Using Brassica rapa L. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2010. 6(4): p. 725-734.
110.    Ninomiya, M., et al., Chalcone glycosides from aerial parts of Brassica rapa L. 'hidabeni', turnip. Phytochemistry Letters, 2010. 3(2): p. 96-99.
111.    Mucha-Pelzer, T., I. Mewis, and C. Ulrichs, Response of Glucosinolate and Flavonoid Contents and Composition of Brassica rapa ssp chinensis (L.) Hanelt to Silica Formulations Used as Insecticides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010. 58(23): p. 12473-12480.
112.    Lian, S.U.N., et al., Determination of monosaccharide compositions and contents in polysaccharide of Brassica rapa L by Pre-column derivatization-HPLC. West China Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2010. 25(2): p. 171-172.
113.    Kugimiya, S., et al., Present or Past Herbivory: A Screening of Volatiles Released from Brassica rapa Under Caterpillar Attacks as Attractants for the Solitary Parasitoid, Cotesia vestalis. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2010. 36(6): p. 620-628.
114.    Kato, M. and K. Shimomura, Identification of Isothiocyanates and Their Change by Heat Treatment in Leaves of Brassica rapa L. cv. Nakajimana. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology Animal, 2010. 46(Suppl. 1): p. 129-130.
115.    Itoh, T., et al., Chalcone glycosides isolated from aerial parts of Brassica rapa L. 'hidabeni' suppress antigen-stimulated degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2010. 18(19): p. 7052-7057.
116.    Cefola, M., et al., Effect of atmosphere composition on the quality of ready-to-use broccoli raab (Brassica rapa L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2010. 90(5): p. 789-797.
117.    An, X., et al., Comparative Study of Effects of Brassica Rapa Powder and Brassica Rapa Ointment on Protection Against Radiation Damage. Science & Technology Review, 2010. 28(10): p. 28-31.
118.    An, S., et al., Ethanolic Extracts of Brassica campestris spp. rapa Roots Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via beta(3)-Adrenergic Regulation of White Adipocyte Lipolytic Activity. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2010. 13(2): p. 406-414.
119.    Pereira, D.M., et al., Targeted Metabolite Analysis and Biological Activity of Pieris brassicae Fed with Brassica rapa var. rapa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2009. 57(2): p. 483-489.
120.    Park, D.-H., et al., Biological Safety and Anti-hepatofibrogenic Effects of Brassica rapa (Turnip) Nanoparticle. Molecular & Cellular Toxicology, 2009. 5(4): p. 317-322.
121.    Panigrahi, J., et al., Addition of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers to the Genetic Linkage Map of Brassica rapa L. (syn. campestris). Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section C-a Journal of Biosciences, 2009. 64(11-12): p. 882-890.
122.    Liao, C.-S., J.-H. Yen, and Y.-S. Wang, Growth inhibition in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) growth exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009. 163(2-3): p. 625-631.
123.    Li, Y.-H., et al., 5 Alpha-Reductase and Aromatase Inhibitory Constituents from Brassica rapa L. Pollen. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2009. 57(4): p. 401-404.
124.    Kim, Y.T., et al., Impact of cry1AC-carrying Brassica rapa subsp pekinensis on leaf bacterial community. Journal of Microbiology, 2009. 47(1): p. 33-39.
125.    Kim, I.-S., et al., Expression of a glutathione reductase from Brassica rapa subsp pekinensis enhanced cellular redox homeostasis by modulating antioxidant proteins in Escherichia coli. Molecules and Cells, 2009. 28(5): p. 479-487.
126.    Pereira, D.M., et al., Phenolics and organic acids with potential bioactivity in Pieris brassicae L. reared on Brassica rapa var. rapa L. Planta Medica, 2008. 74(9): p. 1092-1093.
127.    Lian, S.U.N., et al., Determination of 12 kinds of free amino acids in Brassica rapa L. seed by pre-column derivation RP-HPLC. West China Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2008. 23(4): p. 490-491.
128.    Jung, U.J., et al., Effects of the ethanol extract of the roots of Brassica rapa on glucose and lipid metabolism in C57BL/KsJ-db/dbmice. Clinical Nutrition, 2008. 27(1): p. 158-167.
129.    Jahangir, M., et al., Metal ion-inducing metabolite accumulation in Brassica rapa. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2008. 165(14): p. 1429-1437.
130.    Hong, E. and G.-H. Kim, Anticancer and antimicrobial activities of beta-phenylethyl isothiocyanate in Brassica rapa L. Food Science and Technology Research, 2008. 14(4): p. 377-382.
131.    Bae, E., et al., Inhibitory effect of Brassica rapa in ovalbumin-stimulated experimental asthmic mice. Natural Product Sciences, 2007. 13(2): p. 114-117.
132.    최혁재, et al., Hepatoprotective Effects of Brassica rapa (Turnip) on d-Galactosamine Induced Liver Injured Rats. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy, 2006. 37(4): p. 258-265.
133.    Romani, A., et al., HPLC-DAD/MS characterization of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic derivatives in turnip tops (Brassica rapa L. subsp sylvestris L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006. 54(4): p. 1342-1346.
134.    Rafatullah, S., et al., Preliminary phytochemical and hepatoprotective studies on Turnip Brassica rapa L. IJP - International Journal of Pharmacology, 2006. 2(6): p. 670-673.
135.    Liao, C.-S., J.-H. Yen, and Y.-S. Wang, Effects of endocrine disruptor di-n-butyl phthalate on the growth of Bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp chinensis). Chemosphere, 2006. 65(10): p. 1715-1722.
136.    Liang, Y.-S., et al., Metabolomic analysis of methyl jasmonate treated Brassica rapa leaves by 2-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Phytochemistry, 2006. 67(22): p. 2503-2511.
137.    Liang, Y.S., et al., Identification of phenylpropanoids in methyl jasmonate treated Brassica rapa leaves using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Chromatography A, 2006. 1112(1-2): p. 148-155.
138.    Kim, Y.-H., et al., Protective effect of the ethanol extract of the roots of Brassica rapa on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in LLC-PK1 cells and rats. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2006. 29(12): p. 2436-2441.
139.    Takemoto, D., A.R. Hardham, and D.A. Jones, Differences in cell death induction by phytophthora elicitins are determined by signal components downstream of MAP kinase kinase in different species of nicotiana and cultivars of Brassica rapa and Raphanus sativus. Plant Physiology, 2005. 138(3): p. 1491-1504.
140.    Meers, E., et al., Potential of Brassic rapa, Cannabis sativa, Helianthus annuus and Zea mays for phytoextraction of heavy metals from calcareous dredged sediment derived soils. Chemosphere, 2005. 61(4): p. 561-572.
141.    Kim, Y.K., et al., Chemical Constituents from the Root of Brassica campestris ssp rapa. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy, 2004. 35(3): p. 259-263.
142.    Brown, J., et al., Yield reduction in Brassica napus, B-rapa, B-juncea, and Sinapis alba caused by flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)) infestation in northern Idaho. Journal of Economic Entomology, 2004. 97(5): p. 1642-1647.
143.    Warwick, S.I., et al., Hybridization between transgenic Brassica napus L. and its wild relatives: Brassica rapa L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Sinapis arvensis L., and Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) OE Schulz. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2003. 107(3): p. 528-539.
144.    Cipollini, D.F., et al., Genetic variation and relationships of constitutive and herbivore-induced glucosinolates, trypsin inhibitors, and herbivore resistance in Brassica rapa. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2003. 29(2): p. 285-302.
145.    Qian, X., et al., Protective effects of leaf juice of Brassica rapa on radio-damage of mouse. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 2001. 27(4): p. 411-414.
146.    Kennett, E.L., A.B. Czechowski, and D.G. Moon, Use of Brassica rapa (Wisconson Fast Plants) to integrate the teaching of Biology, Chemistry, and Biostatistics in a first year Pharmacy college curriculum. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2000. 11: p. 26A-26A.
147.    Kim, H.K., et al., Anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) effect of isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated from Brassica rapa. Yakhak Hoeji, 1998. 42(6): p. 607-612.
148.    Mock, H.P., T. Vogt, and D. Strack, SINAPOYLGLUCOSE - MALATE SINAPOYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA AND BRASSICA-RAPA. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C-a Journal of Biosciences, 1992. 47(9-10): p. 680-682.
149.    Inamori, Y., et al., RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND PHYTOGROWTH-INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF 2,5-DIHYDROXY-1,4-DITHIANE-RELATED COMPOUNDS. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1992. 40(2): p. 536-538.
150.    Heinemann, W.W., APPLE POMACE IN STEER FINISHING DIETS. Washington State University Agricultural Research Center Research Bulletin, 1984(939): p. 1-5.
151.    Thompson, J.F. and D.P. Moore, ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF CYSTEINE AND S-METHYLCYSTEINE IN PLANT EXTRACTS. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1968. 31(2): p. 281-&.
152.    Zhang, Y., X. Lai, and X. Meng, Use of turnip extract for preparing food, drug or health care product for resisting fatigue, where turnip extract is obtained by using raw material comprising Brassica napus and Brassica rapa roots or leaves. Univ Chengdu Traditional Chinese Medicin; Univ Chengdu Tcm.
153.    Zhang, X. and Y. Zhang, Use of cruciferous plant e.g. Brassica oleracea, Brassica caulorapa and Brassica rapa in cosmetics. Beijing Jianxukang Technology Coop Ltd.
154.    Zhang, C., Brassica rapa nutritional food comprises useful for improving immunity, promoting growth and development of children, and delaying aging, comprises e.g. turnip powder, corn powder, soybean powder, nut powder, seed powder, and flower powder. Beijing Soda Life Biotechnology Co Ltd.
155.    Yu, F., L. Xu, and H. Zhang, Brewing radix rhapontici tea wine involves mixing cleaned fresh and mature reed root, Brassica rapa root and cogongrass rhizome uniformly to obtain mixture that is moistened in aqueous solution of citric acid, honey and vitamin C. Yu F.
156.    Xu, G., X. Cheng, and M. Zhou, Traditional Chinese medicine for treating subacute thyroiditis, comprises Agapetes lacei, Sida rhombifolia, millet, Brassica rapa, Balanophora dioica, wild grass coriander, turmeric, Calanthe tricarinata and Asparagus gobicus. Xu G.
157.    Wu, J., et al., New single-nucleotide polymorphism marker useful for identifying bolting of Brassica rapa crop, comprises nucleotide at exon of Brassica rapa flowering locus C gene on chromosome of Brassica rapa crop A03. Inst Vegetables & Flowers Chinese Acad A.
158.    Wang, Z. and Y. Lv, Medicine useful for treating biliary ascariasis, contains Omphalia, Torilis scabra, Achyranthes aspera, fructus mume, common vetch seeds, pericarpium zanthoxyli, Cymbidium faberi, sweet fruit of pomegranate, Brassica rapa and almond. Wang Z.
159.    Wang, J., J. Huang, and X. Pang, Preparing Uigur medicine useful in preparing anti-tumor medicine for treating e.g. glioma comprises e.g. extracting Brassica rapa by organic solvent extraction, concentrating, separating extract on a silica gel column, eluting and drying. Univ Shenyang Pharm.
160.    Unannounced, I., Brassica rapa L polysaccharide-containing facial mask useful for moisturizing and repairing skin, contains Brassica rapa L polysaccharide, humectant, anti-aging agent, dispelling component, desensitizer, lubricant and thickening agent. Guangzhou Juchan Modern Agric Res Inst.
161.    Shuai, F. and Pingcuoraoji, Traditional Chinese medicine composition used e.g. for treating hepatitis and clearing away heat, comprises Entada phaseoloides, Lagotis glauca, saffron, myrobalan, Brassica rapa, ginseng, guava seed, whin, pepper or Aplotaxis auriculata. Liuyang Limei Immunity Rehabilitation.
162.    Park, G.J., Pharmaceutical composition for use as health food and drug for eliminating nicotine, comprises herb medicine extract as active ingredient, which is made of Brassica rapa, Beta vulgaris, Pueraria thunbergiana and Rubus coreanus. Park G J.
163.    Otsu, I. and I. Ohtsu, New plant e.g. Brassica rapa and cauliflower useful for producing foodstuff used in cosmetics such as skin external preparation for preventing skin aging and providing antioxidant effect, comprises ergothioneine. Univ Tsukuba.
164.    Nam, I.B., et al., Pharmaceutical composition or health food for treating and preventing e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, comprises 4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile or its salt isolated from Brassica rapa extract as active ingredient. Kanghwa County; Gang H G.
165.    Liu, X., et al., New molecular markers useful for identifying Chinese cabbage Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis cytoplasmic male sterile. Hebei Acad Agric & Forestry Sci Economic.
166.    Li, M., Externally applied medicine useful for treating leucoderma, contains musk, radix angelicae, Carthamus tinctorius, cantharides, Brassica rapa, radix paeoniae rubra, radix saposhnikoviae, Croton, myrrh and Campsis grandiflora. Weifang Shengren Pharm Co Ltd.
167.    Lee, M.O., Preparing Brassica rapa vinegar used for e.g. preventing fatigue and arteriosclerosis, by fermenting mixture of white sugar and Brassica rapa, filtering fermented mixture, introducing yeast, fermenting mixture, and aging product. Lee M O.
168.    Kwon, K.W., Food composition useful for controlling blood sugar, comprises lactic acid bacteria fermented hot water extract of e.g. Brassica rapa, garlic, red ginseng, peanut sprouts, Chinese yam, Schisandra and oat, citric acid and lotus root. Passive Bio Farm Co Ltd.
169.    Kim, T.Y., et al., Method for preparing Helicobacter pylori inhibitory fraction for use in health food composition, involves homogenizing Brassica rapa, hydrolyzing and absorbing mixture with synthetic polymeric adsorbent followed by pulverizing and drying. Korea Yakult Co Ltd.
170.    Kim, H.H., et al., Composition useful as pharmaceutical, food and feed compositions for improving bone growth for treating osteoporosis chosen from primary osteoporosis and secondary osteoporosis, comprises Brassica rapa root extract. Univ Chung Ang Ind Acad Coop Found.
171.    Jeong, T.S., et al., Composition useful in food and pharmaceutical for treating obesity, comprises hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of Brassica rapa alcoholic extract. Kanghwa County.
172.    Jeon, B.H., et al., Composition useful as health functional food for treating vascular inflammatory diseases i.e. arteriosclerosis, hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease and heart failure, comprises Brassica rapa extract. Univ Ind & Academic Coop in Chungnam Nat.
173.    Hwang, Y.J., et al., Cosmetic composition useful for masking wrinkles and as skin astringent, comprises antioxidant comprising Brassica rapa extract, Brassica rapa subspecies rapa extract or Brassica rapa callus extract. Univ Gachon Ind Academic Coop Found.
174.    Hua, B. and X. Hua, Sauce useful e.g. for strengthening bones and muscles, prepared using e.g. goose meat, Brassica rapa, potato, watercress, silverbeet, miso, medlar, chili powder, pepper powder, soy sauce, ginger, monosodium glutamate, salt and water. Tongcheng Xingxin Food Co Ltd.
175.    Gao, P. and S. Jiang, Use of general flavone from Brassica rapa for preparation of medicine for losing weight, lowering blood fat, and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content and reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol content in blood serum. Xizang Inst Plateau Biology.
176.    Gao, P. and S. Jiang, Use of Brassica rapa L. organic acid to produce medicine e.g. for reducing obesity and blood lipids, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol content and rising high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol content. Xizang Inst Plateau Biology.
177.    Gao, P. and S. Jiang, Use of Brassica rapa total saponins in preparing weight reducing hypolipidemic agent, reducing total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol contents, and increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Xizang Inst Plateau Biology.
178.    Gao, P. and S. Jiang, Use of flavonoid derived from Brassica rapa in preparation of hypoglycemic medicine and health food for treating and preventing hyperglycemia. Xizang Inst Plateau Biology.
179.    Fan, J., et al., Tablet useful for e.g. calming sleep, softening blood vessel, reducing cholesterol, reducing blood fat, reducing blood pressure, comprises e.g. blueberry, grape, Pogostemon auricularis, Brassica rapa subsp. rapa, fungus, and spinach powder. Anhui Huiking Food Co Ltd.
180.    Dai, X., L. Gong, and Y. Zhang, Composition useful for e.g. relieving hypoxia, comprises Brassica rapa, Brassica rapa fresh juice, Brassica rapa extract, Brassica rapa polysaccharides, ginseng, ginseng extract, ginsenoside or their combinations, as active ingredient. Tibet Hong-Sento Food Linited by Share; Dai X.
181.    Chang, H.K., et al., New 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin protein derived from Brassica rapa, useful for promoting seed germination and plant growth in Arabidopsis thaliana, by peroxidation of active cysteine residue in oxidative stress condition. Univ Gyeongsang Ind Acad Coop Found.
182.    Cao, Z., Ginseng and Chinese yam candy tablet used for replenishing air and nourishing Yin comprises ginseng, Chinese yam, Brassica rapa, sword bean, and licorice. Liuyang Jinlan Pharm Co Ltd.
183.    Cao, Z., Tablet (confectionery) useful for treating loss of appetite, kidney deficiency and insomnia, prepared using e.g. Brassica rapa, Cassia seed,beach rose, fingered citron, nutmeg, honey, brown sugar, xylitol and magnesium stearate. Liuyang Jinlan Pharm Co Ltd.
184.    Cao, Z., Tablet candy useful for e.g. clearing away heat and toxic materials, moistening intestine and relieving constipation, contains Senna obtusifolia seed, Brassica rapa, brown sugar, hydroxypropyl starch, cocoa powder and magnesium stearate. Liuyang Jinlan Pharm Co Ltd.
185.    Baek, N.I., et al., Composition for preventing and treating diabetes comprising extract of brassica campestris ssp rapa capable of normalizing abnormality of glucose and lipid metabolism caused by diabetes. Kanghwa County.
186.    Baek, N., et al., Pharmaceutical composition for use as antibiotic adjuvant for preventing nephrotoxicity induced by anticancer agent, comprises zingerone glucopyranoside as active ingredient, where zingerone glucopyranoside is extracted from Brassica rapa. Kanghwa County.
187.    Baek, N., et al., Pharmaceutical composition for treating kidney toxicity and heart or circulatory system diseases selected from hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease or arteriosclerosis, comprises compound, which is extracted from Brassica rapa. Kanghwa County; Gang H.
188.    Abdukadir, A. and A. Abdurashit, Uyghur medicine lung care soup useful e.g. for relieving cough, reducing and eliminating phlegm and relieving asthma comprises Hyssopus officinalis, liquorice root, Cordia dichotoma, Brassica rapa and Russian olive flower honey. Xinjiang Abikai Wusa Biotechnology Co.
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tiglium Cryptolepis buchananii Cryptolepis dubia Cryptostegia grandiflora Cucumis sativus Cuminum cyminum Cupressus torulosa Curculigo orchioides Curcuma amada Curcuma longa Cuscuta reflexa Cyananthus lobatus Cyanthillium cinereum Cycas revoluta Cyclanthera pedata Cymbopogon nardus Cynodon dactylon Cyperus laevigatus Cyperus malaccensis Cyperus rotundus Dactyloctenium aegyptium Dactylorhiza hatagirea Dalbergia latifolia Datisca cannabina Datura metel Datura stramonium Daucus carota Delphinium ajacis Delphinium denudatum Delphinium elatum Dendrobium densiflorum Dendrobium ovatum Derris scandens Derris trifoliata Desmodium concinnum Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium heterocarpon Desmodium multiflorum Desmodium triflorum Dichrocephala integrifolia Dicliptera paniculata Didymocarpus pedicellatus Dillenia indica Dimorphocalyx glabellus Dimorphoteca ecklonis Dioscorea alata Dioscorea pentaphylla Dioscorea polygonoides Diospyros kaki Diospyros malabarica Dipteracanthus patulus Dipteracanthus prostratus Dolichandrone spathacea Dolichos biflorus Dregea volubilis Drimia indica Drosera peltata Duranta erecta Dysoxylum binectariferum Dysoxylum gotadhora Dysphania ambrosioides Echinocereus pentalophus Echinops niveus Echium plantagineum Edgeworthia gardneri Eichhornia crassipes Elaeagnus umbellata Elaeocarpus ganitrus Elephantopus scaber Eleutheranthera ruderalis Elsholtzia fruticosa Elytraria acaulis Embelia ribes Emblica officinalis Enterolobium cyclocarpum Ephedra foliata Ephedra gerardiana Epipactis helleborine Eranthemum pulchellum Eryngium foetidum Erysimum hieraciifolium Erythrina suberosa Erythrina variegata Euonymus echinatus Euonymus japonicus Eupatorium capillifolium Eupatorium perfoliatum Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbia cornigera Euphorbia cotinifolia Euphorbia granulata Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia hypericifolia Euphorbia milii Euphorbia nivulia Euphorbia peplus Euphorbia tirucalli Fagonia cretica Fagopyrum acutatum Ferula foetida Ficus elastica Ficus religiosa Filicium decipiens Filipendula vestita Flacourtia indica Flemingia procumbens Flemingia semialata Foeniculum vulgare Free Access Journal Fumaria indica Fumaria parviflora Furcraea foetida Galega officinalis General Gentiana kurroo Geranium lucidum Geranium nepalense Geranium pratense Geranium wallichianum Ghee Globba schomburgkii Glochidion hohenackeri Gloriosa superba Glycyrrhiza glabra Gmelina arborea Gomphrena globosa Gomphrena serrata Goodyera repens Grewia asiatica Grewia optiva Grewia serrulata Grewia tenax Gymnema sylvestre Habenaria edgeworthii Habenaria plantaginea Handroanthus impetiginosus Hedychium spicatum Helianthus annuus Helicteres isora Helinus lanceolatus Heliotropium indicum Hemidesmus indicus Hemigraphis alternata Hemigraphis colorata Hemigraphis hirta Heracleum sphondylium Herpetospermum pedunculosum Hibiscus cannabinus Hibiscus esculentus Hibiscus hirtus Hibiscus lobatus Hibiscus radiatus Hibiscus vitifolius Hippophae rhamnoides Holarrhena antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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