Clematis montana, Himalayan Clematis

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
Family: Ranunculaceae
English: Himalayan Clematis, Anemone clematis, Indian virgin's bower
Danish: Bjerg-Skovranke
Hindi: garol, geor bel, kanguli, kaunibai, kaunie-bali
Hungarian: Hegyi iszalag
Chinese: 大花绣球藤 
Finnish: Vuorikärhö
German: Berg-Waldrebe
Russian: Ломонос горный
Polish: Powojnik górski
Swedish: Bergklematis

Description: Vines woody. Branches terete, often shallowly 4--10-grooved, puberulous, glabrescent. Leaves ternate; petiole 2.5--9 cm; leaflet blades ovate, rhombic-ovate, or elliptic, 1.8--7(--14) × 1--5 cm, papery to herbaceous, undivided or 3-lobed, both surfaces sparsely puberulous, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin sparsely dentate or occasionally entire, apex acuminate or acuminate; basal veins abaxially nearly flat. Flowers (1 or)2--4(--6) borne together with several leaves from axillary buds of old branches, 1.5--11 cm in diam. Pedicel 1--20 cm, sparsely puberulous. Sepals 4, white or sometimes tinged pink, spreading, obovate to oblong-obovate, (0.7--)1.3--6.5 × (0.3--)1--2.5 (--3.5) cm, abaxially puberulous, adaxially glabrous, apex rounded to rarely emarginate or short acuminate. Stamens 6--18 mm, glabrous; anthers narrowly oblong, sometimes linear, (1.5--)2--3(--4) mm, apex obtuse to minutely apiculate. Ovaries glabrous, rarely puberulous. Style 0.5--1 cm, densely villous. Achenes ovate to rhombic-ovate, 4--5 × 3--4 mm, glabrous, rarely appressed puberulous; persistent style 2--6(--7) cm, plumose. Fl. Apr--Sep, fr. Jul--Sep.

Roots  for  skin  diseases  and  itching.  Leaves  decoction  in cold and fever; leaves skin irritant, blistering. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Urinary pain, menstruation disorder; diuretic, improves blood circulation [Taiwanese Native Medicinal Plants Phytopharmacology and Therapeutic Values]

21 Published articles of Clematis montana

Thalictrum foliolosum, Pitarangaa, Mamera, Meadow rue

Thalictrum foliolosum DC.
Family: Ranunculaceae
Synonym: Thalictrum dalingo Buch.-Ham. ex DC.

Common name: Leafy Meadow-Rue
Hindi: Mamera
Chinese: 金丝黄连, 
Sanskrit: Pitarangaa, Piyaaraangaa.

Other vernacular names: barmat, bhamrol, chaitra, chireta, chitramul, gurbiani,  jhalamala,  keraita,  makori,  mami-ranchini,  mamira, mamiran-chini, mamiri, mamiri shuprak, mimiri, pashmaran,  peelijari,  peelipari,  penglajari,  phalijari,  pilagor,  pilajari, pili jari, pili jarin, piligarhi, pilijari, piyaranga, shuprak, thangre-jhar, ubyakati

Description: Plants 0.9--1.2 m tall, glabrous. Stems branched. Petiole 1.5--5 cm; leaf blade 3-ternate, ca. 35 cm; leaflet blade rhombic-elliptic or ovate, 1--2.5 × 0.5--1.5 cm, leathery, abaxially not white powdery, base rounded or subcordate, apex obtuse or rounded, 3-lobed; lobes few; veins slightly raised abaxially, flat adaxially. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, paniculate, ca. 20 cm, many flowered. Sepals 4, early deciduous, yellow, greenish tinged, narrowly elliptic, 3--4.5 mm. Stamens many, 6--7 mm; filament filiform; anther narrowly oblong, ca. 2.5 mm, apex mucronate. Carpels 4--6; style equaling ovary; stigma linear. Achenes sessile; body fusiform, ca. 3 mm; veins ca. 8. Fl. Aug--Sep.

Used  in  Unani/Unani-Tibb  medicine.  Bitter,  pungent tonic,  slightly  purgative,  believed  to  improve  the  eyesight and relieve toothache. Pounded root eaten to cure malarial fever.  Roots  decoction  or  powder  antiperiodic,  antiinflammatory, diuretic, aperient, purgative, tonic, to treat eye and skin diseases, fever and jaundice; root extract applied for the treatment of eye ailments; root juice for peptic ulcer and indigestion; root powder against snakebites; root paste applied around the forehead in headache, and also applied to treat itching of skin. Ash of the roots used for eye trouble. A paste made from mamiri roots and from seeds of Datura stramonium used for eczema. Veterinary medicine, root poultice to cure foot and mouth diseases of animals; root paste along with Allium cepa given orally for treating fever and shuffle in cattle. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Activities  — Antipyretic, Aperient, Bitter, Cerebrotonic, Collyrium, Deobstruent, Diuretic, Laxative, Tonic .
Indications    — Atony ,  Conjunctivosis ,  Corneosis , Coryza, Dermatosis, Diarrhea, Dyspepsia, Fever, Gas, Hemorrhoid, Jaundice, Malaria, Onychosis, Ophthalmia, Toothache, Water Retention.
Dosages  — 14–28 ml tea, 1–2 ml root tincture, 0.5–1 g powder root . After 6 months storage, berberine was reduced to  1 / 4 , and magnoflorine to traces. [Handbook of Medicinal Herbs]

Plant—used against gout and rheumatism. Root—febrifuge, antiperiodic; a bitter tonic during convalescence. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Contagious fever, poisoning, wounds and infection. [Medicinal Plants of Dolpo]

8 Published articles of Thalictrum foliolosum

Delphinium denudatum, Nirvisha

Delphinium denudatum Wall
Family: Ranunculaceae

• Common name: Jadwar
• Arabic: عائق مكتشف
• Hindi: Jadwar, Judwar, Nirbishi, Nirbisi, Nirvisi
• Kannada: nirvishi
• Malayalam: nirvasi
• Marathi: nirvishi
• Nepali: निरबिशी Nirbishi
• Sanskrit: apavisha, avisa, avisha, nirvisa, nirvisha
• Tamil: nirbasi
• Urdu: jadwa, jadwaar, Khataai, Maatiryaaq.

Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Whole plant juice applied on cuts for immediate relief and healing. Roots bitter, febrifuge, anthelmintic,  diuretic,  antiinflammatory,  carminative,  vulnerary, stimulant, alterative, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, tonic, cooling,  digestive,  used  in  fever,  insanity,  jaundice,  strangury, obesity, skin diseases, ulcers, respiratory complaints, catarrh, cold, cough, asthma, toothache; dried roots chewed as  stimulant;  a  water-paste  of  the  roots  applied  on  ulcers; roots  powder  for  killing  lice;  roots  pressed  between  teeth to get relief from toothache. Seeds used for the treatment of skin eruptions. Veterinary medicine, roots for killing ticks and lice in domestic animals; antidote in case of poisoning caused by Aconitum ferox. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Root—astringent, vulnerary, deobstruent, alterative. Used for painful piles, muscular atrophy, gout and as a nervine tonic. Also used as an adulterant for aconite. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

39 Published articles of Delphinium denudatum

Pisum sativum, Pea, Batani, Matar

Pisum sativum L.
Family: Fabaceae

Common name: Pea, garden pea, green pea, snap pea
Arabic: بازلاء
Bengali: Matar, মটরশুঁটি
Bulgarian: Грах
Chinese: 豌豆
French: Pois
German: Erbse
Gujarati: Patana, વટાણા
Gurani: Kumanda
Hindi: मटर Matar
Japanese: エンドウ
Kannada: Batgadle, Bahtahna
Malayalam: പട്ടാനീ Pattani
Manipuri: হৌৱাঈথৰক Houwaitharak
Marathi: Vatane
Russian: Горох посевной
Sanskrit: हरेणुः harenu, Renuka, Satila, Triputa
Tamil: பட்டாணி Battani
Telugu: బఠాణి, batani
Urdu: Matar
Vietnamese: Đậu Hà Lan

Description: Annual, Herbs, Vines, twining, climbing, Taproot present, Nodules present, Stems prostrate, trailing, or mat forming, Stems less than 1 m tall, Climbing by tendrils, Stems hollow, or spongy, Stems or young twigs glabrous or sparsely glabrate, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Stipules conspicuous, Stipules green, triangu late to lanceolate or foliaceous, Stipules persistent, Stipules free, Stipules cordate, lobed, or sagittate, Stipules toothed or laciniate, Leaves compound, Leaves even pinnate, Leaf or leaflet margins entire, Leaflets opposite, Leaflets 2, Leaflets 4, Leaflets 5-9, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Flowers solitary in axils, or appearing solitary, Flowers in axillary clusters or few-floweredracemes, 2-6 flowers, Inflorescence axillary, Bracts very small, absent or caducous, Flowers zygomorphic, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx glabrous, Petals separate, Corolla papilionaceous, Petals white, Petals pinkish to rose, Petals blue, lavander to purple, or violet, Banner petal suborbicular, broadly rounded, Wing petals narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, Wing petals incurved, Wing tips obtuse or rounded, Keel tips obtuse or rounded, not beaked, Stamens 9-10, Stamens diadelphous, 9 united, 1 free, Filaments hairy, villous, Style terete, Style sharply bent, Style hairy, Style hairy on one side only, Fr uit a legume, Fruit unilocular, Fruit freely dehiscent, Fruit indehiscent, Fruit elongate, straight, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit inflated or turgid, Fruit glabrous or glabrate, Fruit 3-10 seeded, Seeds ovoid to rounded in outline, Seed surface smooth, Seed surface wrinkled or rugose, Seeds olive, brown, or black.

Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Root juice given for fever. Seed contraceptive, fungistatic, spermicide, for diabetes, acne and wrinkled skins, wounds and bruises, skin complaints; flour from the seeds emollient and resolvent, applied as a cataplasm. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Pea seeds are thought to cause dysentery when eaten raw. In Spain, fl our is considered emollient and resolvent, applied as a cataplasm. The seed  is  regarded  as  contraceptive,  fungistatic and spermacidal. The dried and pulverised seed has been used as a poultice on the skin to treat many types of skin complaints including acne. The  oil  from  the  seed,  administered  once  a month  to  women,  has  shown  promise  in  preventing pregnancy by interfering with the activity of progesterone. [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants V2]

283 Published articles of Pisum sativum

Ranunculus laetus, Renoncule bulbeuse

Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Hook. f. & J.W. Thomson
Family: Ranunculaceae

Chinese: 黄毛茛,  huang mao gen
French: Renoncule bulbeuse

Description: Herbs perennial. Roots fibrous, subequally thick. Rhizomes ca. 2 cm. Stems 22--65 cm, hirsute below, strigose above, branched or simple. Basal leaves 1--3; petiole 4--19 cm, hirsute; blade 3-partite, cordate-pentagonal, 1.2--4.8 × 1.7--7.8 cm, herbaceous, strigose, base cordate, central lobe broadly rhombic, 3-lobed, margin irregularly dentate, apex acute; lateral lobes obliquely flabellate, unequally 2-lobed. Lower stem leaves similar to basal ones but petioles shorter, upper stem leaves subsessile or sessile. Monochasium terminal, (1 or)2--4-flowered; bracts leaflike. Flowers 1--2 cm in diam. Pedicel 1--4.5 cm. Receptacle glabrous. Sepals 5, ovate-elliptic or long elliptic, 3--5 mm, abaxially strigose. Petals 5, broadly obovate, 4.5--10 × 3--7.8 mm, nectary pit covered by a scale, apex rounded-truncate. Stamens numerous; anthers oblong. Aggregate fruit globose or broadly ovoid, 5--6 mm in diam.; carpels numerous. Achene bilaterally compressed, obliquely obovate, ca. 2.2 × 1.8 mm, glabrous, inconspicuously marginate; style persistent, ca. 0.6 mm, slightly recurved at apex. Fl. Jun--Oct.

Plant juice antibacterial, febrifuge, antifungal and antimalarial,  used  in  intermittent  fevers,  gout  and  asthma.  Paste made from the leaves used for gas troubles and joint pains. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

70–80 g of fresh leaves are ground daily for 7–8 min; 2–3 tsp (15–25 mL) of water is also added. This paste ( malum ) is applied on infected parts and wounds; 1–2 tsp (12–15 g) of paste (at one time) is applied on infection and covered with cloth; or 2–3 tsp (20–30 g) is applied to wound once per day for 1–2 days. [ Medicinal Plant Biodiversity of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan]

Published articles of  Ranunculus laetus

Medicago lupulina, Black Medic, Luzerne lupuline

Medicago lupulina L.
Family: Leguminosae
Synonyms: Medica lupulina Scop., Medicago appenina Woods, Medicago cupaniana Guss., Medicago lupulina subsp. cupaniana (Guss.) Nyman, Medicago lupulina subsp. eurasiatica Braun-Blanq., Medicago lupulina var. glandulosa W.D. J.Koch, Medicago lupulina var. lupulina, Medicago wildenowii Merat

Common name: Black Medic, Hop-clover, Black Medick
Arabic: نفل (نَفَل)، نفله (نَفَلَه، نَفْله)، نفل (نِفِل)
Chinse: 天蓝 , 天蓝苜蓿 , 黑荚苜蓿
Finnish: Nurmimailanen
French: Luzerne lupuline, Minette, Luzerne de Cupani
German: Hopfenklee
Italian: Erba-medica lupulina
Romanian: trifoi marunt

Description: Annual, Herbs, Taproot present, Nodules present, Stems or branches arching, spreading or decumbent, Stems prostrate, trailing, or mat forming, Stems less than 1 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs sparsely to densely hairy, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Stipules conspicuous, Stipules green, triangulate to lanceolate or foliaceous, Stipules persistent, Stipules free, Leaves compound, Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, Leaves odd pinnate, Leaflets dentate or denticulate, Leaflets opposite, Leaflets 3, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Leaves hairy on one or both surfaces, Inflorescences spikes or spike-like, Inflorescences globose heads, capitate or subcapitate, Inflorescence axillary, Bracts hairy, Flowers zygomorphic, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx hairy, Petals separate, Corolla papilionaceous, Petals clawed, Petals orange or yellow, Banner petal ovoid or obovate, Wing pet als narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, Wing petals auriculate, Wing tips obtuse or rounded, Keel tips obtuse or rounded, not beaked, Stamens 9-10, Stamens diadelphous, 9 united, 1 free, Filaments glabrous, Style terete, Fruit a legume, Fruit unilocular, Fruit freely dehiscent, Fruit strongly curved, falcate, bent, or lunate, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit hairy, Fruit gland-dotted or with gland-tipped hairs, Fruit 1-seeded, Seeds reniform, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black.

Decoction of leaves, stem, flowers and fruits given orally to treat disorders of lungs, coughs and heal wounds. Veterinary medicine, galactagogue, lenitive, nutritive fodder. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

98 Published articles of Medicago lupulina

Consolida ajacis, Delphinium ajacis, Dauphinelle des jardins

Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur
Synonym: Delphinium ajacis L.
Family: Ranunculaceae

• Common name: Larkspur, rocket larkspur, annual delphinium, doubtful knight's-spur
• Chinese: 飞燕草
• Dutch: Valse ridderspoor
• Finnish: Tarhakukonkannus
• French: Dauphinelle des jardins
• Italian: calcitrappa, fiorcappuccia
• Picard: Pyidaloehéte
• Portuguese: Esporinha
• Swedish: romersk riddarsporre

Description: Stems 3-8(-10) dm, glabrous to sparsely puberulent. Leaves 5-20 or more. Leaf blade orbiculate, 12-60-lobed or more, 1-5 cm wide, glabrous to puberulent, lobes less than 1.5 mm wide. Inflorescences 6-30(-75)-flowered, simple or with 3 or fewer branches; bracts (at least lowermost 2) with 5 or more lobes; pedicel ascending-spreading, 1-3(-5) cm, ± puberulent; bracteoles not touching sepals, 4-20mm from flower, ± linear, 1-3mm, ± puberulent. Flowers: sepals blue to purple, rarely pink or white, nearly glabrous, lower sepal 8-18 × 4-8mm, lateral sepals 8-18 × 6-14 mm, spur 12-20 mm; petals of same color as sepals or whiter, lateral lobes 3-6mm, terminal lobes 5-8 × 2-4 mm, sinus 0.2-1 mm. Follicles 12-25 mm, puberulent.

Whole  plant  very  poisonous,  parasiticide,  insecticidal. Toxic,  cattle  are  the  primary  animals  affected,  toxin  can also affect other ruminants as well as horses. Dangerous all parts, especially seeds and young leaves; roots believed to kill cows. Used in infusions to treat heart problems, wounds. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Seed and leaf can induce dermatosis. Alkaloids ajacine and delphinine, occurring in  seed  and  young  plants  of  most  Delphinium  spp.  Ingestion  may  cause  stomach  upset  and nervous  symptoms;  death  may  occur  if  the  plant  is  eaten  in  large  quantities,  especially  by children. In Asia the seeds are reported to poison cattle; still they are used as cathartic and emetic. [Handbook of Medicinal Herbs]

60 Published articles of Consolida ajacis

Salvia splendens, bonfire salvia, scarlet sage

Salvia splendens Sellow ex Roem. & Schult
Family: Lamiaceae

• English: bonfire salvia, scarlet sage
• Chinese: yi chuan hong, 象牙红
• French: sauge écarlate, sauge éclatante, Sauge rouge
• German: Pracht-Salbei
• Korean: kkaekkot
• Manipuri: মোৰোকলৈ Moroklei

Description: Herbs suffruticose, to 90 cm tall. Petiole 3-4.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade ovate to triangular-ovate, 2.5-7 × 2-4.5 cm, glabrous, abaxially glandular, base truncate or ± rounded, margin serrate, apex acuminate. Verticillasters 2-6-flowered, in racemes to 20 cm; bracts ovate, red, enveloping flowers in bud, apex caudate-acuminate. Pedicel 4-7 mm, red glandular villous. Calyx red, campanulate, ca. 1.6 cm in flower, dilated to 2 cm after anthesis, red glandular, veins villous, 2-lipped to ca. 1/3 its length; upper lip triangular-ovate, 5-6 × 10 mm, apex mucronate; lower lip slightly longer than upper, deeply 2-toothed, teeth triangular. Corolla scarlet, 4-4.2 cm, pubescent; tube slightly dilated at throat; upper lip straight, somewhat concave, oblong, 8-9 × ca. 4 mm; lower lip shorter than upper. Filaments ca. 5 mm; connectives ca. 1.3 cm. Nutlets dark brown, ellipsoid, ca. 3.5 mm, apex irregularly pleated, margin (or midvein) narrowly winged. Fl. Mar-Oct.

211 Published articles of Salvia splendens

Ranunculus sceleratus, Cursed Buttercup, Nasa samvedana, Jaldhaniya

Ranunculus sceleratus L.
Family: Ranunculaceae
Synonyms: Adonis palustris Raeusch., Batrachium sceleratum (L.) Th.Fr. ex A.Pihl, Hecatonia palustris Lour., Hecatonia scelerata Fourr., Ranunculus carnosus Wall. [Invalid], Ranunculus holophyllus Hance, Ranunculus indicus Roxb., Ranunculus oryzetorum Bunge, Ranunculus sceleratus var. sceleratus, Ranunculus sceleratus f. sceleratus, Ranunculus sceleratus var. sinensis H. Lév. & Vaniot

Common name: Cursed Buttercup, Poisonous buttercup, Celery-leaved buttercup, Blister buttercup
Arabic: زغلنته (زَغَلَنته)
Chinese: 石龙芮
Dutch: Blaartrekkende boterbloem
Finnish: Konnanleinikki
French: Renoncule scélérate, Renoncule à feuilles de Cèleri
Hindi: Shim, Aglaon, जलधनिया Jaldhaniya
Manipuri: Lalukaoba
Marathi: khajakollathi, Kulagi
Nepali: नाककोरे Nakkore
Romanian: boglari
Sanskrit: Kandakatuka, Kandira, नससंवेदना Nasasamvedana
Swedish: Blåsranunkel

Erect  annual  or  perennial  herb,  many branched,  thickened  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots,  stems  sulcate, submerged and aerial leaves quite distinct, pale yellow flowers,  petals  shorter  than  sepals  with  nectariferous  pit, capitate  stigma,  achenes  with  irregular  transverse  ridges, leaf as vegetable.

Plant  contains  a  toxic  irritant  acrid  juice  that  produces  protoanemonin  upon  mastication;  ranunculin,  a  glycoside,  becomes  a  volatile  irritant,  protoanemonin,  after  enzyme mediated conversion through mastication. All types of livestock  can  become  ill  upon  ingestion,  but  cattle  are  most  commonly  affected.  Horses  and  goats  have  also  been  poisoned.  A  strong  fungicidal,  anodyne,  used  in  skin  disorders; leaves ground with Brassica oil and applied externally  on  eczema.  Herb  emmenagogue,  galactagogue.  Plant  juice  given in bronchitis, cough; plant crushed and tied on ulcers  on feet; paste of roots with mustard oil used on swellings;  paste regularly applied on penis for increasing erectile power  and against impotence. Whole plant decoction as insecticide.  Powdered plant mixed with flour and sugar and used for rat  poisoning. Leaves vesicant. Poison for arrow points. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants].

Ranunculus sceleratus L. has been used to raise blisters and as counter-irritant since time immemorial. In China, Ranunculus sceleratus L. is used to treat colds, arthritis and rheumatisms and to invigorate health. In Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, the seeds are eaten to promote appetite and digestion, treat kidney diseases and heal abscesses. [Medicinal Plants of The Aisa-Pacific: Drugs for The Future?]

93 Published articles of Ranunculus sceleratus

Dillenia indica, Elephant Apple, Avartaki, Kattaral

Dillenia indica L.
Family: Dilleniaceae
Synonyms: Dillenia elongata Miq., Dillenia indica f. elongata (Miq.) Miq., Dillenia speciosa Thunb.

Common name: Elephant Apple, Indian catmon, Hondapara Tree, Ma-tad
Arabic: ديلنيا هندية
Assamese: owtenga ঔটেঙা
Bengali: chalta চালতা
Chinese: 五桠果
Finnish: Intiandillenia
French: Dillénie d'Inde
Hindi: चलता Chalta, Karambel
Kannada: ಬೆಟ್ಟಕಣಿಗಲು Bettakanigalu
Malayalam: Punna, Vazchpunna, Pinnay, മലമ്പുന്ന
Marathi: Mota karmal, Karambel
Nepali: पांच फल Paanca phal, Panca kule, राम फल Ram phal, ठूलो तातरी Thulo tatri
Oriya: ouu ଓଉ
Sanskrit: Avartaki, Bhavya, Bharija. 
Tamil: Kattaral, Ugakkay
Telugu: రేవడి Revadi, ఉవ్వ, ఉప్పు పొన్న, కలింగ, చిన్నకలింగ, పెద్దకలింగ
Thai: มะตาด

Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark, leaves and fruits crushed  and the juice drunk for cough, cold, fever, diarrhea. Dry bark  with seeds of Sesamum orientale made into a paste applied  on blistering boils; bark and leaves used to stop bleeding. Dry  powdered roots of Abroma augustum with bark of Dillenia  indica  and  Terminalia  chebula  given  in  urinary  diseases.  Root febrifuge; a decoction of roots with roots of Ficus auriculata and Urena lobata given in discharge of blood in urine;  a decoction of roots with roots of Glycosmis pentaphylla and  Litsea monopetala given in biliousness; root paste given to  cause abortion. Mucilaginous exudate from fruits applied on  infected parts to kill skin lice; fruit paste applied with ginger  on hydrocele, salted juice of boiled fruits given as an expectorant. Half ripened fleshy calyx pickled and eaten for stomach  disorders. Pounded mixture of kernels of Castanopsis indica  with flower of Dillenia indica and flowers of Musa balbisiana  given  in  blood  dysentery.  Veterinary  medicine,  leaves  of  Cymbopogon  flexuosus   pounded  together  with  those  of  Dillenia indica given to check diarrhea of domestic animals. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Leaf  and  bark  as  an  astringent and laxative, the bruised bark, externally  as  a  cataplasm  in  arthritis,  and  the  fruit  juice as a cough mixture, a cooling beverage as  also for toning up the nervous  system. It is considered  a  ‘vata’  suppressant,  ‘pitta’  augmenting  drug in Ayurveda. The fruit  is slightly laxative and induce diarrhoea, if taken  excessively.  The  juice  of  the  fruit,  mixed  with  sugar and water, is used as a cooling beverage in  fevers  and  as  a  cough  mixture  and  also  as  a  cardiotonic. [Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits]

Yajurveda: An important plant; Upavarhana Samhita: the plant  is aphrodisiac and promotes virility; Charaka Samhita: the fruit is  sweet,  acidic,  astringent,  removes  bile,  phlegm,  fetid  and  flatulence; Sushruta Samhita: fruit cardio tonic, tasteful, astringent,  acidic, removes bile, phlegm, fetid and flatulence; Rajanighantu:  green fruit is acidic, pungent, hot, removes wind, phlegm, but the  ripe  fruit  is  sweet,  sour,  appetising and  beneficial  in  colic  associated  with mucous; Matsya  Purana:  decoction of this  plant  can be used as universal antidote for poison; Agni Purana: spraying  water, containing stem extract, on and around the wound caused  by spider bite helps in removing the poison. [Horticultural,  Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]

59 Published articles of  Dillenia indica

Ranunculus arvensis, Chambul

Ranunculus arvensis L.
Family: Ranunculaceae

English: corn buttercup
Arabic:  زغلنته (زَغَلَنته)
Chinese: 田野毛茛
Dutch: Akkerboterbloem
Hungarian: Vetési boglárka
Finnish: Peltoleinikki
French: Renoncule des champs, Chausse-trappe des blés
German: Acker-Hahnenfuß
Punjabi: Chambul
Kashmir: Gager-kanda

Description: Herbs annual. Stems ca. 30 cm, sparsely appressed puberulent, branched. Basal leaves 3--5; petiole 1.6--6 cm, sparsely puberulent; blade 3-lobed, 3-partite, or 3-sect, obovate or broadly rhombic, 1.5--3.5 × 1.5--4 cm, papery, sparsely appressed puberulent, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, lobes narrowly cuneate, 2- or 3-dentate at apex. Stem leaves petiolate or sessile, 1- or 2-ternate, ultimate lobes narrowly cuneate or linear-lanceolate. Flowers leaf-opposed, ca. 1 cm in diam. Pedicel 2--4 cm, appressed puberulent. Receptacle puberulent. Sepals 5, narrowly ovate, ca. 5 mm, abaxially appressed puberulent. Petals 5, obovate, ca. 5 × 3.8 mm, nectary pit covered by a scale, apex rounded. Stamens numerous. Aggregate fruit subglobose, ca. 1.2 cm in diam. Achene complanate, elliptic, ca. 5 × 3.5 mm, glabrous, spiny, spines up to 2 mm; style persistent, ca. 2.6 mm. Fl. Apr--May.

Considered as poisonous weed, a swelling of throat if cattle eat it. Plant decoction to kill intestinal worms. Herb given in intermittent fever and asthma; antibiotic, antiseptic paste applied on skin ailments. Leaves extract for eczema. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Used in intermittent fevers, asthma and gout [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

14 Published articles of Ranunculus arvensis

Lathyrus sativus, Grass pea, Triputa, Latri

Lathyrus sativus L.
Family: Fabaceae

Common names: grass pea, blue sweet pea, chickling vetch, Indian pea, Indian vetch, white vetch
Amharic: ጓያ
Arabic: جلبان مزروع turmos 
Bengali: খেসারি ডাল
Bangladesh: khesar
Catalan: Guixera
Crotia: jari grah
Ethiopia: guaya
Greece: λαθούρι
Hindi: लतरी
Hungarian: Szegletes lednek
Itali: cicerchia
Portugal: chícharos
Spanish: almorta or alverjón
Sanskrit: thriputa, kalaaya, khandikaa, lanka, sandika

Description: Glabrous to subglabrous, annual, stem winged. Leaf paripinnately compound, leaflets 2, 5-100 mm long, 1.5-11 mm broad, narrowly lanceolate to linear, stipules lanceolate, semisagittate; median and upper leaves with mostly 3-sect tendrils. Peduncle 1-flowered, 3.0-6.0 cm. Calyx 7-10 mm long, teeth subequal, 1 ½-3 times as long as the tube. Corolla red, blue or white, 12-24 mm long. Fruit 2.5-3.3 cm long, 9-12 mm broad, upper suture broadly winged, wings 1-2.5 mm wide; 3-5-seeded.

Used in Ayurveda and Unani. The plant is reported to be poisonous to stock. Seeds cathartic, poisonous. Ingesting the seeds for 3–6 months can cause neurolathyrism, a syndrome characterized by muscular rigidity, weakness, and paralysis of the leg muscles. In severe cases, victims may be reduced to  crawling.  Young  men  between  20  and  30  years  old  are primarily affected. Livestock may also develop paralysis if they ingest grass pea for a long time. BOAA (beta-N-oxalylamino-L-alanine)  is  generally  regarded  as  the  cause  of neurolathyrism. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Seeds—toxic. Prolonged consumption results in paralysis of legs, both in animals and human beings, known as lathyrism. The toxic substance responsible for lathyrism had been identified as selenium. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

96 Published articles of Lathyrus sativus

Pachyrhizus erosus, Jicama, Sankalu

Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb.
Family: Leguminosae / Fabaceae

Synonyms: Cacara bulbosa Thouars, Cacara bulbosa Rumphius ex Du Petit-Thouars, Cacara erosa (L.) Kuntze, Cacara palmatiloba (DC.) Kuntze, Dolichos articulatus Lam., Dolichos bulbosus L., Dolichos erosus L., Dolichos palmatilobus DC., Pachyrhizus angulatus DC., Pachyrhizus articulatus Walp., Pachyrhizus bulbosus (L.) Kurz, Pachyrhizus erosus var. erosus, Pachyrhizus erosus var. palmatilobus (DC.) R.T.Clausen, Pachyrhizus erosus var. typicus R.T.Clausen, Pachyrhizus jicamas Blanco, Pachyrhizus palmatilobus (DC.) Benth. & Hook.f., Pachyrhizus strigosus R.T.Clausen, Robynsia lobata M.Martens & Galeotti, Robynsia macrophylla M.Martens & Galeotti, Stizolobium bulbosum (L.) Spreng., Stizolobium domingense Spreng., Taeniocarpum articulatum (Lam.) Desv.

English: jicama, Yam-Bean
Arabic: هيكاما
Bengali: Sakalu
Chinese: 番葛
Finnish: Pikkujamssipapu
French: Pachyrhize rongé
Hindi: संकालू , sankalu
Japanese:  kuso-imo
Thai: มันแกว
Vietnamese: Cây củ đậu

Description: Perennial, Herbs, Vines, twining, c limbing, Taproot present, Nodules present, Stems prostrate, trailing, or mat forming, Stems less than 1 m tall, Stems greater than 2 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs sparsely to densely hairy, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Stipules conspicuous, Stipules green, triangulate to lanceolate or foliaceous, Leaves compound, Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, Leaf or leaflet margins entire, Leaflets lobed or hastate, Leaflets opposite, Stipels present at base of leaflets, Leaflets 3, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Leaves hairy on one or both surfaces, Inflorescences racemes, Inflorescence axillary, Bracts very small, absent or caducous, Bracteoles present, Flowers zygomorphic, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx 2-lipped or 2-lobed, Calyx glabrous, Calyx hairy, Petals separate, Corolla papilionaceous, Petals clawed, Petals white, Petals blue, lavander to purple, or violet, Petals bicolored or with red, purple or yellow streaks or spots, Banner petal suborbicular, broadly rounded, Banner petal auriculate, Wing petals narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, Wing petals auriculate, Wing petals incurved, Keel abruptly curved, or spirally coiled, Keel tips obtuse or rounded, not beaked, Stamens 9-10, Stamens diadelphous, 9 united, 1 free, Filaments glabrous, Style flattened, Style sharply bent, Style hairy, Style hairy on one side only, Fruit a legume, Fruit unilocular, Fruit freely dehiscent, Fruit elongate, straight, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit compressed between seeds, Fruit hairy, Fruit 3-10 seeded, Seeds subquadrate, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black.

Used in Ayurveda. Toxins, leaves, ripe beans and mature seeds  poisonous;  young  hairy  pods  cause  irritation.  Seeds for skin diseases, boils; seed oil can be used as a purgative, anthelmintic, insecticide. Flour obtained from tubers in the treatment of dysentery and hemorrhoids. Root to cure fever, headache, cholera, smallpox and to stop bleeding. Seeds stupefy fish. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants].

136 Published articles of Pachyrhizus erosus

Jasminum multiflorum, Kunda, Molla, Kasturi malligai

 Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews
Family: Oleaceae
Synonyms: Jasminum congestum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., Jasminum gracillimum Hook.f., Jasminum multiflorum var. nicobaricum Thoth., Jasminum multiflorum f. pubescens (Retz.) Bakh.f., Jasminum pubescens (Retz.) Willd., Mogorium multiflorum (Burm.f.) Lam., Mogorium pubescens (Retz.) Lam., Nyctanthes multiflora Burm.f., Nyctanthes pubescens Retz.

Common names: downy jasmine, Indian jasmine, musk jasmine, star jasmine, winter jasmine
Assamese:  খৰিকা জাঁই khorika jai
Bengali: চামেলি chameli, কুঁদ kunda
Gujarati: મોગરો mogro
Hindi:  बलिनी balini , बन मालती ban malati, कुंद kunda, पालिन्द palind, दलाढक daladhak, दलकोश dal-kosh, दन्तपत्त्रक danta-patraka, जंगली चमेली jangali chameli
Kannada: ದೊಡ್ಡ ಕಾಡು ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ dodda kaadu mallige, ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ kasturi mallige, ಮಾಗಿ ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ maagi mallige
Kashmiri: कुलिमु kulyumu, कुन्दम् kundam
Konkani: रान मोगरी ran mogri
Malayalam: കുന്ദം kundam, കുരുണ kuruna
Manipuri: কুন্দো kundo
Marathi: कुंद kunda, रान मोगरा ran mogra
Oriya: ଦଳ କୋଷ dala kosha, ଦନ୍ତ ପତ୍ରକ danta patraka,  ଦନ୍ତପୁଷ୍ପ dantapushpa , କରାଳ karala, କୁନ୍ଦ kunda, ମାଘ୍ଯ maghya, ତପସ୍ଯ tapasya
Sanskrit: अट्टहासक attahasaka, दलाढक daladhaka, कुन्द kunda, माघ्य maghya, मनोहर manohara, मुक्तापुष्प muktapuspa, पालिन्द palinda, तपस्य tapasya, वोरट vorata
Tamil: கஸ்தூரிமல்லிகை kasturi-mallikai, மகரந்தமல்லிகை makaranta-mallikai
Telugu: కుందము kundamu, మొల్ల molla
Tibetan: kun de

Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaves crushed and the juice given in typhoid; pounded leaves mixed in water and taken in stomachache; a poultice of the leaves to treat indolent ulcers; crushed leaves applied on forehead for headache. Root used as an emmenagogue, antidote, febrifuge or emetic, a cure for snakebite.  Flowers  applied  as  a  lactifuge.  Bark  boiled  and applied on burnt parts of the body. For stomach troubles, a decoction from leaves mixed with leaves of Annona reticulata,  Annona  squamosa  and  Genianthus  laurifolius  taken with sugar. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Diuretic, emetic. Boiled bark—applied on burns. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

18 Published articles of Jasminum multiflorum

Solanum nigrum, Black Night Shade, Manatakkali, kakamachi, Mokoi

Solanum nigrum L.
[Solanum americanum Mill. is an accepted name]
Family: Solanaceae

English: Black Night Shade
Arabic: بندوره، مسلحه، رمرام
Chinese: 龙葵
Hindi: Mokoi मोकोय
Manipuri: লৈপুঙখাংগ Leipungkhangga
Tamil: மணதக்காளி Manatakkali
Telugu: కామంచి kamanchi

Name is various languages: AFRIKAANS: nastergal, galbessie, nasgal, nasgalbossie, wildenastagal; AJA: gbohi; AMHARIC:  awt; ASSAMESE: pokmow, pichkati; BADAGA: ga:ke; BELARUSAN: paslen cherni; BEMBÉ:  moussosso; BENGALI: gurkamai, kakmachi, tulidun; BICOLANO, CENTRAL: lagkakum, lubi- lubi; BINUKID: ketuglew, muti; BONTOC, CENTRAL: am ti, anti; BRETON: froud, sanab;  BUHID: samaray, sanaray; CEBUANO: bolagtab, hulablub, kama tis-manok, kuru-kamatis, lubi- lubi, malasili; CHINESE, MANDARIN: long kui; CHINESE, WÚ: ma ti cai, ye hai jiao; CHINESE,  YUE: long kui, dong han cai; CHUWABU: mai-mati-mati; CRIOULO, CAPE VERDE: santa-maria,  malagueta-de-galinha, uva-de-santa maria; CZECH: lilek černý, lilek; DANISH: sort natskygge;  DIGO: mnavu; DUTCH: zwarte nachtschade, agoema; ENGLISH: wonderberry, black nightshade,  common nightshade, poisonberry; ESTONIAN: must maavits; FILIPINO: konti, black nightshade;  FINNISH:  mustakoiso;  FON:  gboma;  FRENCH:  morelle  noire,  tue-chien;  GALICIAN:  herba  moura;  GBE,  WACI:  asukusɛ;  GEN:  gbonyamɛ;  GERMAN:  Nachtschatten,  schwarze  Nachtschatten, schwarze Teufelskirsche, falsche Blaubeere; GIKUYU: managu; GONJA: katare,  katere; GREEK: agriotomatia, styfnos; GUJARATI: piludi; HANUNOO: dutun ilamnu, nunti;  HEBREW: solanum shah̤or, ‛invey shu‛al; HINDI: makoi, gurkamai, kabaiya; HINDUSTANI:  makoiya; HMONG-DAW: zaub iab; HMONG-NJUA: zaub ab; HUNGARIAN: fekete csúcsor;  IBALOI: natang-ni-aso, nateng; IFUGAO: am ti, amti-iitang; INDONESIAN: leunca; ISNAG:  bakohan; ITALIAN: solano nero, erba morella, morella minore, ballerina, pomidorella; IVATAN:  malanateng,  nateng;  JAPANESE:  inu-hôzuki;  KALAGAN:  am ti;  KANKANAEY:  am ti;  KANNADA: karikaachi gida; KASHMIRI: makō; KAZAKH: paslen chernyj; KISI, SOUTHERN:  sahéyo; KWANYAMA: ndemukolenghula; LATVIAN: melaā naktene; LITHUANIAN: juodoji  kiauliauogė; MACEDONIAN: crn zrnec; MALAY: terong telunjuk; MALAYALAM: thulasi,  manatakkali;  MALTESE:  gheneb  id-dib;  MANINKAKAN:  fassa;  MANU’A  SAMOAN:  magalogalo, magalo, polo vao; MAORI: raupeti, remuroa, pooporo, poroporo, poroporo raupeti;  MARANAO: moti; MARATHI: ghati, kakmachi, kamoni, laghukavali, meko; MONGOLIAN:  khar  chesentser;  MÒORÉ:  ludo,  nõraog-kubre;  MORISYEN:  bred  martin;  NDALI:  inafu;  NEPALI: thulo bihin; NGUNDI: mantsa; NIUE: polo kai, polo fua; NORWEGIAN: svartsøtvier;  NYANJA: mnadzi; PANJABI, EASTERN: mako, kambei, kachmach, riaungi, mkŏŏ; POLISH:  psianka czarna, psianka; PORTUGUESE: erva moura, erva moira, maria pretinha; POTAWATOMI:  acib’nimic; RAROTONGAN: poro; ROMANIAN: solanum; RONGA: mussowa, chiauenequene;  RUSSIAN:  paslen  cherniy,  paslyon;  SAMBAL,  BOTOLAN:  unti;  SAMOAN:  māgalo,  polo  vao; SANSKRIT: kakamachi, kakamaci; SENA: nadzi; SERBO-CROATIAN: pomoćnica, crna;  SPANISH:  hierba  mora,  solano  negro,  tomatitos,  tomatillos  del  diablo;  STELLINGWERFS:  hondebeien, nachtschade, nachtschaduw, nachtschaede; SUBANON: sili-sili; SWAHILI: mnavu;  SWEDISH: nattskatta; TAGALOG: kanti, anti, kama -kamatisan, kamatis-kamatisan, konti, kunti,  lubi-lubi, onti; TAJIKI: anguri sagak; TAMIL: munatakali, manathakkali, manattakkali; TAUSUG:  muti; TELUGU: kachchipundu, kachi, kamanchi, kaman chichettu, kasaka; TIRURAY: kawat;  TONGAN: polo kai; TUMBUKA: msaka, musaka; TURKISH: köpeküzümü, karayaban yasemini,  köpek memesi; TURKMEN: adaty itüzüm; URDU: makoya; VLAAMS: zwarte nachtschade;  WAAMA: kancenfa; WÁRAY-WÁRAY: mala-sili; YAO: mnesi; YORUBA: odu, ogunmo. [Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon]
Ayurvedic uses: Sotha, Arsha, hrudroga, Jvara, Kandu, Kushta, Prameha, Hikka, Chardi, Netraroga (API, Vol-2)
Whole plant and fruit used. Psoriasis, leucoderma, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), chronic dysentery, hemorrhoids, chronic fevers, cardiac oedema, gout and rheumatoid arthritis. [Compendia of World’s Medicinal Flora]
Toxic  glycoalkaloids  in  the  plant,  the  highest  concentration  in  the  green  immature  berries.  All  kinds of animals can be poisoned after ingesting nightshade  including cattle, sheep, poultry and swine. Children have been  poisoned after ingesting unripe berries. Plant extract cathar- tic, diuretic, alterative, used in piles, liver troubles, leprosy  and dysentery; shoots given in skin diseases, scabies, eczema  and  psoriasis.  Branches  and  fruits  applied  as  a  vulnerary  and antiinflammatory; an infusion drunk as a tonic. Berries  bitter,  laxative,  aphrodisiac,  diuretic.  Unripe  fruits  applied  to  aching  teeth  and  squeezed  on  baby’s  gums  to  ease  pain  during  teething;  fruit  for  jaundice,  diarrhea,  fever  and  eye  ailments; extract of berries, leaves and stems used for skin  diseases. Leaves used for stomachache, female ailments and  liver disorders; leaf poultice applied to rheumatic joints; raw  leaves eaten to cure mouth and nose blisters; leaves decoction  diuretic, laxative, for swellings on the body; leaves and fruits  pounded and the extract used for tonsillitis; leaves cooked and  eaten to cure jaundice; leaves fried and eaten for cough. Roots  boiled in milk and given to children as tonic. Stem of Vitis  vinifera mixed with Solanum nigrum and Cestrum parqui and  applied to treat inflammation. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual.  Veterinary medicine, root mixed with pepper and ginger is  fed to cows to reduce gas formation in the stomach. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and poisonous Plants]
Traditional Medicinal Uses: The stem, leaves and roots are used as a decoction for wounds, tumours and cancerous growths, sores and as an astringent.  They  are  also  used  as  a condiment,  stimulant,  tonic,  for  treatment  of piles,  dysentery, abdominal pain, inflammation of bladder, relief of asthma, bronchitis, coughs, eye ailments, itch, psoriasis, skin diseases, eczema, ulcer, relief of  cramps,  rheumatism,  neuralgia and expulsion of excess  fluids.  The roots  are  used  as  an  expectorant.  The  plant  has  yielded  medicines  for  sore  throats,  coughs and digestive problems. It has also been used as an agricultural insecticide.™ Europeans in Africa used the plant to treat convulsions. It is used by the  Africans for treating headache, ulcers and as a sedative. The whole plant is used  for the treatment  of dermatitis,  inflammation,  heavy  female  discharge,  diarrhoea and dysentery. It is also used as a diuretic and febrifuge. Whole plant  is decocted for abscesses, cancer of the cervix, inflammation, leucorrhoea and  open sores. Young  shoots  are consumed as  virility tonic for men and to treat  dysmenorrhoea in females. In Indochina, the leaves are used as purgative and  high blood pressure lowering agents while the fruits are used as laxatives. [A Guide to Medicinal Plants]
Garhwalis and ethnic communities of Sagar district use leaf to treat inflammation of testicles. Leaves and fruits of the species are widely used in tribal and Ayurvedic systems. [HERBAL CURES: TRADITIONAL APPROACH]
Plant—anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, sedative, diuretic, laxative, antiseptic; fresh extract is used for inflammatory swellings, enlargement of liver and spleen and in cirrhosis of liver. Berries— antidiarrhoeal, antipyretic. Berries and flowers—prescribed in cough and cold. Leaves— applied hot to swollen testicles; paste used as poultice to gout, rheumatic swellings and skin diseases. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]
 125 g of fresh leaves is boiled in 3–4 cups (750–1000 mL) of water daily for 10–15 min. When 1 cup (250 mL) of water remains, then it is fi ltered with a piece of cloth; used to treat swelling, skin diseases, infl amed and painful parts of body and to clean wounds and mouth sores. Half a cup (125 mL) of decoction (at one time) is applied 3–4 times per day for 6–7 days for mouth sores.   Diseases Cured:    Body and joint swelling, skin diseases, mouth sores, infl amed and painful body parts; to clean wounds.   Ethnobotanical Uses:   Young leaves are used as spinach ( sag ) and also used as fodder by goats, sheep, and cattle. Berries are edible. [ Medicinal Plant Biodiversity of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan]
The leaves and berries, especially when unripe, contain the alkaloid solanine and the plant, although poisonous in Europe, appears to be harmless in Jamaica and South Africa. In Africa both this and a number of other species of Solanum are used like spinach. In addition to solanine the plant is said to contain an unidentified alkaloid, saponin and betaine. In Africa and Jamaica the leaves have, or have had, a reputation as a local anodyne for inflammation. The plant is also employed for treatment of fevers of various kinds. A paste of the green berries is used by the Zulus for ringworm. [MEDlCINAL PLANTS OF JAMAICA. PARTS 1 & 11]
Leaves are used against Asthma. Method of use:  Dry the leaves in shadow and prepare green tea using dry leaves and take 3-4 cups in a day. [MEDICINAL PLANTS OF SINDH ]
The leaf is applied  as a poultice on gouty joints and rheumatism.  A fluid  extract of the leaves and stems is used  on piles, gonorrhoea, dropsy  and enlargements of  the liver and spleen.  A decoction of the plantisusedasfomentation  forsore  eyesand  various skin diseases.
In  Rhodesia, the plant is used  in the treatment of malaria,  black-water fever  and dysentery  and in Mexico the fruit  is a popular remedy  for erysipelas. In the  Philippines, the fruit  is a  reputed cure for  diabetes,  and  in  Bengal the  berries are used for  fever, diarrhoea, eye  diseases  and hydrophobia.  The unripefruit  is ground  into a paste and applied  on ringworm.  In  Mauritius a  poultice  of  the  plant  is  applied  for  relief  of  abdominal  pain  and  inflammation  of  the  bladder.  In  Europe, it is used in the treatment of headaches, ulcers, wounds and as a  diuretic and  emetic.  Italians use it as an  antispasmodic, diaphoretic, emollient  and  sedative. In  Africa,  the young shoots are eaten  as a vegetable.  The ripe fruits  are made into jam and  used  as  a  substitute  for  raisins  in  plum  pudding. [M edicinal Plants(Indigenous and Exotic)  Used in Ceylon

380 Published articles of Solanum nigrum