Common name: Opium Poppy
Bengali: পস্তো Pasto, আফিম
Hindi: अफ़ीम Aphim, ख़शख़ाश Khash-khash
Kannada: ಗಸಗಸೆ, gasagase,
Malayalam: കശകശ afium, avin, karappu, kasakasa
Marathi: खसखस khaskhas, posta
Odia: ଅଫିମ
Sanskrit: aaphuka, ahifen, ahiphena
Tamil: கசகசா gashagasha, kasakasa, postaka
Telugu: గసగసాలు gasagasalu
Urdu: Aphim, Khashkhash
Nepali: अफिम Aphim
Swedish: Opiumvallmo
Thai: ต้นฝิ่น, ฝิ่น
Turkish: Haşhaş tohumu
Vietnamese: Cây thuốc phiện
Norwegian: Valmue
Korean: 아편
Poppy (Papaver somniferum). The traditional use of poppy to induce sleep and reduce pain led to the discovery and subsequent isolation of the alkaloid morphine. [American Herbal Pharmacopoeia: Botanical Pharmacognosy—Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines]
Used in cough and diarrhea (therapeutic uses based on texts from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries). Seeds are demulcent and used in the form of emulsions as an emollient (in cough and asthma) and as a specific aid against obstinate constipation and in catarrh of the bladder. Seed oil is used against diarrhea, dysentery and scalds. 2(a),15 Seeds are antirotozoal and spasmolytic.
The extract of seeds showed highly significant anti-secretory (anti-diarrheal) activity against E. coli enterotoxin-induced secretary responses in experimental animals. Seed extract showed marked hypoglycemic activity and increased the activity of the carcinogen detoxifying enzyme glutathione-S-transferase by more than 78%. [Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial Plant Drugs: Expanded Therapeutics]
A poultice of opium resin is used topically as a local analgesic for management of pain and soothing of muscle spasms. It may be applied to the temples to alleviate headache. [A Thai Herbal: Traditional Recipes for Health and Harmony]
Ayurvedic literature described it as tonic, antiphlegmatic, aphrodisiac, cleanses bodily impurities, binds the bowels, causes biliousness, nervous excitement, mental confusion, and promotes dryness. Poppy seeds were described as heavy, tonic, aphrodisiac, promotes luster of the body, enhances capacity to perform muscular work, allays nervous excitement, and causes the production of phlegm. Poppy capsules are reported dry, cool in potency, light, bitter and astringent in taste; promotes taste. They cause nervous excitement, garrulousness, intoxication, bind the bowels, cause dryness of the body, mental confusion, impotency, and promote the utilization of nutrition by the tissue. Opium is used in convulsions and rheumatism. [CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants]
The opium obtained from the fruits is bitter, astringent, sweet, constipating, aphrodisiac, sedative, somniferous, narcotic, myotic, antispasmodic, sudorific and nervine tonic. It is useful in cough, fever, inflammatory affections of eye, otitis, proctalgia and low back pain due to diarrhoea and dysentery. It is good for internal haemorrhages, decrease secretions, restrain tissue changes and used as analgesic. It beneficial in migraine, malaria, dysmenorrhoea, cystitis, menorrhagia and other painful conditions. Opium (the inspissated milky juice from immature capsules) is a soporific drug, given either alone or as an adjunct, in the preparation of various medicines. It acts on the CNS, induces sleep, relieves pain, develops euphoria and highly toxic in large doses. Opium available in the market is purified by steeping in cold water for 5-6 hr. The insoluble brown latex finds application in the Ayurvedic medicine. It is prophylactic in post-operative period (50-60 mg/day). Vapours of boiling water mixed with small doses of opium, is useful in conjunctivitis. Camphorated opium (1:1) is an excellent pain killer in sprain. However, it is contraindicated for people suffering from asthma, cardiac and urinary bladder diseases. Seed oil, freed from narcotic principles is useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. [Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda Volume 8]
Opium (the dried latex) is a potent narcotic, analgesic, and antispasmodic, and has been taken to relieve pain of various kinds. In all the main herbal traditions it is regarded as a powerfully “cold” remedy, reducing physical function and sedating or suppressing nervous activity, pain, and coughs. In view of its addictive nature, opium is mainly used after other less powerful analgesics have failed to bring relief. It is also an effective remedy for acute diarrhea and severe coughs. Pharmaceutical drugs produced from opium poppy include morphine and codeine. [Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine]
anodyne, diarrhea, diaphoretic, expectorant, hypnotic, sedative, antispasmodic, antitussive, astringent, emmenagogue, narcotic. [Handbook of African Medicinal Plants, Second Edition]
Aphiphena was not in use during the period of Charaka and Sushruta. Its first reference is found in Shaarangadhara Samhitaa and later on in Bhaavaprakaasha (16th century). Aakaarkarbhaadi Churna of Shaarangadhara was prescribed as a sex-tonic; Yavaanyaadi Kwaatha (Bhaavaprakaasha) in obstinate cough and bronchitis. Bhaishajya Ratnaavali incorporated many Ahiphena-based compound preparations for diar rhoea and dysentery—Ahiphenaasava, Ahiphena Vatikaa, Brihad Gangaadhara Churna, Karpura Rasa, to mention but a few. Dugdha Vati was pre scribed in inflammatory conditions of liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines. During the 16th century Ahiphena and Khashkhash entered into a number of compounds for rheumatic affections, neuralgias, haemorrhagic conditions, chronic bronchitis, insomnia, and sexual debility associated with psychosomatic disturbances. In Unani medicine, Habb-e-Jadwaar is pre scribed in premature ejaculation. For chronic bronchitis, restlessness, nervousness and insom nia, a number of Unani compounds have been incorporated in National Formulary of Unani Medicine— Barshasha, Dayaquzaa, Khamira-e- Khashkhaash, Habb-e-Khashkhaash, Habb-e-Sha- keeqaa, Qurs Musallas, Habb-e-Sil. Sharbat-e- Khashkhaash is administered in diarrhoea and dysentery. For external application, Zimaad-e- Mubarrid is prescribed in cephalalgia as frigorific and sedative. [Indian Herbal Remedies].
950 Published articles of Papaver somniferum
1. Mastakani, F.D., et al., Identification and expression analysis of a microRNA cluster derived from pre-ribosomal RNA in Papaver somniferum L. and Papaver bracteatum L. Plos One, 2018. 13(8).
2. Marciano, M.A., et al., Development of a Method to Extract Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) DNA from Heroin. Scientific Reports, 2018. 8.
3. Kirkan, B., et al., Can the stalks of Papaver somniferum L. be an alternative source of bioactive components? Industrial Crops and Products, 2018. 115: p. 1-5.
4. Kara, N. and H. Baydar, Examining of Relationships Among Traits Using Correlation, Path and Principal Components Analysis Methods in Turkish Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi-Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2018. 24(2): p. 286-295.
5. Jablonicka, V., et al., Inhibition of phospholipases influences the metabolism of wound-induced benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in Papaver somniferum L. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2018. 223: p. 1-8.
6. Chmelova, D., et al., Evaluation of polar polyphenols with antioxidant activities in Papaver somniferum L. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2018. 57(1): p. 98-107.
7. Yilmaz, E. and D.D. Emir, Compositional and functional characterisation of poppy seed (Papaver somniferum L.) press cake meals. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 2017. 9(2): p. 141-151.
8. Srivastava, A., et al., Ageratum enation virus Infection Induces Programmed Cell Death and Alters Metabolite Biosynthesis in Papaver somniferum. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017. 8.
9. Spitzer, T. and J. Bilovsky, Management of Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Stand Height using Growth Regulators. Plant Protection Science, 2017. 53(1): p. 55-60.
10. Singh, S.K., et al., Variability and heritability studies in floral homeotic mutants of Papaver somniferum L. Industrial Crops and Products, 2017. 95: p. 276-285.
11. Meos, A., L. Saks, and A. Raal, Content of alkaloids in ornamental Papaver somniferum L. cultivars growing in Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, 2017. 66(1): p. 34-39.
12. Kroslak, E., et al., Antioxidant and Proteinase Inhibitory Activities of Selected Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Genotypes. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2017. 14(9).
13. Kilimajer, J., et al., Occupational asthma caused by poppy seeds (papaver somniferum). Allergy, 2017. 72: p. 640-641.
14. Kara, N., THE EFFECTS OF AUTUMN AND SPRING SOWING ON YIELD, OIL AND MORPHINE CONTENTS IN THE TURKISH POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.) CULTIVARS. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 2017. 22(1): p. 39-46.
15. Guan, H., et al., RETRACTED: Structural Basis of the Substrate Specificity and Enzyme Catalysis of a Papaver somniferum Tyrosine Decarboxylase. Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 2017. 4: p. 5-5.
16. Frontiers Editorial, O., RETRACTION: Retraction: Structural Basis of the Substrate Specificity and Enzyme Catalysis of a Papaver somniferum Tyrosine Decarboxylase. Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 2017. 4: p. 69-69.
17. Barnawal, D., et al., ACC deaminase-containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria protect Papaver somniferum from downy mildew. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2017. 122(5): p. 1286-1298.
18. Abudak, M. and H.H. Kara, Fatty acid composition and some bioactive properties of edible oil extracted from different varieties of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds. Rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Grasse, 2017. 94(1): p. 19-25.
19. Yilmaz, E. and D.D. Emir, Extraction and Functional Properties of Proteins from Pre-roasted and Enzyme Treated Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum L.) Press Cakes. Journal of Oleo Science, 2016. 65(4): p. 319-329.
20. Tang, J., et al., Opium poppy mosaic virus, a new umbravirus isolated from Papaver somniferum in New Zealand. Archives of Virology, 2016. 161(1): p. 197-201.
21. Srivastava, A., et al., First Report of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus on Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) in India. Plant Disease, 2016. 100(1): p. 232-233.
22. Mishra, B.K., et al., Gene actions for yield and its attributes and their implications in the inheritance pattern over three generations in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal of Genetics, 2016. 95(3): p. 705-717.
23. Kopuncova, M., et al., Key odour-active compounds in selected Slovakian poppy seed (Papaver somniferum L.) varieties revealed by gas chromatography-olfactometry. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2016. 55(3): p. 237-246.
24. Jablonicka, V., et al., Identification of a secretory phospholipase A(2) from Papaver somniferum L. that transforms membrane phospholipids. Phytochemistry, 2016. 129: p. 4-13.
25. Holkova, I., et al., Purification and properties of lipoxygenase from opium poppy seedlings (Papaver somniferum L.). Turkish Journal of Biology, 2016. 40(4): p. 772-780.
26. Celik, I., et al., Molecular genetic diversity and association mapping of morphine content and agronomic traits in Turkish opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) germplasm. Molecular Breeding, 2016. 36(4).
27. Agarwal, P., et al., Comparative analysis of transcription factor gene families from Papaver somniferum: identification of regulatory factors involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Protoplasma, 2016. 253(3): p. 857-871.
28. Verma, N., et al., BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON SDS-PAGE ANALYSIS AND CORRELATION AMONG TRAITS IN OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.) GERMPLASM. Genetika-Belgrade, 2015. 47(3): p. 1029-1050.
29. Shukla, S., et al., Comparative study for stability and adaptability through different models in developed high thebaine lines of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 2015. 74: p. 875-886.
30. Sarkar, S., et al., Influence of the capsular stigmatic ray populations on the agronomical economic traits and secondary metabolites in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 2015. 77: p. 424-433.
31. Rawal, P. and B. Singh, Detection, Pathogenic Potential and Transmission of Seed borne Microflora Associated with Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Seeds. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 2015. 45(4): p. 372-393.
32. Mishra, S., et al., PsAP2 an AP2/ERF family transcription factor from Papaver somniferum enhances abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Plant Molecular Biology, 2015. 89(1-2): p. 173-186.
33. Kiss, E., et al., Variation of Some Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Hungarian Crivellia and Brachycladium Isolates from Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 2015. 50(1): p. 5-15.
34. Keskin, H., M. Kucuktuvek, and M. Guru, The potential of poppy (Papaver somniferum Linnaeus) husk for manufacturing wood-based particleboards. Construction and Building Materials, 2015. 95: p. 224-231.
35. Kakeshpour, T., et al., Identification and expression analyses of MYB and WRKY transcription factor genes in Papaver somniferum L. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2015. 21(4): p. 465-478.
36. Dubey, M. and O.P. Dhawan, Relationship of downy mildew resistance with yield related traits helpful for achieving reliable selection criteria in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 2015. 75(3): p. 396-399.
37. Bulduk, I., B. Gezer, and M. Cengiz, Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Morphine from Capsules of Papaver somniferum by Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2015.
38. Aksoy, L. and N.B. Sozbilir, Trace and major element levels in rats after oral administration of diesel and biodiesel derived from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2015. 31(10): p. 890-897.
39. Voglmayr, H., M. Montes-Borrego, and B.B. Landa, Disentangling Peronospora on Papaver: Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Host Range of Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) and Related Species. Plos One, 2014. 9(5).
40. Verma, P., et al., Improved sanguinarine production via biotic and abiotic elicitations and precursor feeding in cell suspensions of latex-less variety of Papaver somniferum with their gene expression studies and upscaling in bioreactor. Protoplasma, 2014. 251(6): p. 1359-1371.
41. Torrens-Spence, M.P., et al., Investigation of a substrate-specifying residue within Papaver somniferum and Catharanthus roseus aromatic amino acid decarboxylases. Phytochemistry, 2014. 106: p. 37-43.
42. Skalicky, M., et al., EVALUATION OF SELECTED POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.) CULTIVARS: INDUSTRIAL ASPECT. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 2014. 19(2): p. 189-196.
43. Singh, S.K., et al., Recessive Loci Pps-1 and OM Differentially Regulate PISTILLATA-1 and APETALA3-1 Expression for Sepal and Petal Development in Papaver somniferum. Plos One, 2014. 9(6).
44. Singh, O.P., et al., Genetic Variability for Agronomical Traits Among Selected Genotypes of Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Advances in Plant Sciences, 2014. 27(2): p. 567-571.
45. Rezaei, M., et al., Study of Karyological Characteristics in Papaver bracteatum and Papaver somniferum. Cytologia, 2014. 79(2): p. 187-194.
46. Pinke, G., et al., Use of mesotrione and tembotrione herbicides for post-emergence weed control in alkaloid poppy (Papaver somniferum). International Journal of Pest Management, 2014. 60(3): p. 187-195.
47. Maurya, K.N., S. Shukla, and G. Asthana, PATTERN OF QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE OF YIELD AND COMPONENT TRAITS IN OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.). Genetika-Belgrade, 2014. 46(2): p. 569-578.
48. Chaturvedi, N., et al., Comparative analysis of Papaver somniferum genotypes having contrasting latex and alkaloid profiles. Protoplasma, 2014. 251(4): p. 857-867.
49. Bonilla, A., et al., Microbe associated molecular patterns from rhizosphere bacteria trigger germination and Papaver somniferum metabolism under greenhouse conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2014. 74: p. 133-140.
50. Becka, D., et al., Poppy root weevils (Stenocarus ruficornis, Stephens 1831) control in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Plant Soil and Environment, 2014. 60(10): p. 470-474.
51. Stranska, I., et al., Analysis of selected poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) cultivars: Pharmaceutically important alkaloids. Industrial Crops and Products, 2013. 41: p. 120-126.
52. Rastogi, A., et al., GGE Biplot Analysis Based on Diallel for Exploitation of Hybrid Vigour in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2013. 15(1): p. 151-162.
53. Pathak, S., et al., Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Using High Papaverine Mutant of Papaver somniferum Reveals Pathway and Uncharacterized Steps of Papaverine Biosynthesis. Plos One, 2013. 8(5).
54. Ozkaya, A., et al., Vitamin, Trace Element, and Fatty Acid Levels of Vitex agnus-castus L., Juniperus oxycedrus L., and Papaver somniferum L. Plant Seeds. Journal of Chemistry, 2013.
55. Naseem, S. and G. Kumar, Induced desynaptic variation in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 2013. 13(4): p. 363-366.
56. Mishra, S., et al., Wound Induced Tanscriptional Regulation of Benzylisoquinoline Pathway and Characterization of Wound Inducible PsWRKY Transcription Factor from Papaver somniferum. Plos One, 2013. 8(1).
57. Lu, Y.-m., et al., Construction and tobacco transformation of COR and BBE genes hairpin RNA vector of Papaver somniferum. Yaoxue Xuebao, 2013. 48(7): p. 1169-1177.
58. Kumar, G. and S. Naseem, EMS Induced Intercellular Chromatin Transmigration in Papaver somniferum L. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 2013. 49(2): p. 86-89.
59. Kumar, G. and S. Naseem, Gamma-induced infraspecific polyploidy via cytomixis-mediated syncyte formation in Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae). Turkish Journal of Botany, 2013. 37(3): p. 530-536.
60. Chelav, H.S. and A. Khashaveh, Insecticidal activity of Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seed oil against cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus F.) in stored cowpea. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 2013. 46(19): p. 2314-2322.
61. Bulduk, I. and F. Taktak, Isolation and Characterization of Antitumor Alkaloid from Poppy Capsules (Papaver somniferum). Journal of Chemistry, 2013.
62. Bondarian, F., et al., Study of callus induction and regeneration of Papaver somniferum L. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2013. 24: p. S41-S41.
63. Aksoy, L., Oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in rats supplemented with diesel fuel or with opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seed oil biodiesel. Revue De Medecine Veterinaire, 2013. 164(1): p. 34-38.
64. Winzer, T., et al., A Papaver somniferum 10-Gene Cluster for Synthesis of the Anticancer Alkaloid Noscapine. Science, 2012. 336(6089): p. 1704-1708.
65. Vijayaraghavan, K., et al., One step green synthesis of silver nano/microparticles using extracts of Trachyspermum ammi and Papaver somniferum. Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 2012. 94: p. 114-117.
66. Priya, A., et al., Functional annotation of expressed sequence tags of Papaver somniferum. Plant Omics, 2012. 5(3): p. 223-230.
67. Pathak, S., et al., High frequency somatic embryogenesis, regeneration and correlation of alkaloid biosynthesis with gene expression in Papaver somniferum. Plant Growth Regulation, 2012. 68(1): p. 17-25.
68. Kumar, G. and S. Naseem, B-chromosome Paradigms in Genetic System of Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Cytologia, 2012. 77(1): p. 83-88.
69. Kumar, B. and N.K. Patra, Inheritance pattern and genetics of yield and component traits in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 2012. 36(1): p. 445-448.
70. Khan, M.R., Z. Khawar, and M. Latif, Biochemical Investigation of Oil of Papaver somniferum. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2012. 24(10): p. 4476-4478.
71. Kawano, N., et al., Genetic and Phenotypic Analyses of a Papaver somniferum T-DNA Insertional Mutant with Altered Alkaloid Composition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2012. 5(2): p. 133-54.
72. Kamkar, B., et al., Quantification of the cardinal temperatures and thermal time requirement of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds to germinate using non-linear regression models. Industrial Crops and Products, 2012. 35(1): p. 192-198.
73. Jaszberenyi, C. and E. Nemeth, Connection of frost tolerance and alkaloid accumulation potential in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik, 2012. 85(1): p. 116-119.
74. Jaszberenyi, C., et al., Soluble sugar content in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and its relationship to winter hardiness. Zeitschrift Fur Arznei- & Gewurzpflanzen, 2012. 17(4): p. 169-174.
75. Chatterjee, A., et al., Induction of variability through mutagenesis in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2012. 36(1): p. 1-11.
76. Acevska, J., et al., Development and Validation of a Reversed-Phase HPLC Method for Determination of Alkaloids from Papaver somniferum L. (Papaveraceae). Journal of Aoac International, 2012. 95(2): p. 399-405.
77. Zajac, T., A. Oleksy, and A. Klimek-Kopyra, COMPARISON OF GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE LOW MORPHINE POPPY Papaver somniferum L. cv. Mieszko DEPENDING ON THE SOWING DATE. Acta Agrobotanica, 2011. 64(3): p. 67-77.
78. Yadav, H.K. and S.P. Singh, INHERITANCE OF QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.). Genetika-Belgrade, 2011. 43(1): p. 113-128.
79. Skarpa, P. and R. Richter, FOLIAR NUTRITION OF POPPY PLANTS (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.) WITH SELENIUM AND THE EFFECT ON ITS CONTENT IN SEEDS. Journal of Elementology, 2011. 16(1): p. 85-92.
80. Pinke, G., et al., Weed vegetation of poppy (Papaver somniferum) fields in Hungary: effects of management and environmental factors on species composition. Weed Research, 2011. 51(6): p. 621-630.
81. Nemeth-Zambori, E., et al., Evaluation of alkaloid profiles in hybrid generations of different poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) genotypes. Industrial Crops and Products, 2011. 33(3): p. 690-696.
82. Matyasova, E., et al., Production of morphine and variability of significant characters of Papaver somniferum L. Plant Soil and Environment, 2011. 57(9): p. 423-428.
83. Lee, E.J., et al., Exploiting Expressed Sequence Tag Databases for the Development and Characterization of Gene-Derived Simple Sequence Repeat Markers in the Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) for Forensic Applications. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2011. 56(5): p. 1131-1135.
84. Hosseini, B., et al., Transient Expression of cor Gene in Papaver somniferum. BioImpacts : BI, 2011. 1(4): p. 229-35.
85. Hosseini, B., H. Hashemi, and F. Shahriari, Stable Over expression of codeinone reductase gene in transgenic Papaver somniferum plant. Planta Medica, 2011. 77(12): p. 1277-1277.
86. Higashi, Y., T.M. Kutchan, and T.J. Smith, Atomic Structure of Salutaridine Reductase from the Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2011. 286(8): p. 6532-6541.
87. Avijeet, C., et al., Impact of mutagenesis on cytological behavior in relation to specific alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Caryologia, 2011. 64(1): p. 14-24.
88. Aksoy, L., Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) oil for preparation of biodiesel: Optimization of conditions. Applied Energy, 2011. 88(12): p. 4713-4718.
89. Achour, S., et al., Respiratory depression induced by a decoction of Papaver somniferum L in two infants. Presse Medicale, 2011. 40(10): p. 971-972.
90. Zhao, R., et al., Effect of paraquat on the antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 2010. 117(2): p. 55-59.
91. Unver, T., I. Parmaksiz, and E. Duendar, Identification of conserved micro-RNAs and their target transcripts in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Plant Cell Reports, 2010. 29(7): p. 757-769.
92. Shukla, S., et al., Alkaloid Diversity in Relation to Breeding for Specific Alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 2010. 46(4): p. 164-169.
93. Oblozinsky, M., R. Ulbrich-Hofmann, and L. Bezakova, Characterization of membrane-bound phospholipase D from poppy seedlings (Papaver somniferum L.). Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 2010. 163: p. S66-S66.
94. Mishra, B.K., et al., Heritability and genetic advance for effective selection in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2010. 80(6): p. 470-476.
95. Mishra, B.K., et al., Modulated gene expression in newly synthesized auto-tetraploid of Papaver somniferum L. South African Journal of Botany, 2010. 76(3): p. 447-452.
96. Mahdavi-Damghani, A., et al., Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Agricultural Water Management, 2010. 97(10): p. 1582-1590.
97. Kumar, B. and N.K. Patra, Genetic Analysis of Capsule and Its Associated Economic Traits in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal of Heredity, 2010. 101(5): p. 657-660.
98. Kumar, B. and N.K. Patra, Gene frequency-based estimation of natural outcrossing in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Molecular Breeding, 2010. 26(4): p. 619-626.
99. Holkova, I., et al., Involvement of lipoxygenase in elicitor-stimulated sanguinarine accumulation in Papaver somniferum suspension cultures. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2010. 48(10-11): p. 887-892.
100. Higashi, Y., et al., Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of salutaridine reductase from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Acta Crystallographica Section F-Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications, 2010. 66: p. 163-166.
101. Dubey, M.K., et al., Detection of DNA polymorphism in Papaver somniferum genotypes differing in straw morphinan alkaloid content. Plant Biosystems, 2010. 144(3): p. 513-517.
102. Chaterjee, A., et al., Prospects of in vitro production of thebaine in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 2010. 32(3): p. 668-670.
103. Bezakova, L., et al., Lipoxygenase in regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Papaver somniferum L suspension cultures. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 2010. 163: p. S67-S67.
104. Zhang, C.-j. and C.-g. Cheng, Identification of Papaver Somniferum L. and Papaver Rhoeas Using DSWT-FTIR-RBFNN. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2009. 29(5): p. 1255-1259.
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793. Fairbairn, J.W. and M. Djote, ALCALOIDS OF PAPAVER-SOMNIFERUM L .9. ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM IN AN ORGANELLE FRACTION IN PAPAVER-SOMNIFERUM. Phytochemistry, 1970. 9(4): p. 739-+.
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797. Zaman, M.B. and A.S. Khan, STUDIES ON SOME DISEASES OF PAPAVER-SOMNIFERUM-D. Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 1969. 19(2): p. 185-193.
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799. Holloway, P.J., CHEMISTRY OF LEAF WAXES IN RELATION TO WETTING. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1969. 20(2): p. 124-&.
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804. Fujita, S., T. Kawatani, and K. Kurihara, Destructive effect of vapour heating and gamma-ray radiation on the germination of Papaver somniferum L. and Cannabis sativa L. 3. Eisei Shikenjo hokoku. Bulletin of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, 1968. 86: p. 74-7.
805. Fujita, S., T. Kawatani, and K. Kurihara, Destructive effect of vapour heating and gamma-ray radiation on the germination of Papaver somniferum L. and Cannabis sativa L. II. Eisei Shikenjo hokoku. Bulletin of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, 1968. 86: p. 68-73.
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810. Zemanek, J. and J. Ambrozova, STUDY OF EFFECT OF AMITROL ON RESPIRATION AND ACTIVITY OF SOME ENZYMES IN POPPY PLANTS (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L). Biologia Plantarum, 1967. 9(4): p. 270-+.
811. Sosabourdouil, C. and A. Sosa, PIGMENTS OF FLOWERS IN 2 VARIETIES OF PAPER SOMNIFERUM L AND THEIR HYBRIDS. Bulletin De La Societe De Chimie Biologique, 1967. 49(11): p. 1593-+.
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814. Koblitz, H., K. Grutzmann, and I. Hagen, TISSUE CULTURES OF ALCALOID PLANTS .2. PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L. Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenphysiologie, 1967. 56(1): p. 27-+.
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816. Kinoshita, K., On the effect of composed ratio of potassium manures upon the growth and the yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Bull Nat Inst Hyg Sci, 1967. 85: p. 98-100.
817. Furrer, O.J., The amount of sulphur dioxide absorbed by plants from the atmosphere Trifolium alexandrium, Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica napus, Papaver somniferum, Nicotiana tabacum, Pisum sativum. Proceedings of the symposium on isotopes in plant nutrition and physiology, 5-9 September, 1966, Vienna, Austria. 1967. 403-407.
818. Fujita, S., T. Kawatani, and K. Kurihara, Destructive effect of vapour heating and gamma-ray radiation on the germination of Papaver somniferum L. and Cannabis sativa L. I. Eisei Shikenjo hokoku. Bulletin of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, 1967. 85: p. 68-71.
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820. Felklova, M. and K. Levakova, THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON GROWTH AND CONSTITUENTS IN PAPAVER-SOMNIFERUM-D ALKALOIDS SUGARS LIPIDS. Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae, 1967. 14: p. 7-42.
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826. Schroder, H., DER EINFLUSS VON MINERALDUNGUNG UND STANDORT AUF MORPHINGEHALTE SOWIE ANDERE QUALITATIVE UND QUANTITATIVE MERKMALE DES MOHNS (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L). Pharmazie, 1966. 21(10): p. 635-&.
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831. Narasimhan, M.J. and V.G. Ganla, The effects of some antibiotics on the ciliary movement and a discussion on their clinical implications from seed of Papaver somniferum on frog Rana pipiens. Hindustan Antibiotics Bull, 1966. 8((4)): p. 194-200.
832. Lorincz, G. and P. Tetenyi, Hybridization of Papaver somni-ferum (Papaver somniferum L. X Papaver orientate L.) International Symposium on medicinal plants, Budapest, 20-25 November, 1965 Hung. and Ger. sum. Herba Hung, 1966. 5((1)): p. 95-105.
833. Kovacs, P., A. Jindra, and M. Psenak, On the biochemistry of the synthesis of poppy alkaloid: On the phenolase complex in Papaver somniferum L. Abhandl Deut Akad Wiss Berlin, 1966. 1966((3)): p. 335-340.
834. Kinoshita, K., On the seasonal variation of morphine content of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Eisei Shikenjo hokoku. Bulletin of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, 1966. 84: p. 146-9.
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838. Tetenyi, P. and D. Vagujfalvi, VERANDERUNGEN DES ALKALOIDGEHALTS VON PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L .2. Pharmazie, 1965. 20(11): p. 731-+.
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840. Kovacs, P. and A. Jindra, BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALKALOIDS . ON TRANSFORMATION OF TYROSINE TO 3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE IN PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L PLANTS. Experientia, 1965. 21(1): p. 18-&.
841. Kovacs, P. and A. Jindra, BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALKALOIDS . ON OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION OF BIOGENETICALLY IMPORTANT AMINO ACIDS IN PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM PLANTS. Naturwissenschaften, 1965. 52(13): p. 395-&.
842. Brochmann-Hanssen, E. and B. Nielsen, (+)-Reticuline: A new opium alkaloid. Papaver somniferum, Anona reticulata. Tetrahedron Lett, 1965. 18: p. 1271-1274.
843. Bohm, H., UBER PAPAVER BRACTEATUM LINDL .2. DIE ALKALOIDE DES REIFEN BASTARDS AUS DER REZIPROKEN KREUZUNG DIESER ART MIT PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L. Planta Medica, 1965. 13(2): p. 234-&.
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849. Meissner, L. and K. Mothes, UBER STOFFWECHSELAKTIVITAT IM LATEX VON PAPAVER-SOMNIFERUM L .7. MITTEILUNG ZUR BIOCHEMIE DES MILCHSAFTES. Phytochemistry, 1964. 3(1): p. 1-6.
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858. Fairbairn, J.W. and G. Wassel, THE ALKALOIDS OF PAPAVER-SOMNIFERUM L .1. EVIDENCE FOR A RAPID TURNOVER OF THE MAJOR ALKALOIDS. Phytochemistry, 1964. 3(2): p. 253-258.
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860. Fairbairn, J.W., A. Paterson, and G. Wassel, THE ALKALOIDS OF PAPAVER-SOMNIFERUM-L .2. C-14 ISOTOPIC STUDIES OF THE RAPID CHANGES IN THE MAJOR ALKALOIDS. Phytochemistry, 1964. 3(5): p. 577-582.
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871. Pek, L.V., Key for identifying insect pests of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) by the type of damage they produce Referat. Zhur., Biol., 1964, No. 2E142. Sb Entomol Rabot Akad Nauk Kirgizsk Ssr Kirgizsk Otd Vses Entomol Obshch, 1962. 1: p. 116-123.
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