Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Synonyms: Modecca bracteata Lam., Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Voigt, Trichosanthes palmata Roxb. , Trichosanthes pubera Blume
Common name: Indrayan, bitter snake-gourd
Chinese: 三尖栝楼 san jian gua lou, Da bao gua lou (medicinal name).
English: Redball snakegourd.
Gujarati: Ratanindrayan, ઇંદ્રવારણું indravaranu
Hindi: Mahakal, इन्द्रायन Indrayan
Kannada: Avaguda-hannu, Kagemari Balli, ಹಾವು ಮೆಕ್ಕೆಕಾಯಿ haavu mekkekaayi
Malay: Kalayar (as T. bracteata - Indonesian).
Malayalam: Kakkattonti, കയ്പ്പന് പടവലം kayppan padavalam
Marathi: कौंडल Kaundal, कवंडळ kavandal
Nepali: इन्द्रेनि indreni
Sanskrit: Kakanasa, श्वेतपुष्पी Shvetpushpi, Dhvamksanasa, महाकालः mahakala
Tamil: Ankorattai, குறட்டை kurattai
Telugu: Avaduta, అవ్వపండు avvapandu, కాకిదొండ kakidonda
Thai: แตงโมป่า Dtaeng moh bpàa, กายิงงอ Kā ying ngor, ขี้กาแดง Khi ka daeng, ขี้ กาขม Khi ka khom (Kêe gaa kŏm), ขี้ กาลาย Khi ka lai, ขี้กาใหญ่ Khi ka yai, กระดึงช้าง Kra dueng chang, กระดึง ช้างเผือก Kra dueng chang phueak, ลูกขี้กา Lôok kêe gaa (Luk khi ka), มะกา ดิน Má kā din, มะตูมกา Ma tum ka.
Vietnamese: Cứt quạ lớn, Dây cứt quạ, Lâu xác, Ổ quạ, Re to.
Fruit pulp is boiled in Brassica oil and applied on head to cure head ache, also applied on wounds, ulcers and boils. [Herbal Cures: Traditional Approach]
T. tricuspidata is considered to be medicinally important in several traditional systems. In ayurvedic medicines, the fruits are used in the treatment of asthma, earache and ozoena (intranasal crusting, atrophy and fetid odor). In the Unani system of medicine, the fruits are used as a carminative (an agent that relieves flatulence), a purgative, and an abortifacient, to lessen inflammation, cure migraines, and reduce heat of the brain, as a treatment for opthalmia (inflammation of the eye), leprosy (infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae), epilepsy (episodic impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomenon) and rheumatism, (painful local inflammation of joints and muscles) as well as other uses. The seeds are emetic and a good purgative. In the Thai traditional system of medicine, the plant is used as an anti-fever remedy, a laxative, an anthelmintic as well as in migraine treatments (8). The roots of the plant are used to treat lung diseases in cattle and for the treatment of diabetic carbuncles and headaches (9). Gaur (10) has reported the use of this plant in curing bronchitis, and the application of seed paste for hoof and mouth disease in cattle.
The vaidyas, or practictioners of ayurveda, also use the fruits in treating stomatitis. The oil extracted from the roots is used as a pain killer. In Bastar District, Chhattisgarh, India, the plant is used for curing snakebite poisoning and the juice of the plant is applied externally for skin eruptions. In Nepal the roots are used to cure bleeding in chickens.
Chemical constituents
Mohamed (11) isolated a tetrahydroxy pentacyclic triterpene “trichotetrol” from the root extract of this vine. From the fruits of T. tricuspidata, 14 cucurbitane glycosides were isolated (8). An extract of the fruits of this plant was found to be cytotoxic in KB cells, and two new cucurbitacins were reported: tricuspidatin and 2-O-glucocucurbitacin J. (12). Kaneda and Uchikoba (13) reported a protease from the sarcocarp of the fruits of this plant. The root contains methyl palmitate, palmitic acid, suberic acid, α-spinasterol, stigmast-7-en-3-beta-ol, α-spinasterol 3-o-beta-D-glucopyranoside, stigmast-7-en-3-beta-ol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, glyceryl 1-palmitate, glyceryl 1-stearate, bryonolic acid, cucurbitacin B, isocucurbitacin B, 3-epi-isocucurbitacin B, 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D, isocucurbitacin D and D-glucose. The roots of T. tricuspidata contain more than 6 times more cucurbitacin than the roots of T. kirilowii Maxim. Var. japonicum Kitam. (14). Kasai et.al., (15) isolated 3 new cycloartane glycosides, named cyclotricuspidosides A, B and C, from the leaf and stem parts. [http://www.tfljournal.org/article.php/20080724105858161]
In Malaysia, the leaves of Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour., orsan jian gua lou (Chinese), are reduced to a paste which is applied to boils. Indonesians drink the sap squeezed from the fresh leaves to stop diarrhea. The fruits are known to abound with a series of cucurbitacins, including tricuspidatin and 2-O-glucocucurbitacin J, which inhibit the survival of KB cells cultured in vitro. Such compounds probably explain the antitumor effects of extracts of Trichosanthes root tubers on HepA-H cells and HeLa cells reported by Dou and Li. Cucurbitane saponins are known to occur in the leaves and stems. [Medicinal
Plants of Asia and the Pacific]
11 Published articles of Trichosanthes tricuspidata, Trichosanthes palmata
