Sunday, December 25, 2016

Cycas revoluta, Fern Palm, Cycas du Japon, 소철 (식물), Саговник поникающий, madanagameswari, thuen tú ê, അലങ്കാരപ്പന


Cycas revoluta Thunb.

Family: Cycadaceae

Synonyms: Cycas inermis Oudem., Cycas miquelii Warb., Cycas revoluta var. revoluta, Epicycas miquelii (Warb.) de Laub.
  • English: Fern Palm, Sago Cycad, sago palm
  • Arabic: سيكاد ملتف
  • Bislama: Natanggura
  • Catalan: Ciques
  • Chinese: 琉球苏铁
  • Finnish: Japaninkruunukavykki
  • French: Rameau, Cycas du Japon
  • Italian: Cycas revoluta Japan sikasi
  • Japanese: sotetsu
  • Korean: 소철 (식물)
  • Malayalam: അലങ്കാരപ്പന
  • Marathi: सॅगो पाम
  • Norwegian: Sagopalme
  • Russian: Саговник поникающий
  • Tamil: madanagameswari
  • Thai: pron-tha-le, สาคู (ปรง)
  • Turkish: sago hurma ag
  • Vietnamese: thuen tú ê 
  • Malay: saikas
  • Okinawa: sutichi
  • Philippines: oliva
Description: Tree, Shrub, Evergreen, Dioecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Tree with bark shaggy or peeling, Young shoots in flat sprays, Buds not resinous, Leaves broad, Leaves pinnate, Leaves palm-like, Leaves whorled, Non-needle-like leaf margins entire, Non-needle-like leaf margins dentate or serrate, Leaf apex acute, Leaf apex mucronulate, Leaf apex spine tipped or with a differentiated and very sharp tip, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves > 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Leaf bases becoming gray and shredded with age, Scale leaves without raised glands, Twigs glabrous, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Berry-like cones copper, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds red, Seeds wingless.
Used in Sidha. Fleshy seeds, leaves, unprocessed flour from stem pith are dangerous, toxic if large quantities eaten. Seeds poisonous, this plant causes toxicity in sheep and cattle. Bark boiled in water used to wash burns. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Clinical Findings: Acute ingestion of large amounts produces nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping, and diarrhea may be profound. Chronic consumption of BMAA, either directly or by eating flying foxes that have bioaccumulated  the  toxin  by  eating  the  seeds, is  associated  with  a  neurodegenerative disorder that is similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease.

Management: If severe gastrointestinal symptoms occur, intravenous hydration, antiemetics, and electrolyte replacement may be necessary, particularly in children. The  progressive  neurologic  disease  does  not  have  any  known  therapy. Consultation with a Poison Control Center should be considered. See “Poisoning by Plants with Gastrointestinal Toxins. [Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants, 2nd Ed]

Promotes blood circulation, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antitoxic, treats cough. [Taiwanese Native Medicinal Plants: Phytopharmacology and Therapeutic Values]
 
200 Published articles of  Cycas revoluta

Saturday, December 10, 2016

Phyllanthus lawii


Phyllanthus lawii J.Graham
Family:  Phyllanthaceae

Synonyms: Diasperus lawii (J.Graham) Kuntze, Diasperus nemorum (Russell ex Müll.Arg.) Kuntze, Phyllanthus juniperinoides Müll.Arg., Phyllanthus nemorum Russell ex Müll.Arg., Phyllanthus polyphyllus Dalzell & A.Gibson, Phyllanthus spinulosus B.Heyne ex Wall.

Description: Shrubs, or small trees, 2-3 m tall. Bark smooth and brown. Foliar branches 4-8 cm long, horizontal; short hooked spines are on either side of leafy branchlets. Leaves alternate; lamina 3-5 × 2-2.5 mm, distichous, overlapping, linear-oblong, rounded at the apex, often apiculate, base rounded or subcordate, subsessile; nerves obscure; stipules 1.2 mm long, purplish, lanceolate-subulate. Flowers white or pink, in axillary clusters and drooping on the adaxial side. Pedicels 3-6mm long. Sepals of male and female flowers 6; white, linear-oblong, obtuse in males; green with scaly margin, triangular, acute in female flowers. Stamens 3, the filaments united in a short column. Ovary 3 celled; styles 3, distinct, shortly and bluntly 2-fid, recurved. Capsules 4 mm in diameter, on a very short pedicel, globose, 6 angled, glabrous. Seeds 2-3 mm long, 3-gonous, rounded on the back, foveolate (Seed pits conspicuous).

Habitat & location: Found in hill side forests. Few plants are found at S.R.Puram- Porumamilla ghat.

As the images available with efi for Phyllanthus lawii and P.leischnaulti are not clear I am adding a few.

Published article of Phyllanthus lawii:

Friday, December 9, 2016

Leea aequata, kaka jangha, kakanasika, yuan xian huo tong shu,


Leea aequata L.
Family: Vitaceae

Synonyms: Leea ancolona Miq., Leea hirsuta Blume ex Spreng., Leea hirta Roxb. ex Hornem., Leea hispida Gagnep., Leea kurzii C.B. Clarke

Chinese: 圆腺火筒树,  yuan xian huo tong shu
Other Indian names: aeluvasandhe  gida,  bhooyidinda,  chivikivelama, dasi,  dhvankshajangha,  kaaka  mruthyu,  kaaka  samhaari gida,  kaakajanga,  kaka,  kakajangha,  kakakala,  kakanacikam, kakanasa, kakanasika, kakanchi, kakanga, kakangah, kakangi, kakavha, kaki, kanga, kauridinga, mekenui, monakaalu muruka, neetiveli, sirapadi, surapaadi, surapadi, velanasandi, velumasandi
Nepali: galeni
Telugu: Surapadi సురపాది

Description: Erect shrubs or small trees. Branchlets terete with longitudinal ridges, densely ferruginous pubescent. Leaves 1- or 2-pinnate; stipules cuneate or lanceolate, 2-4 × 0.4-0.6 cm, deciduous; petiole 7-15 cm, central petiolules 2-6 cm, lateral petiolules to 2 cm, densely ferruginous pubescent; leaf axis 20-35 cm, densely ferruginous pubescent; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 6-22 × 3-7 cm, base cuneate or rounded, margin with irregular teeth, apex acuminate or caudate acuminate, abaxial surface pubescent and rough with rounded brown peltate glands, adaxial surface with short hairs; lateral veins 6-14 pairs, veinlets inconspicuously protruding. Inflorescence leaf-opposed; peduncle 1-4 cm, densely ferruginous pubescent. Pedicel 1-6 mm, densely pubescent; buds ovate, 3-4 mm, apex rounded. Calyx tube cupulate; sepals triangular and densely with glands. Petals elliptic, 3-3.5 mm, glabrous. Staminodial tube 1.7-2.5 mm, with lower part 1.5-2.3 mm, upper 0.4-0.6 mm, lobes 0.3-0.4 mm. Stamens 5; filaments 2-3 mm; anthers elliptic, 1.5-2 × 0.8-1 mm. Ovary globose, 0.5-0.7 mm; style 0.5-0.8 mm; stigma slightly capitate. Berry oblate, 0.5-0.7 cm, 4-6-seeded. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 24
 
Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Tubers and stems astringent and  mucilaginous.  A  strong  antidote  for  poison,  root  bark mixed with Dioscorea pentaphylla. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]
Stem and root—astringent, anthelmintic. Used for indigestion, jaundice, chronic fever and malaria. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Published article:

Thursday, December 8, 2016

Cleistanthus patulus, Lance leaved discosus feather foil, Jeguru

Cleistanthus patulus (Roxb.) Müll.Arg.
Family: Phyllanthaceae

Synonyms: Amanoa indica Wight , Amanoa indica f. minor Thwaites, Amanoa patula (Roxb.) Thwaites , Bridelia patula (Roxb.) Hook. & Arn., Clutia patula Roxb., Kaluhaburunghos patulus (Roxb.) Kuntze, Lebidiera patula (Roxb.) Müll.Arg.
  • Engilish: Lance leaved discosus feather foil
  • Telugu: Jeguru జేగురు
Description: Deciduous tree, 2-3m tall; branches horizontal. Leaves alternate; lamina 10-12 × 2-3cm ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends; entire, glabrous, thick. Flowers unisexual, 0.4-0.6 cm across, yellowish-green in axillary few flowered clusters. Sepals and petals 5 each, disk cup like in male and female flowers. Stamens 5; filaments connate up to half their length, topped with rudimentary ovary, extrorse. Carpels 3, ovary 3 -celled; ovules 2 in each cell; styles 3, bifid at apex.  Capsule brown, 1-1.5 cm in diam., 3 lobed, 3 gonous. Seeds globose, black.

Habitat & location: Rare. Found in the hill side forest. Photographed at Rapur-Chitvel ghat., A.P., India

Publications of Cleistanthus patulus

Dimorphocalyx glabellus, Navamaram, Kalpottan, siru kottai maram, tentukki, Pachhava, Weli wenna

 
Dimorphocalyx glabellus Thwaites
Family: Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms: Croton ramiflorus J.Graham, Dimorphocalyx glabellus var. glabellus, Dimorphocalyx ramiflorus (J.Graham) M.R.Almeida, Oxydectes ramiflora (J.Graham) Kuntze
  • Malayalam: Navamaram, Kalpottan
  • Tamil:  siru kottai maram, tentukki
  • Telugu: పచ్చవ Pachhava
  • Sinhala:  Weli wenna

Description: Evergreen trees, 3-7m tall. Bark reddish brown, deeply furrowed, spongy. Leaves alternate; lamina  3-15 × 2-6cm, elliptic oblong, base rotund, entire, apex subacute, coriaceous, glabrous. Plants dioecious, 0.5-1 cm across, white; pistillate flowers solitary, male in few flowered axillary cymes. Calyx 5 lobed, cup shaped in male flowers; oblong, obtuse, accrescent in pistillate flowers. Corolla white, companulate, imbricate. Stamens 10-20 in 2 rows, on a short column, filaments thick; anther cells adnate to the thick connective, parallel, included.  Capsule 3 valved, hispid; fruiting calyx 0.7-1.5cm long, with a glandular pit near the tip. Seeds ovoid.
Habitat & location: Rare. Found in hilly areas. Photographed at Rapur ghat, Nellore - Dt., AP, India

Leaves paste applied to treat wound on nail, along with the leaves of Lawsonia inermis, Aloe vera, bulb of Scilla indica, fruit juice of Citrus limon and rhizome of Curcuma longa. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Sunday, November 27, 2016

Arundinella setosa


Arundinella setosa Trin.
Family: Poaceae

Synonyms: Andropogon capillaris B.Heyne ex Steud., Arundinella bidentata Keng, Arundinella capillaris Hook.f., Arundinella hirsuta Steud., Arundinella hubeiensis D.M.Chen, Arundinella hupeiensis Keng f. & X.P.Liou, Arundinella lasiostoma K.Schum., Arundinella mutica Nees ex Steud., Arundinella setifera Steud., Arundinella setosa var. culionensis Jansen, Arundinella setosa var. esetosa Bor ex S.M.Phillips & S.L.Chen, Arundinella setosa var. lanifera C.E.C.Fisch., Arundinella setosa var. lasiostoma (K.Schum.) Jansen, Arundinella setosa var. nilagiriana Subba Rao & Kumari, Arundinella setosa var. setosa, Arundinella setosa var. tengchongensis B.S.Sun & Z.H.Hu ex S.L.Chen, Arundinella sinensis Rendle, Arundinella stricta Nees, Arundinella tricuspidula Buse, Arundinella zollingeri Steud., Berghausia barbulata (Nees) Endl. ex Miq., Danthonia luzoniensis Steud., Danthonia neuroelytrum Steud., Garnotia barbulata (Nees) Merr., Garnotia barbulata (Nees) Janowski, Milium cimicinoides Roxb. ex Hook.f., Miquelia barbulata Nees, Miquelia setosa Nees
  • Chinese: 刺芒野古草
  • English: Reed grass, Arundinella
  • Telugu: Pathi oopagaddi

Description: Herb, perennial, culms tufted, erect or geniculate, 0.6-1.5m tall; sometimes branched, 3-7 noded, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths shorter than internodes, glabrous or hispid; leaf blades linear, 10–40 cm × 3–9 mm, glabrous or hispid; ligule 0.5 mm. Panicle open 10-45 cm long; central axis and branches scabrid; branches 5–20 cm, stiffly ascending or spreading, solitary or fasciculate, loosely spiculate; pedicels scabrid, apex usually with long stiff hairs. Spikelets 5–6 mm, green tinged purple; glumes glabrous or rarely setose, scaberulous along veins; lower glume 4.5–5.5 mm, 3 veined; upper glume 5-veined; lower floret staminate or barren, shorter than glumes or equaling lower glume; upper floret 2.5–3 mm, lemma apex awned, awn geniculate 6–10 mm; callus hairy.

Pulbished articles on Arundinella setosa

1. Population genetic structure of two forest grasses with contrasting life forms, Arundinella setosa and Garnotia tenella in Thailand.
By: Teerawatananon. A.: Hodkinson. T. R.: Sungkaew. S.
Kasetsart Journal. Natural Science Volume: 47 Issue: 1 Pages: 8-22 Published: 2013

2. ARUNDINELLA-SETOSA TRIN. SYNONYM ARUNDINELLA-MUTICA NEES EX STEUD. IN UPPER GANGETIC PLAIN INDIA
By: UNIYAL B P
Indian Journal of Forestry Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Pages: 93 Published: 1986

3. A NEW VARIETY OF ARUNDINELLA-SETOSA FROM INDIA
By: SUBBA RAO G V; KUMARI G R
Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society Volume: 72 Issue: 3 Pages: 827-828 Published: 1975

Primula floribunda

Primula floribunda Wall.
Family: Primulaceae

Description: Plants perennial, efarinose, pubescent to hairy, with a slender rhizome. Leaves cauline (including the petiole), 4-12 x 1.6-5 cm, ovate to obovate, irregularly dentate, ± membranous, glandular pubescent, the hairs articulate-pilose and short stipitate. Lamina tapering into the petiole. Scapes 1-4(-8), (1.5-)5-13 cm long, glandular-pubescent. Bracts leafy, 7-25 x12 mm, ovate to suborbiculate, irregularly dentate. Pedicels 14-25(-38) mm long, slender, usually exceeding the bracts, glandular-pubescent. Flowers heteromorphic or homomorphic and in superposed whorls of 2-5, yellow. Calyx 5-6 mm long, campanulate and up to 10 mm in fruit, glandular-pubescent. Lobes 4-6 mm long, ovate to sublanceolate, unequal, acute or subacuminate, green, slightly reflexed in fruit. Corolla tube exceeding the length of the calyx, pubescent on the outside; lobes obovate, 2-fid at the apex. Limb up to 20 mm broad, throat exannulate. Anthers c. 2 mm long, oblong. Style 4.5 mm long (in pin-eyed flowers up to 7.5 mm). Capsule subglobose to ovoid, included in the calyx. Seeds less than 0.5 mm long, angled, vesiculose, brownish-black.

Published articles on Primula floribunda

1. Kultur von Primula X kewensis (P. floribunda X P. verticillata).
Growing Primula X kewensis (P. floribunda X P. verticillata).
By: Loeser, H.
Deutscher Gartenbau  Volume: 37   Issue: 14   Pages: 646   Published: 1983

2. FLORAL ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF PRIMULA FLORIBUNDA WALL
By: SUBRAMANYAM, K; NARAYANA, LL
PHYTOMORPHOLOGY  Volume: 18   Issue: 1   Pages: 105-+   Published: 1968

Conocarpus lancifolius

Conocarpus lancifolius Engl.
Family: Combretaceae
Synonyms: Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.) Bedd., Conocarpus niloticus Delile ex Steud.

English: Golden wattle
Arabic: دمس سناني

Description: Evergreen trees, 3-8 m tall; bark dark brown furrowed in older stems. Leaves are modified into sickle shaped leathery phyllodes, 9-15 cm long and 1-3.5 cm wide. Floral heads globose, creamy white or yellow, 5-10mm in diameter, are produced in 30-40cm long drooping panicles from leaf axils. Flowers pentamerous. Exotic species; cultivated along road sides by forest department.

Published articles on Conocarpus lancifolius:

1.    Antioxidant, P.a.A.A., and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Conocarpus lancifolius (Combretaceae) Saadullah, Malik, B.A. Chaudary, and M. Uzair, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016. 15(3): p. 555-561.
2.    Antioxidant, p.a.a.a., and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Conocarpus lancifolius (Combretaceae) Malik, Saadullah, B.A. Chaudary, and U. Muhammad, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016. 15(3): p. 555-561.
3.    Using of some wastes in improving water holding capacity of sandy soil and growth of Conocarpus lancifolius Engl. seedlings Ali, B.A.A. and H.A. Ali, Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 2015. 10(7): p. 288-293.
4.    Effects of UV-B on photosynthetic parameters, l.p., flavonoids and growth traits of Conocarpus lancifolius (Engl.) Suleman, P., et al., American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 2014. 9(1): p. 55-63.
5.    Antidiabetic potential of Conocarpus lancifolius Saadullah, M., et al., Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2014. 9(2): p. 244-249.
6.    Modulation of micronutrients and antioxidants defenses in Conocarpus lancifolius under abiotic stress Redha, A., R. Al-Hasan, and M. Afzal, Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 2014. 12(3/4): p. 312-319.
7.    Antidiabetic potential of Conocarpus lancifolius Malik, S., et al., Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2014. 9(2): p. 244-249.
8.    The allelopathic potential of Conocarpus lancifolius (Engl.) leaves on dicot (Vigna sinensis L.), M.Z.m.L.a.s.-B.p.f.A.-S., A. H., et al., American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2014. 5(19): p. 2889-2903.
9.    In-vitro Antibacterial Activities of Different Extracts from Conocarpus lancifolius Engl. against Some Clinical Pathogens Ali, H.M., et al., Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2014. 8(Sp. Iss. SI): p. 221-226.
10.    Possibility of using Conocarpus lancifolius Engl. in remediation of some Iraqi soils polluted by crude oil Ali, B.A.A. and H.H. Ali, Advances in Bio Research, 2014. 5(1): p. 185-190.
11.    Resistance of Conocarpus lancifolius Engl. to different levels of salinity and water supply Ali, B.A.A., Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 2014. 9(6): p. 211-215.
12.    Temperature-induced changes of malondialdehyde, ., Patrice, et al., Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2013. 35(4): p. 1223-1231.
13.    Conocarpus lancifolius biochemical responses to variable UV-B irradiation Redha, A., et al., Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2013. 48: p. 157-162.
14.    In-vitro Antibacterial Activities of Alkaloids Extract from Leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius Engl Ali, H.M., M.Z.M. Salem, and A. Abdel-Megeed, Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2013. 7(3): p. 1903-1907.
15.    Responses of Conocarpus lancifolius to environmental stress: a case study in the semi-arid land of Kuwait Redha, A., et al., Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, 2012. 81: p. 181-190.
16.    Drought, s.a.t.i.r.t.p.i.C.l.R., A., et al., Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 2012. 10(2): p. 1320-1325.
17.    Modulation of antioxidant defenses in Conocarpus lancifolius under variable abiotic stress Redha, A., et al., Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2012. 43: p. 80-86.
18.    Leaf traits and histochemistry of trichomes of Conocarpus lancifolius a Combretaceae in semi-arid conditions Redha, A., et al., American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2011. 2(2): p. 165-174.
19.    The Use of Conocarpus lancifolius Trees for the Remediation of Oil-Contaminated Soils Al-Surrayai, T., et al., Soil & Sediment Contamination, 2009. 18(3): p. 354-368.
20.    Mulch application improves survival but not growth of Acacia ampliceps Maslin, A.n.L.D.a.C.l.L.o.a.s.s.i.s.P.A., R., et al., International Forestry Review, 2001. 3(2): p. 158-163.
21.    A note on anatomical, p.a.m.p.o.C.l.E.w.M., Iqbal and G.M. Nasir, Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 1991. 41(4): p. 218-221.
22.    Pulping characteristics of Leucaena leucocephala and Conocarpus lancifolius from Sudan Khristova, P., S. Gabir, and T. Semov, Tropical Science, 1988. 28(1): p. 1-4.
23.    Leaf spot of Conocarpus lancifolius Castellani, E., G. Gullino, and M.I. Mohamed, Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale, 1983. 77(4): p. 509-514.
24.    Conocarpus lancifolius and its possibilities in the Sudan Bosshard, W.C. and G.B.v. Wendorff, Pamphlet. Forest Research Education Project, Forestry Department, Sudan, 1966(18): p. 28-28.
25.    Conocarpus lancifolius Engler in Somaliland Protectorate Boaler, S.B., Empire Forest Rev, 1959. 38((4)): p. 371-379.
26.    Conocarpus lancifolius Engl. long dash An interesting Somaliland tree Howes, F.N., Kew Bull, 1952. 1951((3)): p. 323-324.
27.    Conocarpus lancifolius Engl. - an interesting Somaliland tree Howes, F.N., Kew Bulletin, 1951. 3: p. 323-4.

Primula denticulata, Drumstick Primrose, Palloesikko, Nitaha, Kugel-Primel


Primula denticulata Sm.
Family: Primulaceae

English: Drumstick Primrose
Chinese: qiu hua bao chun, 球花报春
Finnish: Palloesikko
German: Kugel-Primel
India: bishjopra, chailaduer,  Nitaha
Tibet:  Keechey

Description: Perennial, stems  15-20 cm high, basal leaves in a rosette, spherical  inflorescence  on  a  strong  stalk.  Seeds  angular, dentate  at  edges,  0.8-0.9  x  0.6-0.7 mm.  Surface waved,  slight  lustrous,  dark-brown. [Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora]

Poisonous  to  cattle.  Plant  used  externally  as  anodyne. Leaves, roots and flowers for cough and cold. Powder of roots used for killing leeches. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Root—powder used for killing leeches. Flowers—eaten in salad. The whole plant contains several triterpenoid saponins. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]
 
Published articles of Primula denticulata
 
1.    Bhatt, H., S. Saklani, and K. Upadhayay, ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Primula denticulata FLOWERS. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 2016. 27(2): p. 74-79.
2.    Hayashi, M., et al., Unreduced 3x gamete formation of allotriploid hybrid derived from the cross of Primula denticulata (4x) x P. rosea (2x) as a causal factor for producing pentaploid hybrids in the backcross with pollen of tetraploid P. denticulata. Euphytica, 2009. 169(1): p. 123-131.
3.    Zhang, R.L., Q.X. Zhang, and D.L. Zhang, Population diversity of Primula denticulata Smith ssp sinodenticulata (Balf.f. et forr.) W.W. Smith et Forr. as revealed by AFLP markers. Hortscience, 2008. 43(3): p. 595-595.
4.    Hayashi, M., et al., Variation of ploidy level in inter-section hybrids obtained by reciprocal crosses between tetraploid Primula denticulata (2n=4x=44) and diploid P-rosea (2n=2x=22). Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 2007. 82(1): p. 5-10.
5.    Hayashi, M., et al., Inter-sectional hybrids with various ploidy levels between Primula denticulata and three varieties of P-modesta. Breeding Science, 2007. 57(2): p. 165-173.
6.    Tokalov, S.V., et al., Biological effects of epicuticular flavonoids from Primula denticulata on human leukemia cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004. 52(2): p. 239-245.
7.    Aplin, C., R. Tan, and C. Lovell, Allergic contact dermatitis from Primula auricula and Primula denticulata. Contact Dermatitis, 2000. 42(1): p. 48-48.
8.    Wollenweber, E., et al., 5-HYDROXY-6,2'-DIMETHOXYFLAVONE FROM PRIMULA-DENTICULATA. Phytochemistry, 1990. 29(2): p. 633-637.
9.    Ahmad, V.U., V. Sultana, and Q.N. Saqib, TRITERPENOID SAPONINS FROM PRIMULA-DENTICULATA. Planta Medica, 1990. 56(1): p. 94-97.
10.    Ahmad, V.U., et al., SAPONINS FROM PRIMULA-DENTICULATA. Phytochemistry, 1988. 27(1): p. 304-306.
11.    Zimmer, K., FLOWERING OF PRIMULA-DENTICULATA SMITH. Gartenbauwissenschaft, 1986. 51(6): p. 250-254.
12.    Ahmad, V.U., Q.N. Saqib, and K. Usmanghani, PRIDENTIGENIN-E,A TRITERPENOID SAPOGENIN FROM PRIMULA-DENTICULATA. Phytochemistry, 1980. 19(8): p. 1875-1876.
13.    Ahmad, V.U., et al., NEW TRITERPENOID FROM PRIMULA-DENTICULATA. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Section B-a Journal of Chemical Sciences, 1980. 35(4): p. 511-512.
14.    Shah, C.S. and V.M. Sukkawala, PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF ROOTS OF PRIMULA DENTICULATA SMITH. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 1961. C 20(2): p. 57-+.
15.    Blasdale, W.C., THE COMPOSITION OF THE SOLID SECRETION PRODUCED BY PRIMULA DENTICULATA. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1945. 67(3): p. 491-493.

Saturday, November 26, 2016

Geranium lucidum, Glansnava, Glanzender Storchschnabel, Blizgantysis snaputis

 
Geranium lucidum L.
Family: Geraniaceae

Synonyms: Geranium camaense C.C.Huang, Geranium columbinum Garsault, Geranium laevigatum Royle, Geranium raii Lindl., Robertium lucidum Picard
  • English: Shining Crane’s-bill shining geranium
  • Bulgarian: Блестящ здравец
  • Dutch: Glanzige ooievaarsbek
  • Estonian: Läikiv kurereha
  • Finnish:  Kiiltokurjenpolvi
  • French: Geranium luisant
  • German: Glanzender Storchschnabel
  • Lithuanian: Blizgantysis snaputis
  • Swedish: Glansnava

Description: Annual, glabrous to subglabrous. Stem ascending, often reddish. Leaves suborbicular to reniform, palmatipartite, 10-40 mm broad; lamina often sparse pilose. Segments usually 3-lobed, lobes obtuse, mucronate. Stipules 1.5-2.5 mm long, broad lanceolate, glabrous. Petiole and peduncles unilaterally pubescent. Sepals 5-7 mm long, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, glabrous, transversely rugose (the wrinkles prominent in dry state), awn c. 1 mm long. Petals longer than the sepals, spathulate, reddish pink, claw narrow. Filament base scarcely dilated, glabrous. Beak 7-8 mm long, glabrous. Mericarps longitudinally rugose-reticulate, along suture glandular-uncinate. Seed 2 mm long, oblong, reddish, glabrous, lower end with a black protuberance

Publications:
1. Traditional Chinese medicinal composition used for treating insomnia, comprises lily, magnetite, Geranium strictipes, Ganoderma lucidum, cornu cervi pantotrichum, caulis polygoni multiflori, seed of thorny jujube tree and ruminant skin
Patent Number: CN104606469-A, Patent Assignee: SUN H

2. Health-care medicinal liquor useful for treating gastritis, enteritis and sprain, comprises radix bardanae, Rosa roxburghii Tratt, radix notoginseng, Geranium sibiricum and Ganoderma lucidum seu japonicum
Patent Number: CN102764361-A; CN102764361-B

3. Health-maintaining medicine used for tonifying kidney and expelling wind, comprises mulberry, shelled semen biotae, Saussurea involucrata, Geranium, Tremella, medlar, Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and yellow wine
Patent Number: CN102965257-A, Patent Assignee: SHAOXING GUHUANG VINTAGE CO LTD

4. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Geranium columbinum L. and G. lucidum L. (Geraniaceae) By: Radulovic, Niko; Dekic, Milan; Radic, Zorica Stojanovic; et al.

TURKISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY  Volume: 35   Issue: 3   Pages: 499-512   Published: 2011
5. Treating composition for digestive diseases of fowl and livestock, contains baikal skullcap root, acalypha australis, cherokee rose, herba euphorbiae hurmifusae, geranium wilfordii, sanguisorba, figwort, and fruits of ligustrum lucidum
Patent Number: CN101049375-A; CN100525800-C, Patent Assignee: WUXI ZHENGDA POULTRY CO LTD; ZHENGDA LIVESTOCKS&FOWLS CO LTD

6. Platycercus elegans cleaning product for suppressing and eradicating various bacterias comprises specific amounts of extract of ganoderam lucidum karst, prunella spike, Canscora Lam, geranium, vanilla and balancing base material
Patent Number: CN1670168-A, Patent Assignee: WANG H

7. PERENOSPORA-CONGLOMERATA A NEW DOWNY MILDEW ON GERANIUM-LUCIDUM
By: AHMAD S T; SINHA V C
Indian Phytopathology  Volume: 27   Issue: 1   Pages: 106   Published: 1974

8. Geranium lucidum L im sudlichen Berner Jura
By: BERGER, E.
BER SCHWEIZ BOT GES  Volume: 66   Pages: 147-153   Published: 1956

Urginea coromandeliana, Drimia indica, Indian squill, adavi ulligadda, Vishamangi

 
Urginea coromandeliana Hook.f.
Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop
Family: Asparagaceae

English: Indian squill, white squill
Telugu: adavi ulligadda,
Malayalam: Kanthanga, Kattulli, Vishamangi

Description: Perennial; bulbous geophyte; bulb tunicated, white, 2.5-4 cm across, globose. Leaves radicle, 10-15 × 0.5-1 cm, thick, canaliculated, acute.  Flowers drooping, dull green, 1 cm long, 3-4mm across, 3-merous, racemosely, laxly arranged on 15-30 cm long, stiff scape; pedicel 0.4-0.5 cm long. Perianth lobes 6 in 2 whorls of 3 each, linear oblong, tips of inner 3 puberulous. Stamens 6, inserted, connate with perianth lobes at base; anthers yellow, oblong. thin, campanulate. Ovary sessile, 3 loculed, ovules many in each cell; style filiform, stigmas capitate. Fruiting scape elongates to 40-60 cm long. Capsule 1cm across, deeply 3-lobed, loculicidal, 3-valved. Seeds orbicular, flat, 0.5 cm across, black.

Note: The Plant List treated this species as synonym of Drimia indica (Roxb.)Jessop. But due to the differences it is treated separately as per Gamble’s F.P.M and F.B.I.

Used in Ayurveda,  Unani  and  Sidha.  Poisonous, in large  doses  bulb  is  emetic  and  cathartic,  in  excessive  doses  is  a  narcotic acrid poison; nauseous bitter young bulbous roots  expectorant and diuretic if taken in small doses. Juice of the leaves causes cutaneous irritation. Leaves heated and tied on stomach for stomachache. Bulb as cardiac stimulant, diuretic, for chronic bronchitis; bulb juice employed in small doses in asthma, cough and whooping cough; powder used in asthma and tuberculosis; fresh tubers ground and used as a poultice for  the  treatment  of  swelling,  sprain  and  joint  pains,  antifungal, chitinolytic, antiangiogenic and proapoptotic; paste  of bulb warmed along with jaggery and applied to remove  corns; bulb paste given for abortion. Potent in vivo antitumor activity against growth of an ascites tumor, mouse mammary carcinoma. Veterinary medicine, fresh bulb for curing stomach pain of cow and buffalo; paste of tuber with cow urine  applied locally on eczema, carbuncles, wounds and tumour;  juice of bulb given in asthma and to promote reproduction;  bulb of Urginea indica and tuberous roots of Ampelocissus  tomentosa made into a paste and applied over abscess and  sore  throat;  leaves  of  Andrographis  paniculata  along  with  those  of  Vitex  negundo,  Cardiospermum  halicacabum,  tubers of Curculigo orchioides and Urginea indica pounded  and extract given for ephemeral fever. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Publications:
   
1. NATURAL TETRAPLOID OF URGINEA-COROMANDELIANA HK F
By: NAIK, VN
CURRENT SCIENCE  Volume: 42   Issue: 12   Pages: 439-440   Published: 1973

2. CYTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GAMMEXANE ON SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF URGINEA COROMANDELIANA HOOK F
By: DATTA, N
CURRENT SCIENCE  Volume: 35   Issue: 3   Pages: 75-&   Published: 1966

3. Cytological effects of gammexane on somatic chromosomes of Urginea coromandeliana Hook. F.
By: NITYANANDA DATTA.
Current Science  Volume: 35   Pages: 75-76   Published: 1966

4. Cytology of Urginea coromandeliana Hook [Liliaceae 2n = 20]
By: DATTA, NTTYANAKDA
SCI CULT  Volume: 32   Issue: (2)   Pages: 97-99   Published: 1966

Drimia indica:
   
1. Diversity of Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop and its relationship to Drimia nagarjunae using phenotypic traits and molecular markers
By: Alluri, Narendranath; Shivakameshwari, M. N.; Manohar, S. H.; et al.
INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY  Volume: 53   Issue: 6   Pages: 412-416   Published: JUN 2015

2. Herbal composition useful for treating mastitis, comprises combination of extracts of plants Emilia sonchifolia, Ficus racemosa, Musa paradisiaca, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Asparagus racemosus, and Drimia indica
Patent Number: IN201101012-I4

3. Anthelmintic and antimicrobial studies of Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop. bulb aqueous extracts.
By: Chittoor, M. S.; Binny, A. J. R.; Yadlapalli, S. K.; et al.
Journal of Pharmacy Research  Volume: 5   Issue: 7   Pages: 3677-3686   Published: 2012

Pisonia aculeata, Baghachuur, konki poda, Prickly-mampoo, Kodimullaram, Karindhu


Pisonia aculeata L.
Family: Nyctaginaceae

Synonyms: Pallavia aculeata (L.) Vell. , Pisonia aculeata var. pedicellaris Griseb. ex Heimerl , Pisonia grandifolia Standl. , Pisonia loranthoides Kunth , Pisonia monotaxadenia C. Wright , Pisonia sieberi Schltr. , Pisonia villosa Poir. , Pisonia yagua-pinda D.Parodi , Tragularia horrida K.D.Koenig ex Roxb.
 
English: West Indian cock’s spur, prtickly climbing cock’s spur
Bengali: Baghachuur / Baghachura
Tamil: Kodi kuttippadatthi, Selamaranjaan, Karuindu
Malayalam: Kodimullaram, Karindhu
Spanish: Prickly-mampoo
Telugu: పీతరించి, పిసంగి, కొంకిపొద, వశీకరణపొద

Description: Large scandent, armed shrubs. Axillary spines hooked, 0.5cm long. Leaves alternate; subsessile; lamina 3-6 × 1.5-3cm, elliptic-ovate, base rounded, margin entire, apex emarginated, chartaceous. Flowers 3-4mm across, creamy-white, sessile, aggregated in dense axillary, compound, umbels; peduncle 3-7cm long. Perianth lobes 5, tube short, lobes triangular. Stamens 10, in 2 rows, much exerted.  Anthocarps 1-1.5 × 0.4-0.6cm, oblong, 5-angled, with 5 rows of 2 seriate, stipate viscid glands.
 
Leaves used for rheumatic pains, to treat skin problems, scabies and ulcers. Bark and leaves used as counterirritant for swellings and rheumatic pains; juice with pepper given in pulmonary complaints of children. 
Roots used to treat cough. (CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants)
 
Used in Venereal diseases, muscular-skeletal disorders, rheumatism (Handbook of African Medicinal Plants, Second Edition)
 
Bark and leaves—counterirritant for swellings and rheumatic pains. Fresh leaves—used as a wash for scabies. (Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary)
 
The bark and the leaves are used as a counterirritant for swellings and rheumatic pains. The juice mixed with pepper and other ingredients is given to children suffering from pulmonary complaints. (Indian medicinal plants - Kirtikar, Kanhoba Ranchoddas, 1849-1917.

14 Published articles on Pisonia aculeata:

1.    Vandresen, F., et al., Acute toxicity and antiedematogenic activity from stems of Pisonia aculeata L. (Nyctaginaceae). Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica, 2013. 41(2): p. 111-118.
2.    Sen, S., et al., Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Pisonia aculeata: Folk medicinal use to scientific approach. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2013. 51(4): p. 426-432.
3.    Madhulatha, C., et al., Anti-ulcer activity of Pisonia aculeata on Pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer in rats. International Journal of Pharmacy and Life Sciences (IJPLS), 2013. 4(3): p. 2440-2443.
4.    Ghode, S.P., B. Rajkapoor, and P.D. Ghode, Cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of Pisonia aculeata L. leaf. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2012. 3(4): p. P-155-P-160.
5.    Anbarasu, C., et al., Protective effect of Pisonia aculeata on thioacetamide induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2012. 2(7): p. 511-515.
6.    Wu, M.-C., et al., Antitubercular Chromones and Flavonoids from Pisonia aculeata. Journal of Natural Products, 2011. 74(5): p. 976-982.
7.    Ghode, S.P., B. Rajkapoor, and T. Subbraju, Antitumor activity of methanolic extract of Pisonia aculeata leaf. International Journal of Phytomedicine, 2011. 3(2): p. 172-181.
8.    Brown, S.E., et al., First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' associated with huanglongbing in the weeds Cleome rutidosperma, Pisonia aculeata and Trichostigma octandrum in Jamaica. New Disease Reports, 2011. 24: p. 25-Article 25.
9.    Anbarasu, C., B. Rajkapoor, and J. Kalpana, Protective effect of Pisonia aculeata on Rifampicin and Isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity in rats. International Journal of Phytomedicine, 2011. 3(1): p. 75-83.
10.    Raju, S., et al., Effects of ethanol extract of Pisonia aculeata Linn. on ehrlich ascites carcinoma tumor bearing mice. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2008. 2(1): p. 50-53.
11.    Palanivel, M.G., et al., Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Pisonia aculeata L. against CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 2008. 76(2): p. 203-215.
12.    da Rosa, S.M., L.A. de Souza, and I.S. Moscheta, Morphology and anatomy of the development of the anthocarp and fruit of Pisonia aculeata L. (Nyctaginaceae). Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 2002. 53(4): p. 245-250.
13.    Diaz Dumas, M.A., ON THE TRUE IDENTITY OF PISONIA-ACULEATA L. NYCTAGINACEAE LECTOTYPIFICATION. Revista del Jardin Botanico Nacional, 1988. 9(1): p. 9-14.
14.    Venkates Warlu, J., A contribution to the embryology of Pisonia aculeata Linn. Jour Indian Bot Soc, 1947. 26((3)): p. 183-194.

Wednesday, August 31, 2016

Cyperus laevigatus, سعد ناعم, smooth flatsedge

Cyperus laevigatus L.
Family: Cyperaceae

Synonyms: Acorellus laevigatus (L.) Palla, Acorellus pallae Kneuck., Chlorocyperus junciformis (Desf.) Rikli, Chlorocyperus laevigatus (L.) Palla, Cyperus careyi Britton, Cyperus cossyrensis Tineo ex Guss., Cyperus incurvus Spreng. ex Kunth, Cyperus juncellus Dinter, Cyperus junciformis Desf., Cyperus laevigatus var. albidus Vahl, Cyperus laevigatus subsp. albidus (Vahl) Maire & Weiller, Cyperus laevigatus f. atratus Peter ex Kük., Cyperus laevigatus var. caespitosus C.B.Clarke, Cyperus laevigatus subsp. laevigatus, Cyperus laevigatus var. laevigatus, Cyperus laevigatus f. macra C.B.Clarke, Cyperus laevigatus var. pallae (Kneuck.) Kük., Cyperus laevigatus var. pictus Boeckeler, Cyperus laevigatus var. ramlehensis Sickenb., Cyperus laevigatus f. reptans (Boeckeler) C.B.Clarke, Cyperus laevigatus var. reptans (Boeckeler) Kük., Cyperus laevigatus var. subaphyllus (Boeckeler ex Schinz) Kük., Cyperus laevigatus var. viridulus (Boeckeler) C.B.Clarke, Cyperus laevigatus var. viridulus (Boeck.) Kük., Cyperus laevigatus f. viridulus (Boeck.) C.B. Clarke, Cyperus lateralis Forssk., Cyperus leucostachys Link, Cyperus maritimus Gouan ex Spreng., Cyperus monostachyos Link, Cyperus mucronatus L., Cyperus pleuranthus Nees, Cyperus reptans Boeckeler, Cyperus rivularis Steud., Cyperus roxburghianus C.Presl, Cyperus roxburghii A.Dietr., Cyperus subaphyllus Boeckeler ex Schinz, Cyperus submonastichyus Steud. & Jard., Cyperus teretifolius A.Rich., Cyperus uliginosus Thouars ex Link, Cyperus viridulus Boeckeler, Juncellus laevigatus (L.) C.B.Clarke, Juncellus laevigatus var. junciformis C.B.Clarke, Juncellus lateralis (Forssk.) M.R.Almeida, Pycreus laevigatus (L.) Nees, Pycreus lateralis (Forssk.) Nees,

English: smooth flatsedge
Arabic: سعد ناعم

Description: Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 30-50cm tall. Culms single, trigonous. Leaves reduced, sheath reddish. Spikes 5-15 mm long, 5-15 digitately arranged in lateral heads; rays absent or 1-2mm long.  Bracts 1 or 2, erect, appearing as continuation of culm. Spikelets 2–7, whitish green to reddish, compressed-turgid, oblong-lanceolate  4-7 × 2-3mm. Glumes 10-15 whitish with red speckles, 1-3 ribbed. Anthers 2. Stigmas 3. Achenes gray, glossy, oblong-ellipsoid , base cuneate, apex apiculate, surfaces finely reticulate.
Habitat & location: Occasional in muddy soils.

Uses: For cold, cough, deep cuts, boils, skin ulcers, skin and venereal diseases.

Published articles of Cyperus laevigatus

Strophanthus boivinii, Corkscrew Flower; Wood shaving flower

Strophanthus boivinii  Baill.
Family: Apocynaceae

Synonyms: Roupellina boivinii (Baill.) Pichon, Roupellina boivinii var. angustifolia (H.Perrier ex Pichon) Pichon, Roupellina boivinii var. boivinii, Roupellina boivinii var. grandiflora (Pichon) Pichon, Strophanthus arboreus Boivin ex Franch., Strophanthus aurantiacus Blondel, Strophanthus boivinii var. angustifolius H.Perrier ex Pichon, Strophanthus boivinii var. grandiflorus Pichon, Strophanthus grevei Baill. 

English: Corkscrew Flower; Wood shaving flower
French: Strophanthus de Boivin

Small deciduous tree; latex yellowish.  Leaves simple, opposite; lamina elliptic, cuneate  at base, margin entire. Flowers in cymes, usually arise in the forks of branches ; flowers yellow-orange turning reddish brown; Corolla tube short, lobes 5, 3-4 cm long and 0.5 cm wide, oblong and twisted.  Stamens 10, attached to the throat of corolla tube. Fruit not observed.
Exotic ; it is found as cultivated plant

All  parts  toxic  when  ingested.  Bark  decoction  drunk  to treat colic, also rubbed for wounds and itch. Aerial parts deoction to treat gonorrhoea and fever. Used to poison dogs and pest animals.
    
5 Published articles of Strophanthus Boivinii

Sunday, August 28, 2016

Phyllanthus rotundifolius, epetakou, פילנתוס עגול-עלים

 
Phyllanthus rotundifolius Klein ex Willd.
Family: Phyllanthaceae

Synonyms: Diasperus rotundifolius (Klein ex Willd.) Kuntze, Phyllanthus aspericaulis Pax, Phyllanthus rotundifolius var. striolatus Müll.Arg., Phyllanthus scabrifolius Hook.f.

  • Arabic: خشب صغير , الطيب
  • Hebrew: פילנתוס עגול-עלים
  • Kenya: epetakou

Description: Woody herbs; stems prostrate or slightly ascending, 5-15 cm long; branches hispid, leaf like. Foliage-leaves alternate; orbicular, 0.8-1cm across, glaucous beneath, asperulous on veins, thick, coriaceous; stipules 1mm, lanceolate. Male and female flowers occurring together in same axils or in different axils. Male flowers 3-4mm across. Perianth lobes 6, greenish with narrow scarious margin, obtuse. Stamens 3, connate into a tube; anthers orbicular. Female flowers green, 3mm across, perianth accrescent, fruiting pedicel thickened; disc annular, or entire. Capsule globose, and the seeds darker brown in colour.

Habitat & location: Rare. Found in rock crevices in forest under growth.

Published articles of  Phyllanthus rotundifolius

Saturday, August 27, 2016

Acacia horrida, Vachellia horrida, Schreckliche Akazie, ആനമുള്ള്, పాకీ తుమ్మ, واچلیا هریدا



Acacia horrida (L.) Willd. (as per Plantlist)
Family: Fabaceae / Leguminosae

New Name  
Vachellia horrida (L.) Kyal. & Boatwr (as per wikipedia)
Family: Fabaceae
  • German: Schreckliche Akazie
  • Persian: واچلیا هریدا
  • Malayalam: ആനമുള്ള്
  • Telugu: పాకీ తుమ్మ Pakitumma

Description: Deciduous shrubs; 2-4 m tall. Leaves bipinnate-compound, 2-4 cm long, pinnae2-6 pairs, leaflets 6-10 pairs, each 3-4 × 1-2mm, elliptic, obtuse; a small gland on the primary rachis in between base and first pair of pinnae; a pair of white stipular thorns on either side of the leaf base, spines hollow, 2-8 cm long, base 0.5-0.8cm in diam.. Flowers 2-3 mm, creamy white, on 2-3cm long axillary pedunculate fasciculate spikes. Calyx 2 mm; lobes ovate, apex acute. Corolla creamy white, 2-3 mm; lobes ovate-elliptic. Stamens many, free, exerted. Ovary glabrous, few ovuled; style as long as stamens. Pods 2-3 × 1cm, reniform, blackish brown with 2-4 seeds.  

Habitat & location: Common in scrub jungles.During the summer the plant is naked with sharp long spines only. 

Uses: The leaves are used as forage; the spines are used to make necklaces by tribals. Dried stems are used as fuel.

3 Published articles of Acacia horrida

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tiglium Cryptolepis buchananii Cryptolepis dubia Cryptostegia grandiflora Cucumis sativus Cuminum cyminum Cupressus torulosa Curculigo orchioides Curcuma amada Curcuma longa Cuscuta reflexa Cyananthus lobatus Cyanthillium cinereum Cycas revoluta Cyclanthera pedata Cymbopogon nardus Cynodon dactylon Cyperus laevigatus Cyperus malaccensis Cyperus rotundus Dactyloctenium aegyptium Dactylorhiza hatagirea Dalbergia latifolia Datisca cannabina Datura metel Datura stramonium Daucus carota Delphinium ajacis Delphinium denudatum Delphinium elatum Dendrobium densiflorum Dendrobium ovatum Derris scandens Derris trifoliata Desmodium concinnum Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium heterocarpon Desmodium multiflorum Desmodium triflorum Dichrocephala integrifolia Dicliptera paniculata Didymocarpus pedicellatus Dillenia indica Dimorphocalyx glabellus Dimorphoteca ecklonis Dioscorea alata Dioscorea pentaphylla Dioscorea polygonoides Diospyros kaki Diospyros malabarica Dipteracanthus patulus Dipteracanthus prostratus Dolichandrone spathacea Dolichos biflorus Dregea volubilis Drimia indica Drosera peltata Duranta erecta Dysoxylum binectariferum Dysoxylum gotadhora Dysphania ambrosioides Echinocereus pentalophus Echinops niveus Echium plantagineum Edgeworthia gardneri Eichhornia crassipes Elaeagnus umbellata Elaeocarpus ganitrus Elephantopus scaber Eleutheranthera ruderalis Elsholtzia fruticosa Elytraria acaulis Embelia ribes Emblica officinalis Enterolobium cyclocarpum Ephedra foliata Ephedra gerardiana Epipactis helleborine Eranthemum pulchellum Eryngium foetidum Erysimum hieraciifolium Erythrina suberosa Erythrina variegata Euonymus echinatus Euonymus japonicus Eupatorium capillifolium Eupatorium perfoliatum Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbia cornigera Euphorbia cotinifolia Euphorbia granulata Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia hypericifolia Euphorbia milii Euphorbia nivulia Euphorbia peplus Euphorbia tirucalli Fagonia cretica Fagopyrum acutatum Ferula foetida Ficus elastica Ficus religiosa Filicium decipiens Filipendula vestita Flacourtia indica Flemingia procumbens Flemingia semialata Foeniculum vulgare Free Access Journal Fumaria indica Fumaria parviflora Furcraea foetida Galega officinalis General Gentiana kurroo Geranium lucidum Geranium nepalense Geranium pratense Geranium wallichianum Ghee Globba schomburgkii Glochidion hohenackeri Gloriosa superba Glycyrrhiza glabra Gmelina arborea Gomphrena globosa Gomphrena serrata Goodyera repens Grewia asiatica Grewia optiva Grewia serrulata Grewia tenax Gymnema sylvestre Habenaria edgeworthii Habenaria plantaginea Handroanthus impetiginosus Hedychium spicatum Helianthus annuus Helicteres isora Helinus lanceolatus Heliotropium indicum Hemidesmus indicus Hemigraphis alternata Hemigraphis colorata Hemigraphis hirta Heracleum sphondylium Herpetospermum pedunculosum Hibiscus cannabinus Hibiscus esculentus Hibiscus hirtus Hibiscus lobatus Hibiscus radiatus Hibiscus vitifolius Hippophae rhamnoides Holarrhena antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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