Sunday, April 7, 2013

Croton tiglium, Jayaphala, Dravanti, Neervalam, Nepalam, Jamalgota

Croton tiglium L.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Synonyms: Croton acutus Thunb., Croton birmanicus Mull.Arg., Croton camaia Perr., Croton himalaicus D.G.Long, Croton jamalgota Buch.-Ham., Croton muricatus Blanco [Illegitimate], Croton officinalis (Klotzsch) Alston, Croton pavana Buch.-Ham., Halecus verus Raf., Kurkas tiglium (L.) Raf., Oxydectes birmanica (Mull.Arg.) Kuntze, Oxydectes blancoana Kuntze, Oxydectes pavana (Buch.-Ham.) Kuntze, Oxydectes tiglium (L.) Kuntze, Tiglium cumingii Klotzsch, Tiglium lanceolatum Klotzsch, Tiglium officinale Klotzsch, Tiglium pubescens Klotzsch, Tiglium subincanum Klotzsch
  • Arabic: Habusalateen, Batu, Dand, Datun, Batu.
  • Assamese: Koneeveha. Burm.– Kanako. Oriya– Jaipalo, Joyopalo, Konika.
  • Persisan: Bedanjirekhatai, Tukhmebedaajirkhatai, Dund, Habbekhatai.
  • Konkani: Japal
  • Sinhalese– Jayapala.
  • Khasi– Chicoc
  • Garo– Runibih.
  • Canarese: Danti, Japala, Nepala
  • Chinese– Pa Teou, Pa Tou
  • Malaya– Bori
  • Sanskrit : Mukula, Tintiphala, Jayapala, Dravanti
  • Assamese : Kanibish
  • Bengali : Jaipala, Patabahar,
  • English : Croton
  • Gujarati : Nepalo, Jamalagota, Nepala
  • Hindi : Jamalgota, Patabahar
  • Kannada : Nepal, Japal beej, Japala, Nervala
  • Malayalam : Nervalam, Neervalam
  • Marathi : Jepal, Japal
  • Punjabi : Japolota
  • Tamil : Nervalam, Neervalam, Valam
  • Telugu : Nepalam
  • Urdu : Jamalgota

Ayurvedic uses: Jvara, Udararoga, Vibandha [APC Part-I, Vil-II]

Purging croton or croton oil plant, a small evergreen tree with separate male and female flowers, is one among the seven poisons described in Ayurveda. The drug is well known for its drastic purgative property. The drug is found to be useful in ascites, anasarca, cold, cough, asthma, constipation, calculus, dropsy, fever and enlargement of the abdominal viscera. The seed paste is a good application for skin diseases, painful swellings and alopacia. The seed-oil is useful in chronic bronchitis, laryngeal affections, arthritis and lock jaw. Misraka-sneham is an important preparation using the drug .

Chemistry: Oil contains phorbol myristate acetate ( Husain et al, 1992). Seeds contain upto 20% protein and 30-50% lipids. Iso-guanine-D-ribose (crotoniside) and saccharose were isolated from the seeds. In fractionation of croton oil, liquid-liquid distribution procedures proved to be the separation tools of choice. The per hydrogenated parent hydrocarbon of phorbol is a perhydrocyclopropabenzulene called tigliane and phorbol is 1, 1aa, 1bb, 4, 4a, 7aa, 7b, 8, 9, 9a-decahydro-4ab, 7a, 9b, 9aa- tetrahydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 1, 6, 8a tetramethyl-5-H-cyclopropa[3,4] benz [1.2-e]azulen-5- one. Phorbol, a tetracylic diterpene with a 5, 7, 6 and 3- membered ring has 6 oxygen functions. Phorbol accounts for 3.4% and 4- deoxy- 4a- phorbol for 0.29% of the weight of croton oil. Twentyfive phorbol-12, 13-diesters have been detected (Hecker et al, 1974). A toxin croton 1, mol. wt 72,000 has been isolated from the seeds. [Medicinal Plants, Published by Kerala Agricultural University]

Root is beneficial in dropsy, lead poisoning, cerebral haemorrhage or convulsions and congestions, apoplexy, intestinal obstructions, gout, rheumatism, arthritis, lock jaw, mania, chronic laryngitis, bronchitis and to increase manly vigour (Nadkarni, 1976). Croton seeds are used as a drastic and violent purgative in conditions like apoplexy, insanity and convulsions attended with high blood pressure. The expressed oil from the seed is given in paralysis and painful affections of joints and limbs. The oil from the seed is purgative, carminative, useful in diseases of the abdomen, mental troubles, fever and inflammations. Siddha uses: Used in treatment Vatha disorders, Skin diseases and in alopecia. [Database on Medicinal Plants Used In Ayurveda Volume 8]

Activities  — Abortifacient, Carminative, Cocarcinogen, Diaphoretic, Emetic, Emmenagogue, Irritant, Insecticide, Laxative, Nephrotoxic, Piscicide, Rubefacient, Tonic .
Indications  — Bite, Bronchosis, Cancer, Cancer, brain, Cholecystosis, Colic, Conjunctivosis, Constipation, Convulsion, Dermatosis, Eczema, Edema, Encephalosis, Enterosis, Fever, Gastrosis, Inflammation, Insanity, Malaria, Mastosis, Pain, Pulmonosis, Snakebite, Sore, Sore Throat, Stomachache, Vertigo, Worm. [Hand Book of Medicinal Herbs Second Ed., James A. Duke]

Cathartic, rubefacient, irritant. Used in ascites, anasarca, dropsy and enlargement of abdominal viscera. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Uses: The sap of Croton tiglium L. is well-known to be a violent laxative. In Malaysia, the Kenyah of Sarawak crush the ripe fruits with a little ash to poison fish, whereas the Chinese of Pangkor apply crushed leaves on bruises. Ibn Sina calls the seeds dand-el-sini, suggesting its introduction from China via caravan routes through Central Asia. Croton tiglium L. was first described by Christoval Acosta in 1578. In Western medicine, the oil expressed from the seeds of Croton tiglium L. (Croton oil; Oleum Tiglii, British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1949) has been used to treat very severe constipation and externally to produce skin irritation (dose: 0.03mL to 0.06 mL).  [Medicinal Plants of The Aisa-Pacific: Drugs for The Future]


51 Published articles of Croton tiglium

1.    [GC-MS analysis of chemical components in seeds oil from Croton tiglium].
Lan, Mei; Wan, Ping; Wang, Zhi-Ying; et al. - Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials  Volume: 35   Issue: 7   Pages: 1105-8   Published: 2012-Jul
2.    [New processing procedure for Croton tiglium with study on comparison of Croton tiglium and processed product].
Zeng, Bao; Huang, Meng-Qiu; Tang, Jun-Ping; et al. - Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials  Volume: 35   Issue: 3   Pages: 371-5   Published: 2012-Mar
3.    Toxic Effects of Crotocaudin Extracted from the Medicinal Plant Croton tiglium
Yadav, Ram P.; Singh, Ajay - ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES  Volume: 65   Issue: 5-6   Pages: 327-336   Published: MAY-JUN 2010
4.    Bioactivities of extracts from Croton tiglium against 4 species of stored-grain insects.
Yao, Ying-Juan; Yang, Chang-Ju; Xue, Dong; et al. - Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis  Volume: 30   Issue: 6   Pages: 1061-1065   Published: Dec 2008
5.    Activity-guided Isolation of a Novel Protein from Croton tiglium with Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities
Shahid, Muhammad; Tayyab, Muhammad; Naz, Farah; et al. - PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH  Volume: 22   Issue: 12   Pages: 1646-1649   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2544   Published: DEC 2008
6.    Effects of essential oil from Croton tiglium L. on intestinal transit in mice
Wang, Xin; Zhang, FaMing; Liu, ZhenXiong; et al. - JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY  Volume: 117   Issue: 1   Pages: 102-107   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.023   Published: APR 17 2008
7.    Characteristics, efficacy and safety testing of standardized extract of Croton tiglium seed from Indonesia as laxative material.
Saputera; Mangunwidjaja, Djumali; Raharja, Sapta; et al. - Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS  Volume: 11   Issue: 4   Pages: 618-22   Published: 2008-Feb-15
8.    Effect of seed extracts of Withania somnifera, Croton tiglium and Hygrophila auriculata on behavior and physiology of Odontotermes obesus (Isoptera, Termitidae)
Ahmed, Sohail; Riaz, Mohammad Asam; Malik, Amjad Hameed; et al. - BIOLOGIA  Volume: 62   Issue: 6   Pages: 770-773   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-007-0134-0   Published: DEC 2007
9.    A novel analgesic pyrazine derivative from the leaves of Croton tiglium L.
Wu, Xin-An; Zhao, Yi-Min; Yu, Neng-Jiang - JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH  Volume: 9   Issue: 5   Pages: 437-441   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020500384781   Published: 2007
10.    Effects of power and extract of Croton tiglium on control of Sitophilus zeamais
Yao Ying-Juan; Xue Dong; Yang Chang-Ju; et al. - Chinese Bulletin of Entomology  Volume: 43   Issue: 6   Pages: 793-797   Published: NOV 2006
11.    Effects of extracts of the bark of the stem of Croton tiglium on the metabolism of the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea acuminata
Yadav, RP; Singh, D; Singh, SK; et al. - AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL BULLETIN  Volume: 21   Issue: 1-2   Pages: 87-92   Published: FEB 9 2006
12.    Bioactivities of extracts from Croton tiglium against Sitophilus zeamais
Yao Ying-Juan; Xue Dong; Yang Chang-Ju; et al. - Chinese Bulletin of Entomology  Volume: 43   Issue: 1   Pages: 64-67   Published: JAN 2006
13.    Changes in phospholipid and lipid peroxidation levels due to latex of Croton tiglium in freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata
Singh, Digvjay; Yadav, Ram P.; Singh, Ajay - Iberus  Volume: 23   Issue: 1   Pages: 25-31   Published: JUN 2005
14.    Toxic effects of latex of Croton tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus.
Yadav, Ram P.; Singh, Ajay - Iberus  Volume: 20   Issue: 2   Pages: 31-44   Published: Diciembre 2002
15.    Anti-HIV-1 phorbol esters from the seeds of Croton tiglium
El-Mekkawy, S; Meselhy, MR; Nakamura, N; et al. - PHYTOCHEMISTRY  Volume: 53   Issue: 4   Pages: 457-464   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00556-7   Published: FEB 2000
16.    Gastro intestinal effects of croton tiglium in experimental animals.
Pillai, N R - Ancient science of life  Volume: 18   Issue: 3-4   Pages: 205-9   Published: 1999-Jan
17.    Isolation of isoguanosine from Croton tiglium and its antitumor activity.
Kim, J H; Lee, S J; Han, Y B; et al. - Archives of pharmacal research  Volume: 17   Issue: 2   Pages: 115-8   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02974234   Published: 1994-Apr
18.    Twig blight disease of Croton tiglium caused by Colletotrichum dematium
Nath, V.; Kumar, Rajesh; Asaiya, A. J.; et al. - Indian Forester  Volume: 118   Issue: 7   Pages: 509-510   Published: 1992
19.    Field trials with tuba (Croton tiglium) seed and polynactin against the snail intermediate host and the larval stages of Schistosoma japonicum.
Blas, B.L.; Banes, M.P.H.E. - Journal of the Philippine Medical Association  Volume: 65   Issue: 4   Pages: 350-355   Published: 1990
20.    INSECTS INTERCEPTED FROM SEEDS OF MACADAMIA-INTEGRIFOLIA AND CROTON-TIGLIUM
SHARMA V K; ANAND R K - Journal of Entomological Research (New Delhi)  Volume: 12   Issue: 1   Pages: 82-83   Published: 1988
21.    A Method for Quantitative Determination of Polyfunctional Diterpene Esters of the Tigliane Type in Croton tiglium.
Glaser, S; Sorg, B; Hecker, E - Planta medica  Volume: 54   Issue: 6   Pages: 580   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962595   Published: 1988-Dec
22.    A METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE-DETERMINATION OF POLYFUNCTIONAL DITERPENE ESTERS OF THE TIGLIANE TYPE IN CROTON-TIGLIUM
GLASER, S; SORG, B; HECKER, E - PLANTA MEDICA  Issue: 6   Pages: 580-580   Published: DEC 1988
23.    A METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF POLYFUNCTIONAL DITERPENE ESTERS OF THE TIGLIANE TYPE IN CROTON-TIGLIUM
GLAESER S; SORG B; HECKER E - Planta Medica  Volume: 54   Issue: 6   Pages: 580   Published: 1988
24.    [Historical studies on the processing of the fruits of Croton tiglium L.)].
Huang, T K - Zhong yao tong bao (Beijing, China : 1981)  Volume: 12   Issue: 10   Pages: 18-20, 63   Published: 1987-Oct
25.    EFFECT OF SURFACE ACCESS AND OXYGEN CONCENTRATION ON THE TOXICITY OF CROTON-TIGLIUM (EUPHORBIACEAE) SEED EXTRACT TO BRACHYDANIO-RERIO (CYPRINIDAE)
KULAKKATTOLICKAL, AT; KRAMER, DL - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES  Volume: 44   Issue: 7   Pages: 1358-1361   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-161   Published: JUL 1987
26.    EFFECT OF THE PLANT PRODUCT CROTON-OIL ON THE INVIVO INCORPORATION OF THYMIDINE-H-3 - EVIDENCE FOR A PRONOUNCED INHIBITION IN THE THYMUS
HELLMAN, B - PLANTA MEDICA  Issue: 4   Pages: 294-296   Published: AUG 1986
27.    GLYCOLIPID-DEPENDENT AGGLUTINATION OF LIPOSOMES BY CROTON-TIGLIUM LECTIN
BANERJEE, KK; SEN, A - FEBS LETTERS  Volume: 162   Issue: 2   Pages: 248-251   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(83)80765-0   Published: 1983
28.    PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A LECTIN FROM THE SEEDS OF CROTON-TIGLIUM WITH HEMOLYTIC-ACTIVITY TOWARD RABBIT RED-CELLS
BANERJEE, KK; SEN, A - ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS  Volume: 212   Issue: 2   Pages: 740-753   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(81)90418-5   Published: 1981
29.    COMBINED EFFECT OF THE EXTRACTS FROM CROTON-TIGLIUM, EUPHORBIA-LATHYRIS OR EUPHORBIA-TIRUCALLI AND NORMAL-BUTYRATE ON EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS EXPRESSION IN HUMAN-LYMPHOBLASTOID P3HR-1 AND RAJI CELLS
ITO, Y; KAWANISHI, M; HARAYAMA, T; et al. - CANCER LETTERS  Volume: 12   Issue: 3   Pages: 175-180   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(81)90066-5   Published: 1981
30.    STUDIES ON PROTEINS FROM SEEDS OF CROTON-TIGLIUM AND OF JATROPHA-CURCAS - TOXIC PROPERTIES AND INHIBITION OF PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS INVITRO
STIRPE, F; PESSIONBRIZZI, A; LORENZONI, E; et al. - BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL  Volume: 156   Issue: 1   Pages: 1-6   Published: 1976
31.    Phorbolesters--the irritants and cocarcinogens of Croton Tiglium L.
Hecker, E; Schmidt, R - Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe. Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products. Progres dans la chimie des substances organiques naturelles  Volume: 31   Issue: 0   Pages: 377-467   Published: 1974
32.    PHORBOL ESTERS THE IRRITANTS AND CO CARCINOGENS OF CROTON-TIGLIUM
HECKER E; SCHMIDT R - HERZ, W. H. GRISEBACH AND G. W. KIRBY (ED.). FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS, VOL. 31. IX+693P. ILLUS. SPRINGER-VERLAG: NEW YORK, N.Y., U.S.A.; WIEN, AUSTRIA. ISBN 0-387-81172-9; ISBN 3-211-81172-9  Pages: 377-467   Published: 1974
33.    PHORBOL ESTER TUMOR-PROMOTING AGENTS AND MEMBRANE STABILITY
SIVAK, A; RAY, F; VANDUURE.BL - CANCER RESEARCH  Volume: 29   Issue: 3   Pages: 624-&   Published: 1969
34.    COCARCINOGENIC PRINICPLES FROM SEED OIL OF CROTON TIGLIUM AND FROM OTHER EUPHORBIACEAE
HECKER, E - CANCER RESEARCH  Volume: 28   Issue: 11   Pages: 2338-&   Published: 1968
35.    TUMOR-PROMOTING AGENTS FROM CROTON TIGLIUM L AND THEIR MODE OF ACTION
VANDUURE.BL; SIVAK, A - CANCER RESEARCH  Volume: 28   Issue: 11   Pages: 2349-&   Published: 1968
36.    STUDIES WITH CARCINOGENS AND TUMOR-PROMOTING AGENTS IN CELL CULTURE
SIVAK, A; VANDUURE.BL - EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH  Volume: 49   Issue: 3   Pages: 572-&   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(68)90205-X   Published: 1968
37.    Structure and stereochemistry of the tetracyclic diterpene phorbol from Croton tiglium L.
HECKER, E.; BARTSCH, H.; BRESCH, H.; et al. - TETRAHEDRON LETT  Volume: 33   Pages: 3165-3170   Published: 1967
38.    STRUCTURE AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF TETRACYCLIC DITERPENE PHORBOL FROM CROTON TIGLIUM L
HECKER, E; BARTSCH, H; BRESCH, H; et al. - TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  Issue: 33   Pages: 3165-&   Published: 1967
39.    TUMOR-ENHANCING PRINCIPLES OF CROTON TIGLIUM L .2. A COMPARATIVE STUDY
VANDUURE.BL; LANGSETH, L; SIVAK, A; et al. - CANCER RESEARCH  Volume: 26   Issue: 8P1   Pages: 1729-&   Published: 1966
40.    STUDIES ON THE USE OF THE SEEDS OF CROTON-TIGLIUM-D AS A POISON FOR THE CLEARANCE OF PREDATORY AND WEED FISHES FROM NURSERY PONDS ABSTRACT
BHUYAN B R - Indian Science Congress Association Proceedings  Volume: 53   Issue: 3   Pages: 381-382   Published: 1966
41.    TUMOR-ENHANCING PRINCIPLES OF CROTON TIGLIUM L
VANDUURE.BL; ORRIS, L - CANCER RESEARCH  Volume: 25   Issue: 11P1   Pages: 1871-&   Published: 1965
42.    CHEMISTRY OF PHORBOL ESTERS FROM CROTON TIGLIUM L
HELPERN, M; VANDUURE.BL - CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY  Issue: 22   Pages: 943-&   Published: 1965
43.    STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF AN ACTIVE PRINCIPLE FROM CROTON TIGLIUM L
ARROYO, ER; HOLCOMB, J - JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY  Volume: 8   Issue: 5   Pages: 672-&   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00329a025   Published: 1965
44.    Initiation and promotion in carcinogenesis: Croton tiglium components [mice]
ORRIS, L.; Van DUUREN, B.L.; ARROYO, E; et al. - PROC AMER ASSOC CANCER RES  Volume: 5   Issue: (1)   Pages: 49   Published: 1964
45.    TUMOUR-ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF CROTON TIGLIUM L
VANDUUREN, BL; ARROYO, E; ORRIS, L - NATURE  Volume: 200   Issue: 491   Pages: 1115-&   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2001115a0   Published: 1963
46.    TUMOR-ENHANCING AND IRRITANT PRINCIPLES FROM CROTON TIGLIUM L.
VANDUUREN, BL; ARROYO, E; ORRIS, L - JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY  Volume: 6   Issue: 5   Pages: 616-&   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00341a041   Published: 1963
47.    The tumor-enhancing principle from croton oil and croton resin [Croton-tiglium, Dicotyledon]
VAN DUUREN, B. L.; ORRIS, L.; ARROYO, E. - PROC AMER ASSOC CANCER RES  Volume: 4   Issue: (1)   Pages: 69   Published: 1963
48.    [Croton tiglium powder as an auxiliary treatment in laryngeal obstruction due to diphtheria or laryngitis: preliminary report of 116 cases].
WANG, T Y; LIM, T C; CHIU, H P; et al. - Zhonghua er ke za zhi. Chinese journal of pediatrics  Volume: 11   Pages: 148-50   Published: 1960-Feb
49.    TUMOR PROMOTING PRINCIPLES IN SEEDS OF CROTON TIGLIUM L
SICE, J - ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHARMACODYNAMIE ET DE THERAPIE  Volume: 115   Issue: 4   Pages: 408-415   Published: 1958
50.    The extraction of the poisonous substances from the seeds of Croton tiglium
van DUUREN, A. J. - CHRON NAT  Volume: 106   Issue: (12)   Pages: 466-474   Published: 1950
51.    On a New Preparation of Croton Tiglium.
Pope, J - Medico-chirurgical transactions  Volume: 13   Issue: Pt 1   Pages: 97-102   Published: 1827
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Circaea alpina Cissampelos pareira Cissus quadrangularis Citrullus lanatus Cleistanthus patulus Clematis gouriana Clematis montana Cleome gynandra Clerodendrum chinense Clerodendrum indicum Clerodendrum infortunatum Clerodendrum laevifolium Clerodendrum philippinum Clerodendrum phlomidis Clerodendrum serratum Clerodendrum splendens Clerodendrum wallichii Coccinia grandis Cocculus hirsutus Cocculus laurifolius Cochlospermum religiosum Coix lacryma-jobi Colebrookea oppositifolia Coleus aromaticus Colocasia esculenta Combretum indicum Commelina benghalensis Commelina maculata Commelina paludosa Commiphora caudata Commiphora mukul Commiphora wightii Conocarpus lancifolius Consolida ajacis Convolvulus pluricaulis Cordyline fruticosa Corydalis cornuta Cosmos sulphureus Costus speciosus Cotinus coggygria Couroupita guianensis Crinum asiaticum Crocus sativus Crossandra infundibuliformis Crotalaria alata Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria prostrata Croton klotzschianus Croton scabiosus Croton tiglium Cryptolepis buchananii Cryptolepis dubia Cryptostegia grandiflora Cucumis sativus Cuminum cyminum Cupressus torulosa Curculigo orchioides Curcuma amada Curcuma longa Cuscuta reflexa Cyananthus lobatus Cyanthillium cinereum Cycas revoluta Cyclanthera pedata Cymbopogon nardus Cynodon dactylon Cyperus laevigatus Cyperus malaccensis Cyperus rotundus Dactyloctenium aegyptium Dactylorhiza hatagirea Dalbergia latifolia Datisca cannabina Datura metel Datura stramonium Daucus carota Delphinium ajacis Delphinium denudatum Delphinium elatum Dendrobium densiflorum Dendrobium ovatum Derris scandens Derris trifoliata Desmodium concinnum Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium heterocarpon Desmodium multiflorum Desmodium triflorum Dichrocephala integrifolia Dicliptera paniculata Didymocarpus pedicellatus Dillenia indica Dimorphocalyx glabellus Dimorphoteca ecklonis Dioscorea alata Dioscorea pentaphylla Dioscorea polygonoides Diospyros kaki Diospyros malabarica Dipteracanthus patulus Dipteracanthus prostratus Dolichandrone spathacea Dolichos biflorus Dregea volubilis Drimia indica Drosera peltata Duranta erecta Dysoxylum binectariferum Dysoxylum gotadhora Dysphania ambrosioides Echinocereus pentalophus Echinops niveus Echium plantagineum Edgeworthia gardneri Eichhornia crassipes Elaeagnus umbellata Elaeocarpus ganitrus Elephantopus scaber Eleutheranthera ruderalis Elsholtzia fruticosa Elytraria acaulis Embelia ribes Emblica officinalis Enterolobium cyclocarpum Ephedra foliata Ephedra gerardiana Epipactis helleborine Eranthemum pulchellum Eryngium foetidum Erysimum hieraciifolium Erythrina suberosa Erythrina variegata Euonymus echinatus Euonymus japonicus Eupatorium capillifolium Eupatorium perfoliatum Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbia cornigera Euphorbia cotinifolia Euphorbia granulata Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia hypericifolia Euphorbia milii Euphorbia nivulia Euphorbia peplus Euphorbia tirucalli Fagonia cretica Fagopyrum acutatum Ferula foetida Ficus elastica Ficus religiosa Filicium decipiens Filipendula vestita Flacourtia indica Flemingia procumbens Flemingia semialata Foeniculum vulgare Free Access Journal Fumaria indica Fumaria parviflora Furcraea foetida Galega officinalis General Gentiana kurroo Geranium lucidum Geranium nepalense Geranium pratense Geranium wallichianum Ghee Globba schomburgkii Glochidion hohenackeri Gloriosa superba Glycyrrhiza glabra Gmelina arborea Gomphrena globosa Gomphrena serrata Goodyera repens Grewia asiatica Grewia optiva Grewia serrulata Grewia tenax Gymnema sylvestre Habenaria edgeworthii Habenaria plantaginea Handroanthus impetiginosus Hedychium spicatum Helianthus annuus Helicteres isora Helinus lanceolatus Heliotropium indicum Hemidesmus indicus Hemigraphis alternata Hemigraphis colorata Hemigraphis hirta Heracleum sphondylium Herpetospermum pedunculosum Hibiscus cannabinus Hibiscus esculentus Hibiscus hirtus Hibiscus lobatus Hibiscus radiatus Hibiscus vitifolius Hippophae rhamnoides Holarrhena antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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