Saturday, November 30, 2013

Nicotiana tabacum, Tobacco, Taamraparna, Dhuumrapatraa

Nicotiana tabacum L.
(Spelling variations: Nicotiana tobaccum, Nicotiana tobacum)
Family: Solanaceae

Vernacular names: Ahisi, Aka, Akomi, Cauai, Chandi, Charhû, Chiri, Chiri Tseri, Chomak, Cutz, Cuutz, Erba Regina, Erba Tornabona, Erva Santa, Fumo, Fumo Commum, Hece, Henbane of Peru, Herb à la Reine, Hici, Hici Pvkpvki, Hini, I’pa, Iri, Istewaw, I’tci, Iúri, Kshátey, Kuutz, Lapscon, Mannah Sha, Morqona, Nicotiane, Non-Ni-Hi, Ojenqua, Paich, Paimbá, Pai’mba, Peenti, Petim, Petima, Petum, Petume, Petun, Pinaji, Pistacan, Pori, Punche, Rombo, Rome, Romu, Rume, Sairi, Sayri, Se’ma, Seri, Shahuano, Shiña, Ssina, Taaba, Tabac, Tabacco, Tabacco di Virginia, Tabac Commun, Tabac Mannoque, Tabaco, Tabaco Bobo, Tabaco de Oler, Tabak, Tac, Tambacu, Tamrakuta, Tanbak, Theyamah, Tobacco, Tombaca, Tsaang, Tsa’lu, Tsiña, Tsit, Tütün, Twahko, Uar, Uenaña, Upook, Uppówoc, Virginischer Tabak, WX’ru, Yan Cao, Yani’, Yapo, Yemats, Yen Ts’ao, Yerba de la Reina, Yerba del Embajador, Yerba del Gran Prior, Yetl, Yiri, Zèb a la Rèn, Pogaaku, Tambaaku, 

Activity: Acaricide, Analgesic, Anorectic, Anticonvulsant, Antidote, Antidote , Antiparasitic, Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Aphrodisiac, Cathartic, CNS-Stimulant, Convulsant, Curare, Deobstruent, Depressant, Discutient, Diuretic, Emetic, Expectorant :45); Febrifuge, Fumitory, Fungicide, Hemostat, Hypertensive, Hypotensive, Insectifuge, Intoxicant, Larvicide, Laxative, Molluscacide, Narcotic, Parasiticide, Pediculifuge, Piscicide, Poison, Psychedelic, Purgative, Respirostimulant, Sedative, Sialagogue, Vermifuge. [Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America]

Dominican Medicinal Uses
Leaves: poultice, topically, for wounds, skin infections, bug bites, sinus infection and headache.
Safety: Cases of toxic effects in humans have been reported due to ingestion of the dried leaf or nicotine and excessive exposure to the fresh leaf.
Contraindications: Pregnancy, lactation, children under 5 years.
Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vitro: acaricidal, antifungal, insecticidal (methanolic leaf extracts); antifungal (seed). [Dominican Medicinal Plants: A Guide For Health Care Providers Second Edition]

Cured leaf poultice for postpartum pain. Fertility disruptant [Ethnomedicinal Plants - Revitalization of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs]

The leaves are useful in dental caries, dyspepsia, asthma, scabies, skin diseases, ulcers, painful tumors. [Herbal Cures: Traditional Approach]

Leaves—decoction is locally applied for muscle relaxation in dislocation, strangulated hernia and orchitis. Also for arthralgia, lumbago, rheumatism and gout (an ointment is made by simmering the leaves in lard). Not used internally as a medicine. 

The plant contains nicotine as the major alkaloid. Toxic influence of cigarette and bidi smoking on carboxyhaemoglobin levels of the blood of regular smokers was compared and no significant difference was observed in both of them. A pyrolysed tobacco product, used in India as a dentifrice, when administered to rats, showed activity comparable to benzo(a)pyrene, a potent carcinogen.  [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Chemical Constituents: 2,3,6-Trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone: Pl, 2-Methylquinone: Lf smoke, 2-Naphthylamine: Lf, 3-Hydroxypyridine: Lf smoke, 3-Hydroxypyridine: Lf smoke, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pirydyl)-1-butanol:, Lf, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pirydyl)-1-, butanone: Lf, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric, acid: Lf, 4-(Nitrosomethyloamino)-1-(3-pirydyl)butyric, acid: Pl, 4-(Nitrosomethyloamino)butyric acid: Pl, 4-(N-nitrosomethyloamino)-4-(3-, pirydyl)butyric acid: Pl 0.01-0.95, 4-Aminobiphenyl: Lf smoke, 6-Methyl-3-hydroxypyridine: Lf smoke, Abienol, cis: Pl, Abscisic acid, â-D-glucopyraoside: Stigma, Abscisic acid, cis-2-trans-4: Petiole, Abscisic acid, methyl ester: Stigma, Abscisic acid: Petal, Cy, Ovary, Style, Stamen,, An, Stigma, Acetaldehyde: Lf, Acetamide: Lf, Acetic acid: An, Acetonitrile: St, Acetophenone, 3-4-dimethoxy: Lf, Rt, St, Bk,, Tw, Acetophenone: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Acrolein: Lf, Acrylonitrile: Lf, Actinidiolide, dihydro: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Actinidol, 3-oxo: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Adenine, 6-benzyl: Call Tiss, Aesculetin: Lf, Agropine: St 7%, Alainine: Sd, Alanine, phenyl: Sd, Albumin: cured Lf, Alkyl-2-cyclope, smoke, Alkyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclope, smoke, Amine, N-nitroso-diethanol: Lf, Amine, N-nitroso-dimethyl: Lf, Amyrin, â: Lf, Anabasine, N'-formyl: Lf 4.3–8.6, Anabasine, N'-methyl, (2'S): Pl, Anabasine, N'-nitroso: Lf, Anabasine, N-methyl: Lf, Anabasine, N-nitroso: Lf, Anabasine: An, Anatabine, N'-formyl: Lf, Anatabine, N'-methyl: Lf 1, Anatabine: An, Rt, Anatalline: Rt 10.4, Anethole: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Aniline-HCl: Lf smoke, A, A, Arachidic acid: Lf, Areginine: Sd, Arginine: Pl, Aristolochene, 5-epi: Pl, Aspartic acid: Sd, ATP: St, Avenasterol, 7-dehydro: Sd, Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid: Pl, Basm-4-en-6-one, 7-8-epoxy: Lf, Basman-6-one, 1(R)-3(R)-3(R)-epoxy-4(S)-, 8(S)-dihydroxy, (2S-8S-11R-12S): Fl, Basman-6-one, 1(R)-3(R)-epoxy-4(S)-8(R)-, dihydroxy, (2S-7R-11S-12S): Fl, Benzaldehyde, 3-4-dimethoxy: Lf, Rt, St, Bk,, Tw, Benzaldehyde: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Benzene, 1-2-4-trihydroxy: Lf, Benzene, allyl: Lx (St), Benzene, N-propyl: Lx (St), Benzene, tert-butyl: Lx (St), Benzo-(A)-a, Benzo-(A)-fluorene: Lf 4.9 ìg/100 Cig, Benzo-(A)-pyrene: Lf 1.7 ìg/100 Cig, Benzo-(F)-fluora, Cig, Benzo-(G-H-I)-perylene: Lf 0.3 ìg/100, Cig, Benzo-(K)-fluora, Cig, Benzo[e]pyrene: Smoke, Benzofuran, octahydro, 6-hydroxy-4-4-7-(A)-, trimethyl: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Benzoic acid: Lf 36, Benzonitrile: Lf, Benzopyrene: Lf, Benzoquinone, 1-4: Call Tiss, Rt, Lf, Benzyl acetate: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Benzyl alcohol: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Bicycle-(4-4-O)-decan-9-one, 1-3-7-7-, tetramethyl-2-oxa: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Bicyclo-(4-4-O)-dec-5-en-9-oe, 1-3-7-7-, tetramethyl-2-oxa: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Bicyclo(5.4.0)-undecan-3-one, 4-oxa-7(R)-11-, 11-trimethyl, (1S): Lf 0.016, 3-(Nitrosomethyloamino)propionic acid: Pl, Bicyclodamascenone A: Lf EO, Bicyclodamascenone B: Lf EO, Biphenyl methane: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Bipyridine, 2-3': Pl, Bipyridyl, 2-3', 5-methyl: Lf 0.9, Bipyridyl, 2-3': Lf, Bipyridyl, 2-3'-5-methyl: Lf 11, Blumenol A â-D-glucopyranoside: Lf, Blumenol C: Lf 0.23, Brassicasterol: Sd, But-2-en-4-olide, 3-(4-methyl-1-pe, Lf 0.002, But-3-en-2-one, 3-methyl: Lx (St), Butan-1-ol, 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-4-(3-, pyridyl): Lf, Butan-1-one, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-, (3-pyridyl): Lf, Butan-4-olide, 4-ethyl: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Butane-2-3-dione: Lx (St), Buten-2-al: Lx (St), But-trans-2-en-1-one, 1-(2-3-6-trimethylphenyl):, Lf, Butyraldehyde: Lf, Butyric acid, N, caffeoyl-4-amino: Pl, Butyric acid, N, N-caffeoyl-4-amino: Bd, Butyric acid: Lf, Butyronitrile, 1: Lx (St), Cadinene, Ä: Lf, Cadinenol: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Caffeic acid: Lf, Calamanene: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Campest-7-en-ol: Sd, Campestanol: Sd, Campesterol acyl glycoside: Lf, Campesterol ester: Lf, Campesterol glycoside: Lf, Camphor: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Capnos-11-ene-2-10-dione, 4-6-8-trihydroxy:, Fl, Capnos-12(20)-en-2-one, 8(R)-11(S)-epoxy-, 4(S)-6(R)-dihydroxy, (1S-3R-7R): Fl, Capnos-12(20)-ene, 4(S)-6(R)-diol, 2(R)-, 11(R), 8(R)-11(R)-diepoxy, (1S-3S):, Fl, Capric acid: Lf, Caproic acid: Lf, Capronic acid, iso: An, Capsidiol: Pl, Capsidol: Rt, Carboxylase, ribulose-diphosphate: Pl, Cardinene, ã: Lf, Carotene, â: Call Tiss, Carotene: Lf, Carvone: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Caryophyllene, â: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Catechol: Lf, Cedrene, á: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cedrol: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cembr-2-en-12-one, 4-6-dihydroxy-7-8-epoxy-, 20-nor, (1S-2-trans-4S-6R-7R-8R): Fl, Cembra-2-6-12-(20)-triene-4-8-diol, 11-, hydroperoxy: Lf 0.1, Cembra-2-7-11-trien-6-one, 4(R)-hydroxy,, (1S-2-trans-4R-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-11-trien-6-one, 4(S)-hydroxy,, (1S-2-trans-4S-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-11-triene-4-6-diol, (1S-2-trans-, 4R-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-11-triene-4-6-diol, (1S-2-trans-, 4S-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-11-triene-4-6-diol, á: Lf, Cembra-2-7-12 (20-triene-4-6-11-triol),, (1S-2-trans-4S-6R-7-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-dien-12-one, 4-6-dihydroxy-20-, nor, (1S-2-trans-4S-6R-7-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-diene-4-6-diol, 11-12-epoxy,, (1S-2-trans-4R-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-2-7-diene-4-6-diol, 11-12-epoxy,, (1S-2-trans-4S-6R-7-trans-11-trans): Fl, Cembra-3-7-11-15-tetraen-6-ol: Gum, Cembra-trans-2-12(20)-dien-6-one, 4(S)-8(R)-, 11(S)-trihydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-12(20)-dien-6-one, 4(S)-8(S)-, 11(S)-trihydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-12(20)-dien-6-one, 8(R)-, 11(S)-epoxy-4(S)-hydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-12(20)-diene-4(S)-6(R)-7(S)-, triol, 8(R)-11(S)-epi-dioxy: Fl, Cembra-trans-2-12(20)-diene-4(S)-6(R)-7(S)-, triol, 8(R)-11(S)-epoxy, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-8(19)-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-7(R)-11(S)-tetraol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-8(19)-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-7(S)-11(S)-tetraol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-en-6-one, 8(R)-11(S)-epoxy-, 4(S)-12(R)-dihydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-11-diene-4-(S)-6(R)-, diol, 7(R)-8(R)-epoxy. 1(S): Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-11-diene-4(S)-6(R)-diol,, 7(S)-8(S)-epoxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-12-dien-6-one, 8(R)-, 11(S)-epoxy-4(S)-hydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-12(20)-trien-4-ol,, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-12(20)-triene-4(R)-, 8(S)-11(S)-triol, (1S): Fl 14.5, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 8(S)-11(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-diene-4-12-diol, 8-11-, epoxy, (1S-4S-8S-11R12S): Lf 0.01, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-10-triene-4(R)-, 8(S)-12(R)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-10-triene-4(R)-, 8(S)-12(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-10-triene-4(S)-, 8(S)-12(R)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-10-triene-4(S)-, 8(S)-12(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-11-triene-4-6-, diol, 4-O-methyl, (1S-4R): Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-12-trien-4-ol,, 8-11-epoxy, (1-2-4-R-8R-11S): Lf 0.03, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-12-trien-4-ol,, 8-11-epoxy, (1S-4S-8R-11S): Lf 0.2, Cembra-trans-2-trans-6-trans-12-triene-4-6-, diol, 12-hydroperoxy, (1S-4R-6R-12S):, Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4-6-, diol, 12-hydroperoxy, (1S-4S-6R-12R):, Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4-6-, diol, 12-hydroperoxy, (1S-4S-6R-12S):, Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene, 4(S)-, 10(S)-dihydroxy, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-10-one,, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-10-one,, 4(R)-6(R)-dihydroxy, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-10(R)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-10(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-13(R)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-10(R)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-10(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-11(S)-triol, (1S): Fl 36.1, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-11(R)-triol, (1S): Fl 9, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-11(S)-triol: Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-diol, 10(R)-11(R)-epoxy, (1S):, Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-diol, 10(S)-11(S)-epoxy, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4-6-diol,, 11-hydroperoxy, (1S-4R-6R-11S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-12(20)-triene-4-6-diol,, 11-hydroperoxy, (1S-4S-6R-11S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-cis-11-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-10(S)-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-cis-11-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-20-triol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-dien-6-one, 11(S)-, 12(S)-epoxy-4(S)-hydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-diene-4(R)-6(R)-diol,, 11(R)-12(R)-epoxy, 2(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-diene-4(S)-6(R)-, 11(S)-12(R)-tetraol, (1S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-diene-4(S)-6(R)-diol,, 11(R)-12(R)-epoxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-diene-4(S)-6(R)-diol,, 11(S)-12(S)-epoxy: Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-diene-4-6-diol, 11-12-, epoxy, (1S-4R-11S-12S): Lf 0.09, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-trans-6-one,, 4(S)-12(S)-dihydroxy, 1(S): Fl, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-12(R)-triol, (1S): Fl 13.3, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-12(S)-triol, (1S): Fl 21.7, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-12(R)-triol, (1S): Fl 20.5, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-10-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-12(S)-triol: Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(R)-, 6(R)-diol: Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4(S)-, 6(R)-diol: Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4-6-, diol, 4-O-methyl, (1S-4R-6R): Lf, Cembra-trans-2-trans-7-trans-11-triene-4-8-, diol, 4-8-di-O-methyl: Lf, Cembratriendiol, á: Lf, Cembratriendiol, â: Lf, Cembrene: Lf 0.031, Cembrenodienol, á: Lf, Cembrenodienol, â: Lf, Cerotic acid: Sd, Cerotic acid: Sd, Chlorogenic acid: Lf, Chlorophyll A: Call Tiss, Chlorophyll B: Call Tiss, Cholest-7-enol, 4-á-methyl: Sd oil, Cholest-7-enol: Sd oil, Cholesta-7-24-dien-3-â-ol, 4-á-24-dimethyl:, Sd, Cholesta-7-24-dien-3-â-ol, 4-á-methyl-24-, ethyl: Sd, Cholesta-8-24-dien-3-â-ol, 4-á-14-á-24-, trimethyl: Sd, Cholestanol: Sd, Cholesterol acyl glycoside: Lf, Cholesterol ester: Lf, Cholesterol glycoside: Lf, Cholesterol, 24-methylene: Sd oil, Cholesterol: Sd oil, Choline, phosphatidyl: Pl, Choline: Pl, Chrysene: Lf smoke 5.1 ìg/100 Cig, Cineol, 1–8: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cinnamonitrile, dihydro: Cured Lf, Cinnamyl alcohol: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Citric acid: Lf, Citronellol: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Citrostadienol: Sd oil, Clerosterol: Sd, Coenzyme Q-10: Pl, Collidine,ã: Lf, Coniferyl alcohol: Lf smoke, Cotinine: Lf 95.9, Cotinine: Lf, Coumarin: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cresol, m-: Lf, Cresol, ortho: Lf, Cresol, para: Lf, Crotonaldehyde: Lf, Cupalene: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cupalene: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Curcumene, á: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cycloartanol, 24-methylene: Lf, Cycloartanol, 31-nor: Sd, Cycloartanol: Sd oil, Cycloartenol, 24-methylene: Sd oil, Cycloartenol, 31-nor: Sd oil, Cycloartenol: Lf, Cycloeucalenol: Sd oil, Cyclohex-2-en-1-4-dione, 2-6-6-trimethyl-4-, methylene: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cyclohexanone, 4-hydroxy-2-2-6-trimethyl:, Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cyclohexanone, 4-hydroxy-3-3-5-trimethyl:, Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Cyclope, carboxylic acid: Lf, Cyclope, St, Bk, Tw, Cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-1-amino: Call, Tiss, Cyperone, á, 2-keto: Lf, Cysteine: Sd, Damascene, â, 3-hydroxy: Lf EO, Damascene, â, 3-hydroxy: Lf, Rt, St, Bk,, Tw, Damascene, â, 4-hydroxy: Lf EO, Damascene, â, 8-9-dihydro, 3-hydroxy:, Lf EO, Damascene, â: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Damascenone, â: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Damascenone: Lf, Rt, St, Bk, Tw, Daucosterol: Lf, Debneyol, 1-â-hydroxy, 12-O-â-D-glucoside:, Lf 7.4, Debneyol, 1-hydroxy: Pl 3, Debneyol, 7-epi: Pl 1.1, Debneyol, 8-hydroxy: Pl 3, Debneyol: Pl, Deca-cis-2-trans-4-dienoic acid, 6-iso-propyl-3-, methyl-9-oxo: cured Lf, Decane: Smoke, Deca-trans-2-trans-4-dienoate, 9-oxo-6-isopropyl-, 3-methyl, methyl: Lf, Deca-trans-2-trans-4-dienoic acid, 6-iso-propyl-, 3-methyl-9-oxo, (–): LfJ, Deca-trans-2-trans-7-dienoic acid, 6-iso-propyl-, 3-methyl-9-oxo: cured Lf, Deca-trans-4-9-dienoic acid, 3-hydroxy-6-isopropyl-, 3-methyl-9-(5-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-, 2-yl): Lf, Dec-trans-4-en-9-one, 1-3-dihydroxy-6-isopropyl-, 3-methyl, (3-å-6-å): 0.009, Dec-trans-4-enoic acid, 3-å-hydroxy-9-oxo-, 3-å-methyl-6-(S)-iso-propyl: Cured, Lf, Dec-trans-4-enoic acid, 3-hydroxy-6-iso-propyl-, 3-methyl-9-oxo, (6S): Lf 0.037, Dec-trans-4-enoic acid, 3-hydroxy-6-iso-propyl-, 3-methyl-9-oxo: Lf 0.008, Dehydratase, Ä-amino-levulinic acid:, Call Tiss, Dehydrogenase, NADP-linked-glyceraldehyde:, Pl, Docosan-1-ol: Lf, Dodeca-trans-6-trans-9-dienoic acid, 3-psihydrohy-, 4-psi-9-dimethyl: Cured Lf,  and many more [Medicinal Plants of The World – Vol.3]
Selected Published articles of  Nicotiana tabacum
1.    Effects of Nicotiana tobaccum extract additive on the quality of electroplating of zinc on mild steel
Loto, C. A.; Loto, R. T. - POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY  Volume: 15   Issue: 1   Pages: 38-45   Published: 2013

2.    An Acyl-acyl Carrier Protein Thioesterase Gene Isolated from Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox), CpFATB, Enhances Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum)
Zhang, Li-Hong; Jia, Baolei; Zhuo, Ren-Ying; et al. - PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER  Volume: 30   Issue: 2   Pages: 433-442   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11105-011-0359-5   Published: APR 2012

3.    Piscicidal effect of tobacco ( Nicotiana tobaccum) leaf dust on African giant catfish ( Heterobranchus bidorsalis) fingerlings.
Jegede, T.; Olanrewaju, B. - Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America  Volume: 3   Issue: 11   Pages: 435-438   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2012.3.11.435.438   Published: 2012

4.    Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nicotiana tobaccum leaf extract and study of their antibacterial effect
Prasad, Kumar Suranjit; Pathak, Darshit; Patel, Ankita; et al. - AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY  Volume: 10   Issue: 41   Pages: 8122-8130   Published: AUG 3 2011

5.    Acute toxicity of tobacco ( Nicotiana tobaccum) leaf dust on the African catfish: Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822).
Kori-Siakpere, O.; Oviroh, E. O. - Archives of Applied Science Research  Volume: 3   Issue: 2   Pages: 1-7   Published: 2011

6.    Haematological response of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles exposed to tobacco ( Nicotiana tobaccum) leaf dust.
Olufayo, M. O.; Jatto, I. A. - Better science, better fish, better life. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Shanghai, China, 22-24 April 2011  Pages: 52-55   Published: 2011

7.    Effects of Sublethal Concentrations of Tobacco (Nicotiana Tobaccum) Leaf Dust on Some Biochemical Parameters of Hybrid Catfish (Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus Bidorsalis)
Adamu, Kabir Mohammed; Kori-Siakpere, Ovie - BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY  Volume: 54   Issue: 1   Pages: 183-196   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132011000100023   Published: JAN-FEB 2011

8.    Extraction of solanesol from tobacco ( nicotiana tobaccum L.) leaves by bubble column
Chunjian Zhao; Yuangang Zu; Chunying Li - Chemical Engineering and Processing  Volume: 48   Issue: 1   Pages: 203-8   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2008.03.005   Published: Jan. 2009

9.    Extraction of solanesol from tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum L.) leaves by bubble column
Zhao, Chunjian; Zu, Yuangang; Li, Chunying - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND PROCESSING  Volume: 48   Issue: 1   Pages: 203-208   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2008.03.005   Published: JAN 2009

10.    Phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated soil by tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum L. var. vr. 3) plant
Sharavanan, P. S.; Arivalagan, V.; Ravimycin, T.; et al. - PLANT ARCHIVES  Volume: 7   Issue: 2   Pages: 817-819   Published: OCT 2007

11.    ENVR 100-Manganese critical toxic level of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale W.)
Laszlo, Marton - ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  Volume: 234   Meeting Abstract: 100-ENVR   Published: AUG 19 2007

12.    Trends in Indian flue cured Virginia tobacco ( Nicotiana tobaccum) processing: II. Threshing, packing and warehousing.
Manickavasagan, A.; Gunasekaran, J. J.; Doraisamy, P. - Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences  Volume: 3   Issue: 6   Pages: 682-686   Published: 2007

13.    Trends in Indian flue cured Virginia tobacco ( Nicotiana tobaccum) processing: I. Harvesting, curing and grading.
Manickavasagan, A.; Gunasekaran, J. J.; Doraisamy, P. - Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences  Volume: 3   Issue: 6   Pages: 676-681   Published: 2007

14.    Nicotiana (Nicotiana tobaccum, Nicotiana benthamiana)
Clemente, Tom - Methods in Molecular Biology  Book Series: METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY   Volume: 343   Pages: 143-154   Published: 2006

15.    Separation and purification of tobacco peroxidase I from Nicotiana tobaccum
Xia, B; Liu, QL; Li, ML; et al. - CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING  Volume: 11   Issue: 3   Pages: 341-343   Published: JUN 2003

16.    Effect of lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of tobacco ( Nicotiana tobaccum) leaf dust extract on weight and hematological changes in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell).
Omoniyi, I.; Agbon, A. O.; Sodunke, S. A. - Journal of Applied Science & Environmental Management  Volume: 6   Issue: 2   Pages: 37-41   Published: 2002

17.    Acute toxicity of tobacco ( Nicotiana tobaccum) leaf dust on Oreochromis niloticus and haematological changes resulting from sublethal exposure.
Agbon, A. O.; Omoniyi, I. T.; Teko, A. A. - Journal of Aquatic Sciences  Volume: 17   Issue: 1   Pages: 5-8   Published: 2002

18.    Genetic analysis of quantitative traits in Nicotiana tobaccum. II. Genetic variation between generations.
Wang ChunMing; Zhai HuQu - Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University  Volume: 21   Issue: 4   Pages: 7-11   Published: 1998

19.    Tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) nuclear transgenics with high copy number can express NPTII driven by the chloroplast psbA promoter
Ye, GN; Pang, SZ; Sanford, JC - PLANT CELL REPORTS  Volume: 15   Issue: 7   Pages: 479-483   Published: MAR 1996

20.    ECOTOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ASPERGILLI PRESENT IN THE PHYLLOPLANE OF STORED LEAVES OF CHEWING TOBACCO (NICOTIANA-TOBACCUM)
VARMA, SK; VERMA, RAB; JHA, AK - MYCOPATHOLOGIA  Volume: 113   Issue: 1   Pages: 19-23   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436380   Published: JAN 1991

21.    Studies on the chemical control of broomrape ( Orobanche aegyptiaca pers.) in tobacco ( Nicotiana tobaccum L.) fields.
Mazaheri, A.; Vaziri, M.; Moayed-Zadeh, N. - Proceedings of the 5th international symposium of parasitic weeds, Nairobi, Kenya, 24-30 June 1991.  Pages: 90-92   Published: 1991

22.    Growth and phenotype analysis of transformation of tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum) with BIO ORGANS ( BIO) and mutant gene bio in Lotus japonicus.
Li Ying; Liu JiYan; Hu JiangQing; et al. - Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology  Volume: 20   Issue: 11   Pages: 1244-1252   Published: 2012

23.    Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield of Flue Cured Virginia tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum L.) and soil properties.
Hussain Almahasneh; Babu, M. S. G.; Nanjappa, H. V. - Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences  Volume: 46   Issue: 2   Pages: 311-314   Published: 2012

24.    Effect of optimized application of nitrogen on nitrogen volatilization in Nicotiana tobacum shoots at rapid growth and maturity stages.
Wang Jun; Chen NengChang; Ding XiaoDong; et al. - Zhongguo Shengtai Nongye Xuebao / Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture  Volume: 20   Issue: 10   Pages: 1268-1275   Published: 2012

25.    Selected Physiological and Molecular Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tobacum Plants Irrigated with Perchlorate-containing Water
Hamissou, Mijitaba - Asian Journal of Plant Sciences  Volume: 10   Issue: 4   Pages: 255-262   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2011.255.262   Published: MAY 15 2011

26.    Changes of nitrogenous compound according to the topping stage and harvesting time in burley tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum L.).
Jang SooWon; Kim JaeHyun; Park ChangJin; et al. - Korean Journal of Crop Science / Hanguk Jakmul Hakhoe Chi  Volume: 56   Issue: 2   Pages: 146-150   Published: 2011

27.    The effectiveness of home made organic pesticides derived from wild plants ( Solanum pindiriforme and Lippia javanica), garlic ( Allium sativum) and tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum) on aphid ( Brevicoryne brassica) mortality on rape ( Brassica napus) plants.
Mhazo, M. L.; Mhazo, N.; Masarirambi, M. T. - Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences  Volume: 3   Issue: 5   Pages: 457-462   Published: 2011

28.    Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol deficiency affects jasmonic acid biosynthesis and defense responses to insect herbivores in Nicotiana tobacum
Wang, Junbin - PLANT SCIENCE  Volume: 176   Issue: 2   Pages: 279-285   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.11.003   Published: FEB 2009

29.    Continuous counter current extraction, isolation and determination of solanesol in Nicotiana tobacum L. by non-aqueous reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography
Rao, R. Nageswara; Talluri, M. V. N. Kumar; Krishna, T. S. V. N. Murah; et al. - JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS  Volume: 46   Issue: 2   Pages: 310-315   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.014   Published: JAN 22 2008

30.    Expression of protein elicitor-encoding gene pemG1 in tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum cv. Samsun NN) plants and enhancement of resistance to TMV.
Mao JianJun; Qiu DeWen; Yang XiuFeng; et al. - Acta Agronomica Sinica  Volume: 34   Issue: 12   Pages: 2070-2076   Published: 2008

31.    Cloning of taxane 13alpha-hydroxylase from Taxus cuspidata and its transformation to Nicotiana tobacum.
Teng WenJing; Hu XinLing; Wang Wei; et al. - China Biotechnology  Volume: 28   Issue: 2   Pages: 53-58   Published: 2008

32.    Yield and quality of flue-cured Virginia tobacco, Nicotiana tobacum L. as affected by different levels of fico-micron and boron.
Khan, Z. H.; Hameed Gul; Habib Akber; et al. - Sarhad Journal of Agriculture  Volume: 24   Issue: 2   Pages: 211-215   Published: 2008

33.    Immunofluorescent localization of 4-coumarate coenzyme a ligase of Nicotiana tobacum
Fan, Bing-you; Lu, Hai; Jiang, Xiang-ning - Xibei Zhiwu Xuebao  Volume: 27   Issue: 6   Pages: 1073-1077   Published: JUN 2007

34.    High threonine producing lines of Nicotiana tobacum and methods of producing
Patent Number: US 07173170
Patent Assignee: Reynolds Technologies Inc - Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents  Published: FEB 6 2007

35.    Effects of shading at fast-growing stage and light intensity transfer on photosynthetic efficiency in tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum L.) varieties.
Liu GuoShun; Zhao XianZhang; Wei FengJie; et al. - Scientia Agricultura Sinica  Volume: 40   Issue: 10   Pages: 2368-2375   Published: 2007

36.    Transient expression of human growth hormone in potato (Solanum tuberosum), tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa)e leaves by agroinfiltration
Sohi, Haleh Hashemi; Jourabchi, Esmat; Khodabandeh, Mahvash - Iranian Journal of Biotechnology  Volume: 3   Issue: 2   Pages: 109-113   Published: APR 2005

37.    Observation on microfilaments of actin during cytomixis in pollen mother cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum)
Yang Jun; Peng Zheng-song; Li Wei; et al. - Xibei Zhiwu Xuebao  Volume: 24   Issue: 12   Pages: 2286-2290   Published: December 2004

38.    Ultrastructural observation on the cellular skeleton during cytomixis in pollen mother cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum)
Yang Jun; Peng Zheng-song; Li Wei; et al. - Acta Botanica Yunnanica  Volume: 26   Issue: 3   Pages: 329-337   Published: June 2004

39.    High threonine producing lines of Nicotiana tobacum and methods for producing
Patent Number: US 6730832 - Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents  Volume: 1282   Issue: 1   Published: May 4, 2004

40.    A novel isoenzyme of CuZn-superoxide dismutase from Nicotiana tobacum
Sheng, LQ; Liu, SM; Xiao, HR; et al. - CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS  Volume: 15   Issue: 5   Pages: 543-546   Published: MAY 2004

41.    Spectroscopic studies on the interaction between azide and PPO II from Nicotiana tobacum
Xiao, HR; Xu, XL; Xie, YS; et al. - CHINESE JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY  Volume: 20   Issue: 5   Pages: 591-595   Published: MAY 2004

42.    Observation on microfilaments of actin during cytomixis in pollen mother cells of tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum).
Yang Jun; Peng ZhengSong; Li Wei; et al. - Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica  Volume: 24   Issue: 12   Pages: 2286-2290   Published: 2004

43.    Antimicrobial screening of Nicotiana tobacum on organisms isolated from patients with respiratory tract infection
Adeleye, IA; Uwagboe, UC - WEST INDIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL  Volume: 52   Issue: 4   Pages: 325-326   Published: DEC 2003

44.    Selection indices for cured leaf yield and nicotine content in tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.).
Devanand, V.; Manjunath, A.; Rangaiah, S.; et al. - Indian Journal of Genetics & Plant Breeding  Volume: 63   Issue: 3   Pages: 279-280   Published: August 2003

45.    Effect of herbicides on weeds and seed yield of tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum L.).
Kataria, O. P.; Chauhan, D. R.; Balyan, R. S. - Indian Journal of Weed Science  Volume: 35   Issue: 1/2   Pages: 151-152   Published: 2003

46.    Expression stability of marker gene npt II in transgenic plants Nicotiana tobacum L. with single T-DNA insertion
Novoselia, V; Deineko, EV; Filipenko, EA; et al. - BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT  Volume: 15   Issue: 2   Pages: 3-7   Published: 2001

47.    Fast apple (Malus x domestica) and tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) leaf polyphenol oxidase activity assay for screening transgenic plants
Broothaerts, W; McPherson, J; Li, BC; et al. - JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY  Volume: 48   Issue: 12   Pages: 5924-5928   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000599m   Published: DEC 2000

48.    Cytomorphological study of male sterility in burley tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum)
Chen Xiao-bin; Cao You-long; Jia Yong-jiong; et al. - Sichuan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexueban)  Volume: 37   Issue: 6   Pages: 924-929   Published: Dec., 2000

49.    Identification and characterization of a novel vacuolar compartment in nicotiana tobacum
Jiang, L; Phillips, TE; Rogers, JC - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL  Volume: 10   Supplement: S   Pages: 111A-111A   Meeting Abstract: 641   Published: NOV 1999

50.    Studies on the preparation of coenzyme Q 10 from tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum L.) cells in suspension culture.
Kang QiLiang; Mu Hong; Xu FengCai - Journal of South China Agricultural University  Volume: 20   Issue: 4   Pages: 59-64   Published: 1999

51.    ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF A B-TYPE CYTOCHROME FROM PLASMA-MEMBRANES OF NICOTIANA-TOBACUM
LAMBRECHTS, D; ASARD, H; CAUBERGS, R; et al. - ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE DE BIOCHIMIE ET DE BIOPHYSIQUE  Volume: 96   Issue: 1   Pages: PP19-PP19   Published: MAR 1988

52.    Effects of rates and sources of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco ( Nicotiana tobacum L.) on bris sandy soil in Malaysia.
Azman, W. I. W.; Aziz, A.; Salbiah, H. - Proceedings of the International Tobacco Scientific Congress, 9-13 October, 1988, Guangzhou, China.  Pages: 92-93   Published: 1988

53.    COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF CHEWING TOBACCO (NICOTIANA-TOBACUM L) IN VARIOUS CROPPING PATTERNS UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS OF NORTH BIHAR
SINHA, R; DWIVEDI, SSL; PANDEY, AK - INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY  Volume: 29   Issue: 1   Pages: 61-67   Published: 1984

54.    THE EFFECTS OF ASPIRIN AND POLYACRYLIC-ACID ON THE MULTIPLICATION AND SPREAD OF TMV IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF TOBACCO WITH AND WITHOUT THE N-GENE
WHITE, RF; ANTONIW, JF; CARR, JP; et al. - PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT-JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY  Volume: 107   Issue: 3   Pages: 224-232   Published: 1983

55.    The analysis of inheritance of quantitative characters in Oriental tobacco varieties (Nicotiana tobacum L.) in a diallel cross. II. Gene distribution and analysis of variance for each character in the F1 generation.
Jung, S. H.; Hwang, J. K.; Son, S. H. - J. Korean Soc. Tob. Sci.  Volume: 4   Issue: 1   Pages: 15-20   Published: 1982

56.    STYRENE COPOLYMERIZATION OF ISOMERIZED TOBACCO SEED (NICOTIANA TOBACUM) OIL AND ITS ALKYD
SAXENA, MS; JAIN, PK; VASISHTHA, AK - JOURNAL OF THE OIL & COLOUR CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION  Volume: 65   Issue: 11   Pages: 409-414   Published: 1982

57.    CELLULAR STUDY OF IN INVITRO AND DE NOVO DIFFERENTIATION OF VEGETATIVE SHOOTS, ROOTS, OR CALLOSITY FROM THIN-SECTIONS OF EPIDERMAL-CELLS OF NICOTIANA - TOBACUM WISC-38
TRANTHANHVAN, M; DIEN, NT - CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE  Volume: 53   Issue: 6   Pages: 553-559   Published: 1975

58.    PRESENCE OF ADENOSINE-TRIPHOSPHATE IN TOBACCO (NICOTIANA-TOBACUM) TISSUE GROWN IN NUTRIENT MEDIUM CONTAINING VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF KINETIN
FENG, KA; UNGER, JW - EXPERIENTIA  Volume: 31   Issue: 1   Pages: 31-32   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01924662   Published: 1975

59.    SENSITIVITY OF INDUCED LOCALIZED ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO ACTINOMYCIN D
LOEBENST.G; RABINA, S; VANPRAAG.T - VIROLOGY  Volume: 34   Issue: 2   Pages: 264-&   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(68)90235-3   Published: 1968

60.    AUXIN-AUTOTROPHIE UND CHROMOSOMENZAHL - UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN ALTEN SPONTAN HABITUIERTEN UND CROWNGALL-KALLUS-KULTUREN VON NICOTIANA TABACUM AUS DEM LABORATORIUM GAUTHERETS
SACRISTA.MD - MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS  Volume: 99   Issue: 4   Pages: 311-&   Published: 1967

61.    EFFECT OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS INFECTION ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN NICOTIANA TOBACUM VAR SAMSUN .I. INVESTIGATIONS WITH 14C-LABELED SUGARS
BAUR, JR; HALLIWEL.RS; LANGSTON, R - VIROLOGY  Volume: 32   Issue: 3   Pages: 406-&   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(67)90291-7   Published: 1967

62.    A NEW ISOLATION MEDIUM FOR PLANT ORGANELLES
HONDA, SI; HONGLADA.T; LATIES, GG - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY  Volume: 17   Issue: 52   Pages: 460-&   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/17.3.460   Published: 1966

63.    GROWTH OF SINGLE CELLS FROM NICOTIANA TOBACUM CALLUS TISSUE IN NUTRIENT MEDIUM CONTAINING AGAR
GIBBS, JL; DOUGALL, DK - EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH  Volume: 40   Issue: 1   Pages: 85-&   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(65)90292-2   Published: 1965

64.    CHANGES IN BLACK SHANK DISEASE REACTION OF SUSCEPTIBLE TOBACCO ( NICOTIANA TABACUM ) INDUCED BY GAMMA IRRADIATION
APPLE, JL - PHYTOPATHOLOGY  Volume: 54   Issue: 1   Pages: 23-&   Published: 1964

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prostratus Dolichandrone spathacea Dolichos biflorus Dregea volubilis Drimia indica Drosera peltata Duranta erecta Dysoxylum binectariferum Dysoxylum gotadhora Dysphania ambrosioides Echinocereus pentalophus Echinops niveus Echium plantagineum Edgeworthia gardneri Eichhornia crassipes Elaeagnus umbellata Elaeocarpus ganitrus Elephantopus scaber Eleutheranthera ruderalis Elsholtzia fruticosa Elytraria acaulis Embelia ribes Emblica officinalis Enterolobium cyclocarpum Ephedra foliata Ephedra gerardiana Epipactis helleborine Eranthemum pulchellum Eryngium foetidum Erysimum hieraciifolium Erythrina suberosa Erythrina variegata Euonymus echinatus Euonymus japonicus Eupatorium capillifolium Eupatorium perfoliatum Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbia cornigera Euphorbia cotinifolia Euphorbia granulata Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia hypericifolia Euphorbia milii Euphorbia nivulia Euphorbia peplus Euphorbia tirucalli Fagonia cretica Fagopyrum acutatum Ferula foetida Ficus elastica Ficus religiosa Filicium decipiens Filipendula vestita Flacourtia indica Flemingia procumbens Flemingia semialata Foeniculum vulgare Free Access Journal Fumaria indica Fumaria parviflora Furcraea foetida Galega officinalis General Gentiana kurroo Geranium lucidum Geranium nepalense Geranium pratense Geranium wallichianum Ghee Globba schomburgkii Glochidion hohenackeri Gloriosa superba Glycyrrhiza glabra Gmelina arborea Gomphrena globosa Gomphrena serrata Goodyera repens Grewia asiatica Grewia optiva Grewia serrulata Grewia tenax Gymnema sylvestre Habenaria edgeworthii Habenaria plantaginea Handroanthus impetiginosus Hedychium spicatum Helianthus annuus Helicteres isora Helinus lanceolatus Heliotropium indicum Hemidesmus indicus Hemigraphis alternata Hemigraphis colorata Hemigraphis hirta Heracleum sphondylium Herpetospermum pedunculosum Hibiscus cannabinus Hibiscus esculentus Hibiscus hirtus Hibiscus lobatus Hibiscus radiatus Hibiscus vitifolius Hippophae rhamnoides Holarrhena antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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