Thursday, August 21, 2014

Momordica cochinchinensis, Chinese bitter-cucumber, Golkakra, Kakrol

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Synonyms: Momordica macrophylla Gage, Momordica meloniflora Hand.-Mazz. , Momordica mixta Roxb., Muricia cochinchinensis Lour., Zucca commersoniana Ser.
Common name: Chinese Cucumber, Spiny bitter-cucumber, Chinese bitter-cucumber
Assamese: Bhat kerala, ভাত_কেৰেলা
Azerbaijani: Koxinxin_momordiki
Bengali: গোলককরা Golkakra
Chinese: 木鱉果
Esperanto: Gako
Hindi: ककुर Kakur, कंटोला Kantola, ककरोल Kakrol
Japanese: ナンバンカラスウリ, makubet sushi
Malayalam: Kshudramalakasanda, മുള്ളൻ പാവൽ
Manipuri: কারোত Karot
Marathi: Gulkakra
Persian: کدو خاردار
Polish: Przepękla indochińska
Russian: Момордика кохинхинская
Sanskrit: Katamala
Tamil: Tholoo-pavai, Paluppakai, Kaattupaagala.
Telugu: Varivalli
Thai: ฟักข้าว

Physical description: It is a dioecious, stout and perennial climber which grows in India, Southeast Asia and China. The stems are pilose at the apex and rugose. Leaves: simple, alternate and without stipules. The petiole is 1.5 cm–2.7 cm long and thin, pilose at first, somewhat twisted, and channeled. The blade is cordate, leathery, 6 cm–12 cm × 7 cm–9 cm and molted with numerous microscopic 2–5-lobed bodies underneath. The margin is recurved and laxly toothed. The blade shows 4–8 pairs of secondary nerves.The tertiary nerves are scalariform, and the midrib is raised on both surfaces of the blade.The tendrils are axillary, spring-shaped and 4.5 cm–12 cm long. The inflorescences are axillary and solitary. The flower pedicels are 2.5 cm–15 cm long, angularly furrowed and pilose. The calyx is pilose, 5-lobed, 1.3 cm–1.6 cm long, and the sepals are oblong, lanceolate and acute. The corolla is white, tinged with yellow, and consists of 5, 5.7 cm × 2.5 cm, obovate and oblong petals. The fruits are 4 cm–10 cm in diameter, globose, spiny red berries. The seeds are compressed and ovoid. [Medicinal Plants of the Aisa-Pacific:  Drugs for the Future]

Used to treatment of inflammatory swelling, scrofula,  tinea,  diarrhea  as  well  as  suppurative skin infections such as sore, carbuncles, furuncles and boils in both humans and animals . The seeds are thought to have resolvent and cooling properties, and are used for liver and  spleen  disorders,  wounds,  hemorrhoids, bruises, swelling, and pus. In Vietnam, gac is prized by natives for promoting longevity and vitality. The  oil  is  recommended  for the treatment of children rickets, xerophthalmia, nyctalopia, poor appetite and general weakness. It is  benefi cial  for  pregnant  and  breast  feeding women. It is also laxative and used for constipation  and  also  for  diarrhoea.  The  oil  is  applied externally for wounds, burns and sores. The oil in combination  with  antibiotics  is  used  for  acne. [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants].

Leaf and fruit—used externally for lumbago, ulceration, fracture of bone. Seed—bechic, aperient, emmenagogue, antiinflammatory, deobstruent. (Used for obstructions of liver and spleen). [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Uses: In Burma, the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. are eaten to assuage chest pain. In China, the seeds are eaten to treat fluxes, liver diseases, hemorrhoids, breast cancer and malaria, and to heal wounds and ulcers. In Indonesia, the leaves are applied externally to swollen legs. In Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, the seeds are used to
counteract putrefaction of the skin. In the Philippines, the roots are used to produce soap. [Medicinal Plants of the Aisa-Pacific:  Drugs for the Future]

116 Published articles of Momordica cochinchinensis

1.    Isomerization and increase in the antioxidant properties of lycopene from Momordica cochinchinensis (gac) by moderate heat treatment with UV-Vis spectra as a marker
Hanh Phan-Thi; Wache, Yves
FOOD CHEMISTRY  Volume: 156   Pages: 58-63   Published: AUG 1 2014

2.    A comparative study of extraction methods reveals preferred solvents for cystine knot peptide isolation from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds
Mahatmanto, Tunjung; Poth, Aaron G.; Mylne, Joshua S.; et al.
FITOTERAPIA  Volume: 95   Pages: 22-33   Published: JUN 2014

3.    Long-chain free fatty acids from Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng flowers as allelochemical influencing the attraction of Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Mukherjee, A.; Barik, A.
ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL  Volume: 33   Issue: 2   Pages: 255-266   Published: APR 2014

4.    Research concerning the acclimatization and breeding of Momordica cochinchinensis, a Cucurbitaceae species.
Vinatoru, C.; Zamfir, B.; Bratu, C.; et al.
Scientific Papers - Series B, Horticulture  Issue: 58   Pages: 281-288   Published: 2014

5.    Momordica cochinchinensis Seed Extracts Suppress Migration and Invasion of Human Breast Cancer ZR-75-30 Cells Via Down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9
Zheng, Lei; Zhang, Yan-Min; Zhan, Ying-Zhuan; et al.
ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION  Volume: 15   Issue: 3   Pages: 1105-1110   Published: 2014

6.    Investigation on phytochemical, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Momordica cochinchinensis (GAC) fruit extracted by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SCF-CO 2) method.
Klungsupya, P.; Tiatragoon, W.; Muangman, T.; et al.
Conference: Proceedings of the 30th Annual Research Conference in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand, 6-8 December 2013.
The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences  Volume: 38   Issue: Supplement   Pages: 29-32   Published: 2014

7.    Isomerization and increase in the antioxidant properties of lycopene from Momordica cochinchinensis (gac) by moderate heat treatment with UV-Vis spectra as a marker.
Hanh Phan-thi; Wache, Y.
Food Chemistry  Volume: 156   Pages: 58-63   Published: 2014

8.    In-vitro evaluation of cytotoxic and anthelmintic activity of Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca and Momordica cochinchinensis.
Rahman, M. M.; Ashik Ahmed; Sunny, S. S.; et al.
British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research  Volume: 4   Issue: 2   Pages: 267-277   Published: 2014

9.    Impact of limited drying on Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. aril carotenoids content and antioxidant activity
Mai, H. C.; Truong, V.; Haut, B.; et al.
JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING  Volume: 118   Issue: 4   Pages: 358-364   Published: OCT 2013

10.    Optimisation of Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Oil Rich in Carotenoids from Gac Fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.)
Huynh Cang Mai; Vinh Tru'o'ng; Debaste, Frederic
FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY  Volume: 51   Issue: 4   Pages: 488-499   Published: OCT-DEC 2013

11.    Alkanes in Flower Surface Waxes of Momordica cochinchinensis Influence Attraction to Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Mukherjee, A.; Sarkar, N.; Barik, A.
NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY  Volume: 42   Issue: 4   Pages: 366-371   Published: AUG 2013

12.    Carotenoid contents in sweet gourd (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) accessions of India
Bharathi, L. K.; Behera, T. K.; Singh, Rajender; et al.
INDIAN JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE  Volume: 70   Issue: 2   Pages: 165-169   Published: JUN 2013

13.    Phenetic structure of two Bactrocera tau cryptic species (Diptera: Tephritidae) infesting Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) in Thailand and Laos
Dujardin, Jean-Pierre; Kitthawee, Sangvorn
ZOOLOGY  Volume: 116   Issue: 2   Pages: 129-138   Published: APR 2013

14.    PROPAGATION AND PRODUCTION OF GAC (MOMORDICA COCHINCHINENSIS SPRENG.), A GREENHOUSE CASE STUDY
Parks, Sophie E.; Murray, Carly T.; Gale, David L.; et al.
EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE  Volume: 49   Issue: 2   Pages: 234-243   Published: APR 2013

15.    Lycopene and beta carotene concentration in aril oil of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) as influenced by aril-drying process and solvents extraction
Kubola, Jittawan; Meeso, Naret; Siriamornpun, Sirithon
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL  Volume: 50   Issue: 2   Special Issue: SI   Pages: 664-669   Published: MAR 2013

16.    Anti-inflammatory properties of a triterpenoidal glycoside from Momordica cochinchinensis in LPS-stimulated macrophages
Jung, Kiwon; Chin, Young-Won; Yoon, Kee Dong; et al.
IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY  Volume: 35   Issue: 1   Pages: 8-14   Published: FEB 2013

17.    A new family of cystine knot peptides from the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis
Chan, Lai Yue; He, Wenjun; Tan, Ninghua; et al.
PEPTIDES  Volume: 39   Pages: 29-35   Published: JAN 2013

18.    Herbal tea, is prepared by selecting jujube, medlar, coralhead plant stem with leaf, Blastus cochinchinensis, Rhinacanthus nasutus, wild Chrysanthemum flower, fructus Momordica, dried Rehmannia root, drying material and grinding into powder
Patent Number: CN103238691-A
Patent Assignee: LIU Z
Inventor(s): LIU Z.

19.    Improving absorption and bio-conversion of pro-vitamin A carotenoids by combining beta-carotene containing plant extract with Momordica cochinchinensis extract
Patent Number: US2013330425-A1
Patent Assignee: VUONG L T
Inventor(s): VUONG L T.

20.    Producing stable and bioavailable lycopene from Momordica cochinchinensis spreng (mc) used for oral dosage composition, and in food, supplements, cosmetics, and nutritional products
Patent Number: US2013344195-A1
Patent Assignee: VUONG L T
Inventor(s): VUONG L T.

21.    Fatty liver inhibiting agent useful as antiinflammatory agent, detoxifying agent, and external preparation, comprises Momordica cochinchinensis or its extract
Patent Number: JP2013241407-A
Patent Assignee: TOKAI PICKLING KK; GH MIURA GAKUEN
Inventor(s): YAMANAKA N; SATSUKAWA M; OGAWA N; et al.

22.    木鳖果的真空冷冻干燥工艺研究
Study on vacuum freeze-drying technology of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng
张意锋; 李保国
Nguyen Dinh Duc; Nguyen Dinh Duc; Zhang Yifeng; et al.
广东农业科学  Volume: 40   Issue: 22   Pages: 115-118   Article Number: 1004-874X(2013)40:22<115:mbgdzk>2.0.TX;2-#   Published: 2013
Guangdong Agricultural Sciences  Volume: 40   Issue: 22   Pages: 115-118   Article Number: 1004-874X(2013)40:22<115:mbgdzk>2.0.TX;2-#   Published: 2013

23.    Optimisation of enzyme-assisted extraction of oil rich in carotenoids from gac fruit ( Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.).
Huyanh Cang Mai; Vinh Truong; Debaste, F.
Food Technology and Biotechnology  Volume: 51   Issue: 4   Pages: 488-499   Published: 2013

24.    Plaster used for treating gall-stone, comprises perilla fruit oil, yellow lead, Momordica cochinchinensis, equiseti hiemalis herba, radix bupleuri, baical skullcap root, rhubarb, alum and borneol
Patent Number: CN103040959-A
Patent Assignee: ZHANG B
Inventor(s): ZHANG B; ZHANG Y.

25.    Breaking seed dormancy in sweet gourd (Momordica cochin-chinensis)
Pandey, S.; Devi, C.; Kak, A.; et al.
SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  Volume: 41   Issue: 1   Pages: 133-136   Published: 2013

26.    Structural characterization and identification of five triterpenoid saponins isolated from Momordica cochinchinensis extracts by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Zhi-Yan Lin; Xiaoyun Liu; Fan Yang; et al.
International Journal of Mass Spectrometry  Volume: 328-329   Pages: 43-66   Published: 1 Sept. 2012

27.    Structural characterization and identification of five triterpenoid saponins isolated from Momordica cochinchinensis extracts by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Lin, Zhi-Yan; Liu, Xiaoyun; Yang, Fan; et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY  Volume: 328   Pages: 43-66   Published: SEP 1 2012

28.    De novo transcriptome sequencing of Momordica cochinchinensis to identify genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis
Hyun, Tae Kyung; Rim, Yeonggil; Jang, Hui-Jeong; et al.
PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY  Volume: 79   Issue: 4-5   Pages: 413-427   Published: JUL 2012

29.    Purification and Characterization of Trypsin Inhibitor from Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. Seed and Its Effects to Spodoptera litura
Arimatsu, Panida; Sawangsook, Orawan
Asian Journal of Plant Sciences  Volume: 11   Issue: 4   Pages: 195-199   Published: MAY 15 2012

30.    Tonghua medicine pill used for treating osteoarthropathy, includes cortex eucommiae, Momordica cochinchinensis, licorice, Angelica, achyranthis bidentatae, Notopterygium root, radix angelicae pubescentis, and Chinese starjasmine stem
Patent Number: CN102526245-A; CN102526245-B
Patent Assignee: LIU J
Inventor(s): LIU J.

31.    DNA protective activity against H 2O 2 and UVC of Momordica cochinchinensis fruit extracts in human TK6 cells.
Klungsupya, P.; Saenkhum, J.; Muangman, T.; et al.
The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences  Volume: 36   Issue: Supplement   Pages: 73-76   Published: 2012

32.    Molecular diversity among selected Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) spreng accessions using rapd markers.
Bootprom, N.; Songsri, P.; Suriharn, B.; et al.
SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics  Volume: 44   Issue: 2   Pages: 406-417   Published: 2012

33.    Spray used e.g. for relieving pain and treating rheumatism, comprises crude Gelsemium elegans, nitidum, Paris polyphylla, frankincense, myrrh, herba sarcandrae, Momordica cochinchinensis, Laportea violacea, and crude Alocasia cucullata
Patent Number: CN102526432-A
Patent Assignee: GUANGXI ZHUANG AUTONOMOUS REGION INST
Inventor(s): FAN X; WANG S; ZHOU X; et al.

34.    Plaster for treating ulcer, burn, pyogenic infections, osteomyelitis and herpes zoster, comprises Chinese Angelica, Rheum officinale, root of common peony, radix rehmanniae, cinnamon, and Momordica cochinchinensis
Patent Number: CN102526330-A
Patent Assignee: YU Q
Inventor(s): YU Q.

35.    木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性
Evaluation acaricidal activities of Momordica cochinchinensis extracts against Tetranychus cinnabarinus
郭辉力; 师光禄; 贾良曦; et al.
Guo Huili; Shi Guanglu; Jia Liangxi; et al.
生态学报  Volume: 32   Issue: 9   Pages: 2883-2889   Article Number: 1000-0933(2012)32:9<2883:mbztqw>2.0.TX;2-J   Published: 2012
Acta Ecologica Sinica  Volume: 32   Issue: 9   Pages: 2883-2889   Article Number: 1000-0933(2012)32:9<2883:mbztqw>2.0.TX;2-J   Published: 2012

36.    Yield improvement through female homosexual hybrids and sex genetics of sweet gourd (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.)
Sanwal, S. K.; Kozak, Marcin; Kumar, Sanjeev; et al.
ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM  Volume: 33   Issue: 5   Pages: 1991-1996   Published: SEP 2011

37.    Stability of carotenoid extracts of ga c (Momordica cochinchinensis) towards cooxidation - Protective effect of lycopene on beta-carotene
Cao-Hoang, Lan; Phan-Thi, Hanh; Osorio-Puentes, Francisco J.; et al.
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL  Volume: 44   Issue: 7   Special Issue: SI   Pages: 2252-2257   Published: AUG 2011

38.    Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of different fruit fractions (peel, pulp, aril and seed) of Thai gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng)
Kubola, Jittawan; Siriamornpun, Sirithon
FOOD CHEMISTRY  Volume: 127   Issue: 3   Pages: 1138-1145   Published: AUG 1 2011

39.    Medicine useful for preventing and treating diabetes by lowering blood glucose level, comprises Momordica cochinchinensis seed
Patent Number: JP2011020947-A; CN101953874-A; JP5512179-B2
Patent Assignee: SANKENSHA
40.    Inventor(s): SUN W Z.

41.    Traditional Chinese herbal preparation used for treating e.g. chronic colitis disease, comprises Momordica cochinchinensis, Panax notoginseng powder, ginseng, tuckahoe, large-headed Atractylodes rhizome, cuttlebone and Bletilla striata
Patent Number: CN101961455-A
Patent Assignee: WANG X
Inventor(s): WANG X.

42.    Medicinal composition used for treating oral cancer and skin cancer, includes Momordica cochinchinensis (fired), Scutellaria barbata, Chinese Lobelia, Rheum officinale, Hedyotis diffusa, radix euphorbiae lantu, and pseudoginseng
Patent Number: CN102138991-A; CN102138991-B
Patent Assignee: WANG X
Inventor(s): ZHAO W; WANG X; WANG J; et al.

43.    Stability of carotenoid extracts of gac ( Momordica cochinchinensis) towards cooxidation - protective effect of lycopene on beta-carotene.
Lan Cao Hoang; Hanh Phan Thi; Osorio-Puentes, F. J.; et al.
Edited Sant'Ana, A. de S.
Food Research International  Volume: 44   Issue: 7   Pages: 2252-2257   Published: 2011

44.    Phytochemical studies and biological activities on fruits of Momordica cochinchinensis.
Sarma, D. S. K.; Babu, A. V. S.; Krishna, K. R.; et al.
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research  Volume: 3   Issue: 4   Pages: 875-881   Published: 2011

45.    Rheumatism hyperosteogeny disease medicament composition includes common club moss herb, obscured homalomena rhizome, caulis trachelospermi, safflower, Momordica cochinchinensis, pangolin, and prepared rhizome of Rehmannia
Patent Number: CN102228578-A
Patent Assignee: LI Y
Inventor(s): LI Y.

46.    AN LC-MS Method for a Hexokinase Inhibitor Study Based on Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate Determination and Application to the Anticancer Mechanism of Momordica cochinchinensis
Pan, Le; Yu, Yunqiu; Sun, Longwei
CHROMATOGRAPHIA  Volume: 72   Issue: 5-6   Pages: 425-430   Published: SEP 2010

47.    Effects of spray drying conditions on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) fruit aril powder
Kha, Tuyen C.; Nguyen, Minh H.; Roach, Paul D.
JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING  Volume: 98   Issue: 3   Pages: 385-392   Published: JUN 2010

48.    Enhancement of immune responses to infectious bursal disease vaccine by supplement of an extract made from Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. seeds
Rajput, Z. I.; Xiao, C. W.; Hu, S. H.; et al.
POULTRY SCIENCE  Volume: 89   Issue: 6   Pages: 1129-1135   Published: JUN 1 2010

49.    Medicine used in treating psoriasis, comprises Chinese Angelica, centipede, cicada slough skin, Tribulus ferrertris, dragon's blood, Momordica cochinchinensis seed, rhizoma smilacis glabrae, long-noded pit viper and chaulmoogra seed
Patent Number: CN101675966-A
Patent Assignee: GUO X
Inventor(s): GUO X.

50.    Ointment e.g. for eliminating tuberculosis comprises Knoxia corymbosa, edible tulip, Momordica cochinchinensis, nux vomica, radix aconiti agrestis, earthworm, Trogopterus dung, rosin, beeswax, seed fat, and propyl gallate
Patent Number: CN101658637-A
Patent Assignee: HEFEI NEW TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE RES CENT
Inventor(s): XUE H.

51.    Enhancement of immune responses to Newcastle disease vaccine by a supplement of extract of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. seeds
Xiao, C.; Bao, G.; Hu, S.
POULTRY SCIENCE  Volume: 88   Issue: 11   Pages: 2293-2297   Published: NOV 1 2009

52.    Isolation and Characterization of Peptides from Momordica cochinchinensis Seeds
Chan, Lai Y.; Wang, Conan K. L.; Major, Jodie M.; et al.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS  Volume: 72   Issue: 8   Pages: 1453-1458   Published: AUG 2009

53.    Uromyces umiamensis, a new rust species on Momordica cochinchinensis in India
Berndt, Reinhard; Baiswar, Pankaj
MYCOLOGICAL PROGRESS  Volume: 8   Issue: 2   Pages: 83-86   Published: MAY 2009

54.    2KNP: Isolation and characterization of peptides from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds..
Daly, NL; Chan, L
Protein Data Bank
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2210/pdb2knp/pdb
Document Type: Data set

55.    Isolation and characterization of peptides from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds.
Chan, L. Y.; Wang, C. K. L.; Major, J. M.; et al.
Journal of Natural Products  Volume: 72   Issue: 8   Pages: 1453-1458   Published: 2009

56.    中药木鳖子的研究进展
The Research Advance of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spr.
林慧彬; 安芸; 路俊仙; et al.
LIN Hui-bin; AN Yun; LU Jun-xian; et al.
时珍国医国药  Volume: 20   Issue: 4   Pages: 785-787   Article Number: 1008-0805(2009)20:4<785:zymbzd>2.0.TX;2-Y   Published: 2009
Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research  Volume: 20   Issue: 4   Pages: 785-787   Article Number: 1008-0805(2009)20:4<785:zymbzd>2.0.TX;2-Y   Published: 2009

57.    Chinese herbal medicine for treating injuries from falls comprises vermilion, cinnamon, native copper, Momordica cochinchinensis, agilawood, Fructus liquidambaris, common clubmoss herb, Notoginseng, Fructus aurantii immaturus and mint
Patent Number: CN101352501-A
Patent Assignee: RONG Y
Inventor(s): RONG Y.

58.    Anamorph of Podosphaera xanthii on Momordica cochinchinensis in India.
Pankaj Baiswar; Satish Chandra; Ngachan, S. V.
Australasian Plant Disease Notes  Volume: 3   Issue: 1   Pages: 166-167   Published: 2008

59.    Traditional chinese medicine for external therapy in curing onychomycosis comprises momordica cochinchinensis, alum, and acidic material, where it is refining and specific medicine scientifically extracted for treatment of onychomycosis
Patent Number: CN101002823-A; CN101002823-B
Patent Assignee: JIANG R; GAO W
Inventor(s): JIANG R; GAO W.

60.    Cochinin B, a novel ribosome-inactivating protein from the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis
Chuethong, Juthamas; Oda, Kohel; Sakurai, Hiroaki; et al.
BIOLOGICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN  Volume: 30   Issue: 3   Pages: 428-432   Published: MAR 2007

61.    Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. (gac) fruit carotenoids reevaluated
Franke, A.A.; Le Thuy Vuong; Custer, L.J.; et al.
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis  Volume: 19   Issue: 6-7   Pages: 664-8   Published: Sept.-Nov. 2006

62.    Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. (gac) fruit carotenolds reevaluated
Vuong, Le Thuy; Franke, Adrian A.; Custer, Laurie J.; et al.
JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS  Volume: 19   Issue: 6-7   Pages: 664-668   Published: SEP-NOV 2006

63.    Immunomodulatory activity of a chymotrypsin inhibitor from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds
Tsoi, Alex Yuen-Kam; Ng, Tzi-Bun; Fong, Wing-Ping
JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE  Volume: 12   Issue: 9   Pages: 605-611   Published: SEP 2006

64.    [Chemical constituents of unsaponifiable matter from seed oil of Momordica cochinchinensis].
Kan, Lian-Di; Hu, Quan; Chao, Zhi-Mao; et al.
Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica  Volume: 31   Issue: 17   Pages: 1441-4   Published: 2006-Sep

65.    Knots in rings - The circular knotted protein momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor-II folds via a stable two-disulfide intermediate
Cemazar, M; Daly, NL; Haggblad, S; et al.
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY  Volume: 281   Issue: 12   Pages: 8224-8232   Published: MAR 24 2006

66.    木鳖子脂肪油不皂化物质的化学成分研究
Chemical constituents of unsaponifiable matter from seed oil of Momordica cochinchinensis
阚连娣; 胡全; 巢志茂; et al.
KAN Liandi; HU Quan; CHAO Zhimao; et al.
中国中药杂志  Volume: 31   Issue: 17   Pages: 1441-1444   Article Number: 1001-5302(2006)31:17<1441:mbzzfy>2.0.TX;2-3   Published: 2006
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica  Volume: 31   Issue: 17   Pages: 1441-1444   Article Number: 1001-5302(2006)31:17<1441:mbzzfy>2.0.TX;2-3   Published: 2006

67.    Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. (gac) fruit carotenoids reevaluated.
Le Thuy Vuong; Franke, A. A.; Custer, L. J.; et al.
Edited Toledo, A.; Burlingame, B.
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis  Volume: 19   Issue: 6/7   Pages: 664-668   Published: 2006

68.    Antioxidative effect of a chymotrypsin inhibitor from Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) seeds in a primary rat hepatocyte culture
Tsoi, AYK; Ng, TB; Fong, WP
JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE  Volume: 11   Issue: 10   Pages: 665-668   Published: OCT 2005

69.    Inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis by water extract of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng)
Tien, PG; Kayama, F; Konishi, F; et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY  Volume: 26   Issue: 4   Pages: 881-889   Published: APR 2005

70.    Momordica cochinchinensis, Rosa roxburghii, wolfberry, and sea buckthorn-highly nutritional fruits supported by tradition and science.
Burke, D. S.; Smidt, C. R.; Vuong, L. T.
Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research  Volume: 3   Issue: 4   Pages: 259-266   Published: 2005

71.    Antioxidative effect of a chymotrypsin inhibitor from Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) seeds in a primary rat hepatocyte culture.
Tsoi YuenKam [Tsoi, Y. K. A.]; Ng TziBun; Fong WingPing
Journal of Peptide Science  Volume: 11   Issue: 10   Pages: 665-668   Published: 2005

72.    First report on a potato I family chymotrypsin inhibitor from the seeds of a Cucurbitaceous plant, Momordica cochinchinensis
Tsoi, AYK; Wong, RCH; Ng, TB; et al.
BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY  Volume: 385   Issue: 2   Pages: 185-189   Published: FEB 2004

73.    Multiple trypsin inhibitors from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds, the Chinese drug mubiezhi
Wong, RCH; Fong, WP; Ng, TB
PEPTIDES  Volume: 25   Issue: 2   Pages: 163-169   Published: FEB 2004

74.    Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) fruit
Ishida, BK; Turner, C; Chapman, MH; et al.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY  Volume: 52   Issue: 2   Pages: 274-279   Published: JAN 28 2004

75.    Extraction of oil rich in carotenoids e.g. beta-carotene useful for preventing e.g. cancer involves collecting arils and seeds from the cavity of ripen fruits of Momordica cochinchinensis and separating arils from the seeds
Patent Number: US2004024275-A1; US6770585-B2
Patent Assignee: VUONG L T; VITALEA SCI INC
Inventor(s): VUONG L T.

76.    Antimicrobial and insecticidal effects of crude extract momosertatin from Momordica cochinchinensis
Le Nguyen, Dung; Heitz, Annie; Chiche, Laurent; et al.
Edited Chorev, M; Sawyer, TK
Conference: 18th American Peptide Symposium Location: BOSTON, MA Date: JUL 19-23, 2003
Peptide Revolution: Genomics, Proteomics & Therapeutics  Pages: 486-487   Published: 2004

77.    Antimicrobial and insecticidal effects of crude extract momosertatin from momordica cochinchinensis
Le Nguyen, D; Heitz, A; Chiche, L; et al.
Conference: 18th American Peptide Symposium Location: BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS Date: JUL 19-23, 2003
BIOPOLYMERS  Volume: 71   Issue: 3   Pages: 382-382   Meeting Abstract: P362   Published: 2003

78.    Carotenoid pigments in GAC fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis SPRENG)
Aoki, H; Kieu, NTM; Kuze, N; et al.
BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY  Volume: 66   Issue: 11   Pages: 2479-2482   Published: NOV 2002

79.    Plasma beta-carotene and retinol concentrations of children increase after a 30-d supplementation with the fruit Momordica cochinchinensis (gac)
Vuong, LT; Dueker, SR; Murphy, SP
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION  Volume: 75   Issue: 5   Pages: 872-879   Published: MAY 2002

80.    Plasma beta-carotene and retinol concentrations of children increase after a 30-d supplementation with the fruit Momordica cochinchinensis (gac).
Vuong, Le T; Dueker, Stephen R; Murphy, Suzanne P
The American journal of clinical nutrition  Volume: 75   Issue: 5   Pages: 872-9   Published: 2002-May

81.    Synthesis of MCOTI-I, a cyclic trypsin inhibitor from Momordica cochinchinensis
Le Nguyen, D.; Barry, L.; Tam, J.; et al.
Conference: 27th European Peptide Symposium Location: Sorrento, Italy Date: August 31-September 06, 2002
Journal of Peptide Science  Volume: 8   Issue: Supplement   Pages: S118   Published: 2002

82.    Circular proteins in plants - Solution structure of a novel macrocyclic trypsin inhibitor from Momordica cochinchinensis
Felizmenio-Quimio, ME; Daly, NL; Craik, DJ
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY  Volume: 276   Issue: 25   Pages: 22875-22882   Published: JUN 22 2001

83.    Circular proteins in plants: Solution structure of a novel macrocyclic trypsin inhibitor from Momordica cochinchinensis
Felizmenio-Quimio, Maria Elena; Daly, Norelle L.; Craik, David J.
Journal of Biological Chemistry  Volume: 276   Issue: 25   Pages: 22875-22882   Published: June 22, 2001

84.    A new multiflorane triterpenoid ester from Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng
De Shan, M; Hu, LH; Chen, ZL
NATURAL PRODUCT LETTERS  Volume: 15   Issue: 2   Pages: 139-145   Published: 2001

85.    Squash trypsin inhibitors from Momordica cochinchinensis exhibit an atypical macrocyclic structure
Hernandez, JF; Gagnon, J; Chiche, L; et al.
BIOCHEMISTRY  Volume: 39   Issue: 19   Pages: 5722-5730   Published: MAY 16 2000

86.    Studies on Fatty Acid Composition in the Oil of Momordica cochinchinensis
Shang Huijuan; Yuan Chunfang; Wang Yuguang; et al.
中草药  Volume: 31   Issue: 10   Pages: 727   Article Number: 0253-2670(2000)31:10<727:sofaci>2.0.TX;2-9   Published: 2000

87.    Isolation of a trypsin inhibitor with deletion of N-terminal pentapeptide from the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis, the Chinese drug mubiezhi
Huang, B; Ng, TB; Fong, WP; et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY  Volume: 31   Issue: 6   Pages: 707-715   Published: JUN 1999

88.    Effect of plant growth regulators on quality traits of spine gourd ( Momordica cochinchinensis Roxb).
Puzari, N. N.
Indian Journal of Hill Farming  Volume: 12   Issue: 1/2   Pages: 62-64   Published: 1999

89.    Correlation between fresh weight of fruit and seed content of spine gourd ( Momordica cochinchinensis Roxb.).
Puzari, N. N.
Indian Journal of Hill Farming  Volume: 12   Issue: 1/2   Pages: 117-118   Published: 1999

90.    Safe antidiabetic|comprises extract of Momordica cochinchinensis Sprenger, Cucurbitaceae
Patent Number: JP10059858-A
Patent Assignee: SEISAN KAIHATSU KAGAKU KENKYUSHO

91.    Karyological studies in dioecious Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) with reference to average packing ratio
Sinha, S.; Debnath, B.; Sinha, R. K.
Cytologia (Tokyo)  Volume: 61   Issue: 3   Pages: 297-300   Published: 1996

92.    Variability and heritability studies in sweet gourd ( Momordica cochinchinensis. Spreng).
Baruah, G. K. S.; Shadeque, A.; Talukdar, P.
Horticultural Journal  Volume: 6   Issue: 2   Pages: 109-113   Published: 1993

93.    PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A NEW RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEIN WITH RNA N-GLYCOSIDASE ACTIVITY SUITABLE FOR IMMUNOTOXIN PREPARATION FROM THE SEEDS OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS
BOLOGNESI, A; BARBIERI, L; CARNICELLI, D; et al.
BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA  Volume: 993   Issue: 2-3   Pages: 287-292   Published: DEC 8 1989

94.    MITOTIC STUDIES IN MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS LOUR. A NEW REPORT
JHA U C; DUTT B; ROY R P
Cell and Chromosome Research  Volume: 12   Issue: 2   Pages: 55-56   Published: 1989

95.    HORMONAL INDUCTION OF PARTHENOCARPY IN MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS SPRENG
HANDIQUE, AK
CURRENT SCIENCE  Volume: 57   Issue: 16   Pages: 896-898   Published: AUG 20 1988

96.    POWDERY MILDEW OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS
SINGH, HB; VAWRA, LC
CURRENT SCIENCE  Volume: 57   Issue: 10   Pages: 552-553   Published: MAY 20 1988

97.    STUDIES ON THE CULTIVATION OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS I. RELATION OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF SEED TO GERMINATION AND SAPONIN CONTENT IN THE ROOT
WATANABE H; KEDO K; ISEKI K; et al.
Journal of Takeda Research Laboratories  Volume: 47   Pages: 69-76   Published: 1988

98.    STUDIES ON THE CULTIVATION OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS II. PROMOTION OF SEED GERMINATION BY THE REMOVAL OF EXTERNAL SEED COAT
WATANABE H; ISEKI K; KEDO K
Journal of Takeda Research Laboratories  Volume: 47   Pages: 77-83   Published: 1988

99.    SAPONINS FROM ROOTS OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS
KAWAMURA, N; WATANABE, H; OSHIO, H
PHYTOCHEMISTRY  Volume: 27   Issue: 11   Pages: 3585-3591   Published: 1988

100.    Treating momordica cochinchinensis root|by contact of shredded root with aq. soln. of organic or mineral acid and water soluble alcohol or water
Patent Number: JP63063622-A
Patent Assignee: TAKEDA CHEM IND LTD

101.    CHONDRILLASTEROL FROM THE TUBERS OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS
HASAN, CM; REZAULJALIL; JABBAR, A; et al.
PLANTA MEDICA  Volume: 53   Issue: 6   Pages: 578-579   Published: DEC 1987

102.    ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ABORTIFACIENT PROTEIN, MOMORCOCHIN, FROM ROOT TUBERS OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS (FAMILY CUCURBITACEAE)
YEUNG, HW; NG, TB; WONG, NS; et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH  Volume: 30   Issue: 1   Pages: 135-140   Published: JUL 1987

103.    A STERYL GLYCOSIDE FRACTION WITH HEMOLYTIC-ACTIVITY FROM TUBERS OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS
NG, TB; LI, WW; YEUNG, HW
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY  Volume: 18   Issue: 1   Pages: 55-61   Published: OCT 1986

104.    A STERYL GLYCOSIDE FRACTION WITH HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY FROM TUBERS OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS
NG T B; LI W W; YEUNG H W
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  Volume: 18   Issue: 1   Pages: 55-62   Published: 1986

105.    HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE GLYCOSIDES OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS
REZA-UL-JALIL; JABBAR A; HASAN C M
Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences  Volume: 10   Issue: 1   Pages: 25-30   Published: 1986

106.    STUDIES ON THE CONSTITUENTS OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS SPRENG .2. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ROOT SAPONINS, MOMORDIN-I, MOMORDIN-II AND MOMORDIN III
IWAMOTO, M; OKABE, H; YAMAUCHI, T
CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN  Volume: 33   Issue: 1   Pages: 1-7   Published: 1985

107.    STUDIES ON THE CONSTITUENTS OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS SPRENG .1. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SEED SAPONINS, MOMORDICA SAPONINS-I AND SAPONINS-II
IWAMOTO, M; OKABE, H; YAMAUCHI, T; et al.
CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN  Volume: 33   Issue: 2   Pages: 464-478   Published: 1985

108.    COLUMBIN FROM THE ROOT OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS - HIGH-FIELD NMR-STUDIES
WATERMAN, PG; REZAULZALIL; HASAN, CM; et al.
PLANTA MEDICA  Volume: 51   Issue: 2   Pages: 181-182   Published: 1985

109.    COLUMBIN FROM THE ROOT OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS HIGH-FIELD NMR STUDIES
WATERMAN P G; REZA-UL-ZALIL; HASAN C M; et al.
Planta Medica  Issue: 2   Pages: 181-182   Published: 1985

110.    Studies on floral biology in kakrol (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.).
Vijay, O. P.; Jalikop, S. H.; Nath, P.
Indian Journal of Horticulture  Volume: 34   Issue: 3   Pages: 284-288   Published: 1977

111.    STUDIES ON BREEDING AND CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS PART 2 THE CULTIVATION AND THE QUALITY OF MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS
NAGAO Y; FUJIOKA S; TSUKUI M; et al.
Journal of Takeda Research Laboratories  Volume: 36   Issue: 3-4   Pages: 193-199   Published: 1977

112.    Studies on flowering, pollination, fruitset, fruit development and yield in Momordica cochinchinensis Sprang.
Patnaik, B. P.; Patnaik, A.
Conference: Recent advances in plant sciences. Session 13. Vegetable crops.: [Abstracts].
Recent advances in plant sciences. Session 13. Vegetable crops.: [Abstracts].  Pages: 123   Published: 1976?

113.    STUDIES ON FLOWERING POLLINATION FRUIT SET FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD IN MOMORDICA-COCHINCHINENSIS
PATNAIK B P; PATNAIK A
MOTIAL, V. S. (ED.). SEMINAR ON RECENT ADVANCES IN PLANT SCIENCES. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS. 135P. ASSOCIATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF PLANT SCIENCES: KALYANI, INDIA  Pages: 123   Published: 1975

114.    PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SAPONIN ISOLATED FROM SEED OF MOMORDICA-EOCHINCHINENSIS SPRENGER
KUBOTA, K; SATO, M; MURAKAMI, T; et al.
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI  Volume: 91   Issue: 2   Pages: 174-&   Published: 1971

115.    STRUCTURE OF A NEW TRITERPENE MOMORDIC ACID OBTAINED FROM MOMORDICA COCHINCHINENSIS SPRENGER
MURAKAMI, T; NAGASAWA, M; ITOKAWA, H; et al.
TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  Issue: 42   Pages: 5137-&   Published: 1966

116.    NACHWEIS VON BETA-CAROTIN IN MOMORDICA COCHINCHINENSIS
VANDAN, N
NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN  Volume: 46   Issue: 1   Pages: 18-18   Published: 1959

117.    The carotene content of the fruit of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng
BOEKENOOGEN, H. A.
PHILIPPINE JOUR SCI  Volume: 78   Issue: (3)   Pages: 299-300   Published: 1949

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indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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