Wednesday, September 26, 2018

Cinnamomum verum, దాల్చిన చెక్క, കറുവ, दालचीनी, சன்னலவங்கம், Darusita, Корица, 锡兰肉桂, ଡାଳଚିନି, قرفة حقيقية

 
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl
Family: Lauraceae


Synonyms: Camphorina cinnamomum (L.) Farw., Cinnamomum alexei Kosterm., Cinnamomum aromaticum J.Graham, Cinnamomum barthii Lukman., Cinnamomum bengalense Lukman., Cinnamomum biafranum Lukman., Cinnamomum bonplandii Lukman., Cinnamomum boutonii Lukman., Cinnamomum capense Lukman., Cinnamomum carolinense var. oblongum Kaneh., Cinnamomum cayennense Lukman., Cinnamomum cinnamomum (L.) H.Karst. [Invalid], Cinnamomum commersonii Lukman., Cinnamomum cordifolium Lukman., Cinnamomum decandollei Lukman., Cinnamomum delessertii Lukman., Cinnamomum ellipticum Lukman., Cinnamomum erectum Lukman., Cinnamomum humboldtii Lukman., Cinnamomum iners Wight [Illegitimate], Cinnamomum karrouwa Lukman., Cinnamomum leptopus A.C.Sm., Cinnamomum leschenaultii Lukman., Cinnamomum madrassicum Lukman., Cinnamomum maheanum Lukman., Cinnamomum maheanum var. karrouwa Lukman., Cinnamomum mauritianum Lukman., Cinnamomum meissneri Lukman., Cinnamomum ovatum Lukman., Cinnamomum pallasii Lukman., Cinnamomum pleei Lukman., Cinnamomum pourretii Lukman., Cinnamomum regelii Lukman., Cinnamomum roxburghii Lukman., Cinnamomum sieberi Lukman., Cinnamomum sonneratii Lukman., Cinnamomum vaillantii Lukman., Cinnamomum variabile Lukman., Cinnamomum wolkensteinii Lukman., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. cassia Meisn., Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. cordifolium Hayne, Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. foeniculaceum Meisn., Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. inodorum Meisn., Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. microphyllum Meisn., Cinnamomum zollingeri Lukman., Laurus cinnamifera Stokes, Laurus cinnamomea Salisb., Laurus cinnamomum L., Laurus culitlaban Buch.-Ham. ex Nees, Laurus montana Link ex Meisn., Laurus rigida Wall., Persea cinnamomum Spreng.
  • English: Cinnamon
  • Tamil: கறுவா (மரம்), சன்னலவங்கம் Channalavangam
  • Telugu: దాల్చిన చెక్క
  • Tulu: ಇಜಿನ್‌ದ ಮರ
  • Chinese: 锡兰肉桂
  • Russian: Корица
  • Nepali: दालचिनीको बोट
  • Malayalam: കറുവ
  • Odia: ଡାଳଚିନି dalachin
  • Arabic: قرفة حقيقية
  • Hindi: दालचीनी Dalchini
  • Sanskrit: Darusita
  • Kannada: ದಾಲಚೀನೀ Dalchini 
Native to Sri Lanka. Cinnamon is extracted from the tree’s inner bark. Cinnamon is believed to be effective in blood glucose balancing and to increase insulin secretion. Glucose balancing and insulin secretion, help improve the efficiency of
insulin and increase glucose disposal. Cinnamon also possesses antioxidant properties [43] that help to reduce the damaging complications of diabetes [Anti-diabetes and Anti-obesity Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals_ Safety, Efficacy, and Action Mechanisms]

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Root bark and stem bark aromatic. Dried bark aromatic, carminative, astringent, stimulant,  stomachic,  analgesic,  antiseptic,  antispasmodic, germicide,  hemostatic,  used  for  stomachache,  vomiting, nausea, flatulence, to treat headaches and intestinal troubles; stembark juice applied on teeth in tooth decay and toothache.  Bark and leafy branches contain volatile oil useful in rheu matic pains and nervous breakdown. Aromatic root smelled to relieve headache. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Canela is used both medicinally and as a flavoring agent in herbal teas because of its sweet, spicy taste. An infusion of canela is reported to help regulate blood pressure. For low blood pressure, a tea is prepared by boiling the dried inner bark in milk. For kidney disorders, canela is added to an infusion made of horsetail (cola de caballo). Canela is considered a hot (caliente) herb that warms the body and is used for treating conditions caused by excess cold in the body such as arthritis and the common cold or flu. As a remedy, a tea is prepared of cinnamon (canela) bark, lemon/lime (limón) fruit, lavender (alucema) flowers and Chinese star anise (anís de estrella) seeds. To treat sinusitis and nasal congestion due to allergies, the following herbs are boiled in water to make a steam bath for the face: cinnamon (canela) sticks, cumin (anís comino or comino) seeds, rose (rosa) petals and allspice (malagueta) seeds. The patient inhales the vapor of these plants by leaning over the pot of water while covering his or her head with a sheet or towel. For anxiety, stress and tension, canela is considered a relaxing herb (relajante), and a tea for calming the nervous system is prepared using cinnamon sticks and chamomile (manzanilla) flowers. For women’s health conditions, including uterine fibroids and menopausal hot flashes, cinnamon (canela) sticks are added to multi-herb decoctions or tinctures (bebedizos and botellas) to sweeten the bitter flavor of these preparations. Because this plant is considered a sweet herb, la esencia de canela or el espiritu de canela (essential oil or alcohol extract) is used as an ingredient in baths to attract good fortune and positive energy as part of spiritual healing traditions. [Dominican Medicinal Plants: A Guide for Health Care Providers]

spice for health food, carminative, nausea and vomiting, diaphoretic. [Handbook of African Medicinal Plants, Second Edition]

Carminative, antispasmodic, aromatic stimulant, diuretic, haemostatic, astringent, stomachic and germicide. Used in pain balms, cold, cough and gastric troubles. It also has antimicrobial and anti-oxidant properties. [Handbook of herbs and spices Vol 2]

Well known for millennia, and oft mentioned in the Bible, cinnamon was reportedly one of the ingredients in Moses’ holy ointment. Cinnamon tea might be useful for elderly bedridden patients with cold extremities, or in preparing such a patient for a recuperative walk, or cast removal from a fractured extremity. Regarded as antipyretic, antiseptic, astringent, balsamic, carminative, diaphoretic, fungicide, stimulant, and stomachic, it is a fragrant cordial, useful for weakness of stomach and diarrhea, checking nausea and vomiting, and used in other medicinal mixtures. Powdered bark in water (or EO, or tiger balm containing many of the same chemicals) is applied to the temple in headaches and neuralgia. Cinnamon bark prevents platelet agglutination and shows antithrombic and antitumor activity. Lebanese use cinnamon as a stimulant, for colds, rheumatism, halitosis, and to check slobbering in young and elderly people. It is also used to loosen coughs. Ayurvedics consider the bark aphrodisiac and tonic, using it for biliousness, bronchitis, diarrhea, itch, parched mouth, worms, and cardiac, rectal, and urinary diseases. They use the oil for “eructations,” gas, loss of appetite, nausea, and toothache. Unani consider the oil carminative, emmenagogue, and tonic to the liver, using it for abdominal pains, bronchitis, head colds, and inflammation. They consider the bark alexeteric, aphrodisiac, carminative, expectorant, sialagogue, and tonic, using it for gas, headache, hiccup, hydrocele, liver ailments, piles, and scorpion stings. One of our Belizean ecotourists was complaining about a snoring roommate. Famed Belizean herbalist Rosita Aruigo suggests 1 cup of cinnamon tea with 2 tsp grated ginger, adding honey and milk to taste. Drink at bedtime each night until cured. Since I have mentioned one spicy Ayurvedic triad, trikatu (ginger, long pepper, and pepper), I may as well mention another spicy triad, trijataka [cardamom, cinnamon, and “tejapatra,” which I am told is cassia (unidentified in DEP and WOI)], three more aromatics often used together for lengual paralysis, stomach cramps, and toothache. [CRC Handbook of Medicinal Spices]

Cinnamon is stated to possess antispasmodic, carminative, orexigenic, antidiarrhoeal, antimicrobial, refrigerant and anthelmintic properties. It has been used for anorexia, intestinal colic, infantile diarrhoea, common cold, influenza, and specifically for flatulent colic, and dyspepsia with nausea. Cinnamon bark is also stated to be astringent, and cinnamon oil is reported to possess carminative and antiseptic properties. [Herbal Medicines 3rd Ed]

Mainly used for digestive disorders such as diarrhoea, and flatulent colic or dyspepsia. Cinnamon has also been used for the common cold, and the oil may have antiseptic activity. It has been used in Chinese medicine for circulatory disorders. [Stockley's Herbal Medicines Interactions]

 Asian traditional medicine for colds, flu, and digestive problems, recent investigations indicate that it has a potent stabilizing effect on blood sugar levels, helping to slow or prevent the onset of diabetes. It is also active against Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium commonly linked with stomach ulcers. [Herbal Remedies]

Charaka used the dried leaves and bark of Cinnamomum tamala, in prescriptions, as an aid to rejuvenation, in anaemia, cardiac disorders, fever and externally in body-odour. He included Tvak in a mouthwash. Sushruta prescribed the leaves internally in skin eruptions and blood poisoning; also the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. He used the dried bark as an antispasmodic; externally as an ingredient of a dusting powder for wounds. For erysipelas, Sushruta incorporated the bark for a medicinal plaster. A classical compound of Ashtaanga Hridaya, Sitopalaadi Churna, incorporated Tvak, Elaa (Elettaria cardamomum), Pippli (Piper longum), Tavk- shiri (Bamboo-manna) and sugar, successively double in quantity, for cough and asthma. Among over-the-counter classical Ayurvedic drugs, Elaadi Gutikaa (Bhaishajya Ratnaavali) incorporates Tamaalpatra, and is prescribed in chronic and dry cough; Lavangaadi Churna (Shaarangadhara Samhitaa) contains Cinnamo- mum zeylanicum bark, and is prescribed in anorexia and flatulence. Among Unani compounds, Iyarij-e-Faiqra contains Daarchini as well as Saleekhaa and is prescribed in rheumatism, hemiplegia, Bells Palsy, as a purgative, cathartic. Daarchini has been used as a single drug in Raughan-e-Daarchini, prescribed externally in rheumatism and headache; internally in sexual debility (2-5 drops) and neurasthenia. [Indian Herbal Remedies]

120 Publications of  Cinnamomum verum


1.    Waman, A.A. and P. Bohra, Air layering in cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum L.) under wet humid tropical conditions. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2018. 27(1): p. 71-73.
2.    Shawky, E. and D.A. Selim, Rapid Authentication and Quality Evaluation of Cinnamomum verum Powder Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analyses. Planta medica, 2018.
3.    Qadir, M.M.F., et al., Immunomodulatory and therapeutic role of Cinnamomum verum extracts in collagen-induced arthritic BALB/c mice. Inflammopharmacology, 2018. 26(1): p. 157-170.
4.    Abou-Khalil, R., et al., Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid from cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum) increase the binding of glucose to human albumin. Biochimica Clinica, 2018. 42(2): p. 112-118.
5.    Monteiro, I.N., et al., Chemical composition and acaricide activity of an essential oil from a rare chemotype of Cinnamomum verum Presl on Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Veterinary Parasitology, 2017. 238: p. 54-57.
6.    Mavillapalli, R.C., S. Jeyabalan, and S. Muthusamy, MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IDENTIFIED IN CINNAMOMUM VERUM AND CORIANDRUM SATIVUM ON HMG CoA REDUCATSE - AN ENZYME TARGET FOR ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2017. 8(10): p. 4172-4179.
7.    Liu, Y.-H., et al., Cinnamomum verum ingredient 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde: a new antiproliferative drug targeting topoisomerase I and II in human lung squamous cell carcinoma NCI-H520 cells. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2017. 26(4): p. 314-323.
8.    Lebel, G., et al., Effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark essential oil on the halitosis associated bacterium Solobacterium moorei and in vitro cytotoxicity. Archives of Oral Biology, 2017. 83: p. 97-104.
9.    Kwak, Y.-S., S.-J. Kim, and H.-Y. Kim, The antibacterial effect of Cinnamomum verum extract. Biomedical Research-India, 2017. 28(15): p. 6667-6670.
10.    Fadaei, S. and M. Asle-Rousta, Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) extract in rats receiving lead acetate. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 2017. 22(6): p. Pe31-En4.
11.    Essid, R., et al., Antifungal mechanism of the combination of Cinnamomum verum and Pelargonium graveolens essential oils with fluconazole against pathogenic Candida strains. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017. 101(18): p. 6993-7006.
12.    Dhawal, P., et al., IN-VITRO ANALYSIS OF CINNAMOMUM VERUM FOR FORMULATION OF BIO-ACTIVE COSMETIC GEL. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2017. 8(7): p. 2988-2995.
13.    Chinh, H.V., et al., Essential oils leaf of Cinnamomum glaucescens and Cinnamomum verum from Vietnam. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2017. 8(11): p. 2712-2721.
14.    Ahmed, N., D. Agrawal, and A. Chughtai, Cinnamomum verum on Learning and Memory in Wistar Albino Rats. Movement Disorders, 2017. 32.
15.    Yang, S.-m., et al., Molecular Mechanism of Cinnamomum verum Component Cuminaldehyde Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Cell Death in Human Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma NCI-H520 Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Journal of Cancer, 2016. 7(3): p. 251-261.
16.    Wong, H.-Y., et al., Cinnamomum verum Component 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde: A Novel Anticancer Agent with Both Anti-Topoisomerase I and II Activities in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Phytotherapy Research, 2016. 30(2): p. 331-340.
17.    Vidanagamage, S.A., P.M.H.D. Pathiraje, and O.D.A.N. Perera, Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) extract on functional properties of butter, in International Conference of Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka 2015, C.N. Walpita, et al., Editors. 2016. p. 136-142.
18.    Tsai, K.-d., et al., Cuminaldehyde from Cinnamomum verum Induces Cell Death through Targeting Topoisomerase 1 and 2 in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma COLO 205 Cells. Nutrients, 2016. 8(6).
19.    Tsai, K.-d., et al., Cinnamomum verum component 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde: a novel antiproliferative drug inducing cell death through targeting both topoisomerase I and II in human colorectal adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells. Food & Nutrition Research, 2016. 60.
20.    Sharifzadeh, S. and M. Mohammadzadeh, The weakening effects of aqueous extract of Cinnamomum verum on learning and spatial memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 2016. 34(377): p. 307-314.
21.    Sharifan, A., M. Shafiee, and A. Tabatabaee, Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of Cinnamomum verum methanolic extract and essential oil: a study on bio-preservative in ketchup sauce. Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 2016. 6(2): p. 113-124.
22.    Perng, D.-S., et al., Discovery of a novel anticancer agent with both anti-topoisomerase I and II activities in hepatocellular carcinoma SK-Hep-1 cells in vitro and in vivo: Cinnamomum verum component 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde. Drug Design Development and Therapy, 2016. 10: p. 141-153.
23.    Perng, D.-S., et al., Discovery of a novel anti-cancer agent targeting both topoisomerase I and II in hepatocellular carcinoma Hep 3B cells in vitro and in vivo: Cinnamomum verum component 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde. Journal of Drug Targeting, 2016. 24(7): p. 624-634.
24.    Li, Y., et al., Quality Evaluation for Essential Oil of Cinnamomum verum Leaves at Different Growth Stages Based on GC-MS, FTIR and Microscopy. Food Analytical Methods, 2016. 9(1): p. 202-212.
25.    Doudi, M., M. Setorki, and Z. Rezayatmand, Effects of aqueous extract of Cinnamomum verum on growth of bread spoilage fungi. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 2016. 5(1): p. 162-171.
26.    Choi, O., et al., In vitro antibacterial activity and major bioactive components of Cinnamomum verum essential oils against cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2016. 6(4): p. 308-314.
27.    Choi, O., S. Cho, and J. Kim, Biological evaluation of 32 different essential oils against Acidovorax citrulli, with a focus on Cinnamomum verum essential oil. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2016. 15(4): p. 68-76.
28.    Choi, H.-M., et al., Cinnamomi Cortex (Cinnamomum verum) Suppresses Testosterone-induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Regulating 5 alpha-reductase. Scientific Reports, 2016. 6.
29.    Chen, T.-W., et al., Discovery of a Novel Anti-Cancer Agent Targeting Both Topoisomerase I & II as Well as Telomerase Activities in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells In Vitro and In Vivo: Cinnamomum verum Component Cuminaldehyde. Current Cancer Drug Targets, 2016. 16(9): p. 796-806.
30.    Azad, R., et al., Morphological variation of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Persl) germplasm in Matara district of Sri Lanka. International Journal of Minor Fruits, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2016. 2(1): p. 6-14.
31.    Yap, P.S.X., et al., Antibacterial Mode of Action of Cinnamomum verum Bark Essential Oil, Alone and in Combination with Piperacillin, Against a Multi-Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strain. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2015. 25(8): p. 1299-1306.
32.    Williams, A.R., et al., Anthelmintic activity of trans-cinnamaldehyde and A- and B-type proanthocyanidins derived from cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum). Scientific Reports, 2015. 5: p. 1-12.
33.    Ramshini, H., et al., Effect of Cinnamomum Verum Extract on the Amyloid Formation of Hen Egg-white Lysozyme and Study of its Possible Role in Alzheimer's Disease. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 2015. 6(1): p. 29-37.
34.    Pandey, M. and D.R. Chandra, Evaluation of ethanol and aqueous extracts of cinnamomum verum leaf galls for potential antioxidant and analgesic activity. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015. 77(2): p. 243-247.
35.    Ohbayashi, T., Occurrence of Sauris hirudinata Guenee, 1857 (Geometridae, Larentiinae) on Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, 1825 in Chichijima Island of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. Japan Heterocerists' Journal, 2015. 275: p. 632-633.
36.    Azad, R., et al., Morphological variation within progeny and deviations from mother plant reveal the allele richness in Cinnamomum verum germ-plasm: a case study from Deiyandara, Matara collection at the early vegetative stage. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension, 2015. 18(4): p. 163-167.
37.    Swetha, V.P., et al., DNA Barcoding for Discriminating the Economically Important Cinnamomum verum from Its Adulterants. Food Biotechnology, 2014. 28(3): p. 183-194.
38.    Shori, A.B., et al., Influence of Allium sativum or Cinnamomum verum on physicochemical characteristics of yogurt. International Journal of Dairy Science, 2014. 9(2): p. 45-55.
39.    Shori, A.B. and A.S. Baba, The influence of Allium sativum or Cinnamomum verum on cow- and camel- milk yogurts: proteolytic and angiotensin-I converting enzyme-inhibitory activities, in Nanoscience, Nanotechnology and Nanoengineering, M.H. Mamat, et al., Editors. 2014. p. 639-643.
40.    Saranya, V., et al., In-vitro antioxidant activities of hydro alcoholic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds, Cinnamomum verum bark and Carica papaya leaves and seeds. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology, 2014. 2(6): p. 1529-1536.
41.    Nam, J.W., et al., Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins from the barks of Cinnamomum verum and their dentin enhancement properties. Planta Medica, 2014. 80(10): p. 779-779.
42.    Naderi, M., et al., Effects of dietary inclusion of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) powders on performance, organs relative weight and some immune system parameters in broiler chickens. Poultry Science Journal, 2014. 2(2): p. 153-163.
43.    Geeganagamage, M.W., H.K.S.G. Gunadasa, and K.G.G. Wijesinghe, Effect of leaf flush color and maturity levels on quantity and quality of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Persl) leaf oil Conference poster. ISAE 2014. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Agriculture and Environment 2014, Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, 27 November 2014, ed. M. Atapattu. 2014. 165-168.
44.    Dhanalaxmi, R.K. and J.V. Vastrad, Phyto constituents: an analysis of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) leaf extracts. Asian Journal of Home Science, 2014. 9(1): p. 319-321.
45.    Deepshikha, G. and Girija, The exhaustive study for the antioxidant & antibacterial potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum). Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014. 4(3): p. 201-201.
46.    Azeredo, C.M.O., et al., In vitro biological evaluation of eight different essential oils against Trypanosoma cruzi, with emphasis on Cinnamomum verum essential oil. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. 14(309): p. (22 August 2014)-(22 August 2014).
47.    Azeredo, C.M.O., et al., In vitro biological evaluation of eight different essential oils against Trypanosoma cruzi, with emphasis on Cinnamomum verum essential oil. Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. 14.
48.    Aparna, Y., N. Lalitha, and J. Sarada, Quorum quenching ability of dietary spice Cinnamomum verum on pathogenic bacteria. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2014. 5(12): p. 5216-5223.
49.    Anghel, A.G., et al., MAPLE Fabricated Fe3O4@Cinnamomum verum Antimicrobial Surfaces for Improved Gastrostomy Tubes. Molecules, 2014. 19(7): p. 8981-8994.
50.    Shori, A.B. and A.S. Baba, Effects of inclusion of Allium sativum and Cinnamomum verum in milk on the growth and activity of lactic acid bacteria during yogurt fermentation. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 2013. 13(11): p. 1448-1457.
51.    Rasleen, S., et al., Comparative analysis of cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of edible Cinnamomum verum (bark) and Cinnamomum tamala (Indian bay leaf). Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 2013. 3(Suppl.): p. S70-S73.
52.    Park, S.-J., Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation and Adipogenesis by Supercritical Fluid Extracts and Marc from Cinnamomum verum. Journal of Life Science, 2013. 24(4): p. 510-517.
53.    Mehdipour, Z., M. Afsharmanesh, and M. Sami, Effects of dietary synbiotic and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) supplementation on growth performance and meat quality in Japanese quail. Livestock Science, 2013. 154(1-3): p. 152-157.
54.    Mariappan, P.M., et al., Chemical characterisation and antifungal activity of methanolic extract of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl bark against Malassezia spp. Pharmacognosy Journal, 2013. 5(5): p. 197-204.
55.    박성진, et al., Comparison of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Supercritical Fluid Extracts and Marc Extracts from Cinnamomum verum. Journal of Life Science, 2012. 22(3): p. 373-379.
56.    Kumar, K.N.S., et al., Chemoprofile of tvakpatra; leaves of Cinnamomum verum J.S. Presl. Pharmacognosy Journal, 2012. 4(34): p. 26-31.
57.    Khandekar, R.G., et al., Standardization of stem thickness and length for harvesting cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Pres.) bark. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2012. 21(2): p. 164-168.
58.    El-Desoky, G.E., M.A.M. Aboul-Soud, and K.S. Al-Numair, Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) in alloxan-diabetic rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012. 6(9): p. 1685-1691.
59.    Rakshit, M. and C. Ramalingam, IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CINNAMOMUM VERUM (CINNAMON) AQUEOUS BARK EXTRACT IN REFERENCE TO ITS TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT AS NATURAL PRESERVATIVE TO FOOD. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 2011. 8(4): p. 529-537.
60.    Freire, J.M., et al., Essential oil of Origanum majorana L., Illicium verum Hook. f. and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume: chemical and antimicrobial characterization. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 2011. 13(2): p. 209-214.
61.    Thangaselvabai, T., et al., Effect of Rooting Media and Type of Cutting on Rooting of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum). Advances in Plant Sciences, 2010. 23(1): p. 95-96.
62.    Rattanachaikunsopon, P. and P. Phumkhachorn, Potential of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oil to control Streptococcus iniae infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fisheries Science, 2010. 76(2): p. 287-293.
63.    Naderi, G., et al., In vitro fibrinolytic activity by polyphenolic extract of Zataria moltiflora Boiss., Curcuma domestica Valet., Heracleum persicum Desf. Ex Fischer and Cinnamomum verum J.Presl. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2010. 25(4): p. 572-580.
64.    Jaisankar, I., et al., Effect of time of pruning and peeling on the bark yield of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Pres.) in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2010. 19(1/2): p. 50-52.
65.    Bouhdid, S., et al., Functional and ultrastructural changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cells induced by Cinnamomum verum essential oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2010. 109(4): p. 1139-1149.
66.    Thangaselvabai, T., J.P. Joshua, and M. Jayasekar, Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl) - the sweet bark spice for flavour and fragrance - a review. Agricultural Reviews, 2009. 30(3): p. 167-175.
67.    Puangpronpitag, D. and C. Sittiwet, Antimicrobial properties of Cinnamomum verum aqueous extract. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2009. 2(2): p. 49-53.
68.    Abeysinghe, P.D., et al., Molecular characterization of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl) accessions and evaluation of genetic relatedness of cinnamon species in Sri Lanka based on TrnL intron region, intergenic spacers between trnT-trnL, trnL-trnF, trnH-psbA and nuclear ITS. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2009. 5(6): p. 1079-1088.
69.    Vinitha, M. and M. Ballal, In vitro anticandidal activity of Cinnamomum verum. Journal of Medical Sciences (Pakistan), 2008. 8(4): p. 425-428.
70.    Soulange, J.G., V.M. Ranghoo-Sanmukhiya, and S.D. Seeburrun, Tissue culture and RAPD analysis of Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum verum. Biotechnology, 2007. 6(2): p. 239-244.
71.    Rao, B.R.R., D.K. Rajput, and A.K. Bhattacharya, Essential oil composition of petiole of Cinnamomum verum Bercht. & Presl. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2007. 16(1): p. 38-41.
72.    Pathiratna, L.S.S., M.K.P. Perera, and C.K. Balasooriya, Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Pres) intercropped under different inter row spacings of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.): performance after rubber reached maturity. Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, 2007. 88: p. 30-46.
73.    Patel, K., et al., Composition of the leaf essential oil of Cinnamomum verum (Lauraceae) from Fiji Islands. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2007. 10(5): p. 374-377.
74.    Kueffer, C., et al., Strong below-ground competition shapes tree regeneration in invasive Cinnamomum verum forests. Journal of Ecology, 2007. 95(2): p. 273-282.
75.    Darshanee, H.L.C., et al., Effects of different weed control methods in cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl.). Proceedings of the 21st Asian Pacific Weed Science Society (APWSS) Conference, 2-6 October 2007, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2007: p. 78-81.
76.    Rao, B.R.R., et al., Effect of short and long-term storage on essential oil content and composition of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht. and Presl.) leaves. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2006. 15(1): p. 19-24.
77.    Mathew, S. and T.E. Abraham, In vitro antioxidant activity and scavenging effects of Cinnamomum verum leaf extract assayed by different methodologies. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2006. 44(2): p. 198-206.
78.    Mathew, S. and T.E. Abraham, Studies on the antioxidant activities of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark extracts, through various in vitro models. Food Chemistry, 2006. 94(4): p. 520-528.
79.    Braun, L., Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum, C. cassia). Journal of Complementary Medicine, 2006. 5(5): p. 67-69.
80.    Zumbroich, T.J., The introduction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) to America. Acta Botanica Venezuelica, 2005. 28(1): p. 155-160.
81.    Pathiratna, L.S.S. and M.K.P. Perera, Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) intercropping system: performance under standard inter row spacings of rubber. Natural Rubber Research, 2005. 18(2): p. 105-112.
82.    Pathiratna, L.S.S. and M.K.P. Pereira, Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum intercropping system: Performance under standard inter row spacings of rubber. Indian Journal of Natural Rubber Research, 2005. 18(2): p. 105-112.
83.    Park, I.K., et al., Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oils against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Nematology, 2005. 7: p. 767-774.
84.    Le Dinh, K., et al., Seed storage methods of star anise (Illicium verum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) and michelia (Michelia mediocris). Comparative storage biology of tropical tree seeds, ed. M. Sacande, et al. 2005. 238-248.
85.    Pathiratna, L.S.S., M.K.P. Perera, and B.W. Wijesuriya, Performance of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Pres.) intercropped at different spacings of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Meull. Arg.). Indian Journal of Natural Rubber Research, 2004. 17(2): p. 150-158.
86.    Pathiratna, L.S.S. and J.C. Edirisinghe, Agronomic and economic viability of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)/cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J Pres.) intercropping systems involving wider inter-row spacing in rubber plantations. Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, 2003. 86: p. 46-57.
87.    Kennedy, R.R., K. Nageswari, and G. Balakrishnamoorthy, Quality attributes of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht & Presl.) accessions grown at Shevroys (Tamil Nadu, India). Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2000. 9(2): p. 177-177.
88.    Alka, S., Methods of sustainable harvesting and value addition for economic uplift and biodiversity conservation. Series No. 7. Harvesting of spice tree and shrub species viz. Syzygium aromaticum, Myristica fragrans, Cinnamomum verum, Pimenta dioica, Tamarindus indica, Murraya koenigii, Garcinia cambogia and Laurus nobilis. MFP News, 2000. 10(2): p. 12-14.
89.    Fleischmann, K., Relations between the invasive Cinnamomum verum and the endemic Phoenicophorium borsigianum on Mane island, Seychelles. Applied Vegetation Science, 1999. 2(1): p. 37-46.
90.    Dhuley, J.N., Anti-oxidant effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark and greater cardamom (Amomum subulatum) seeds in rats fed high fat diet. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 1999. 37(3): p. 238-242.
91.    Pathiratna, L.S.S. and M.K.P. Perera, The effect of shade on the bark yield components of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Pres) intercropped with rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). Journal of Plantation Crops, 1998. 26(1): p. 70-74.
92.    Pathiratna, L.S.S., A. Nugawela, and R.K. Samarasekera, Shade effects on photosynthesis of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Pres). Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, 1998. 81: p. 29-37.
93.    Joy, P.P., et al., Growth, leaf oil yield and quality investigations in cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 1998. 20(2): p. 401-406.
94.    Nath, S.C., et al., Comparative morphology and essential oil characters of two variants of Cinnamomum verum Pres. from northeastern India. Journal of Plant Anatomy and Morphology (Jodhpur), 1997. 7(2): p. 173-180.
95.    Mathai, M.P., et al., Micropropagation of Cinnamomum verum (Bercht & Presl.). Biotechnology of spices, medicinal & aromatic plants. Proceedings of the national seminar on biotechnology of spices and aromatic plants, Calicut, India, 24-25 April, 1996., 1997: p. 35-38.
96.    Koketsu, M., et al., Bark and leaf essential oils of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl) grown in Parana, Brazil. Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 1997. 17(3): p. 281-285.
97.    Veerakumari, K. and P. Mohanraj, Insect pests of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht & Presl.) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Journal of Plantation Crops, 1993. 21(1): p. 67-69.
98.    Rema, J. and B. Krishnamoorthy, Rooting response of elite cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht & Presl.) lines. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 1993. 2(1/2): p. 21-25.
99.    Karunakaran, P., M.C. Nair, and D. Lulu, Grey blight disease of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht & Presl.) leaves. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 1993. 2(1-2): p. 66-67.
100.    Krishnamoorthy, B., et al., Variability and association studies in cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum). Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 1992. 1(2): p. 148-150.
101.    Hegde, K.R., G.S. Sulikeri, and N.C. Hulamani, Effect of growth regulator and pre-girdling treatments on rooting of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl.) airlayers. South Indian Horticulture, 1989. 37(6): p. 329-332.
102.    Bernard, T., et al., EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS BY REFINING OF PLANT MATERIALS II. PROCESSING OF PRODUCTS IN THE DRY STATE ILLICIUM-VERUM HOOKER FRUIT AND CINNAMOMUM-ZEYLANICUM NEES BARK. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 1989. 4(2): p. 85-90.
103.    Krishnamoorthy, B., A. Gopalam, and J. Abraham, Quality parameters of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) in relation to flush colour. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut & Spices Journal, 1988. 12(2): p. 38-38.
104.    Zhu, A., Repellent ointment comprises Ageratum, mint, Perilla frutescens, Acorus calamus, lemongrass, llicium verum, fennel, chenpi , Artemisia argyi, Cinnamomum cassia and donkey-hide gelatin. Zhu A.
105.    Young, S.M. and J.H. Won, Composition useful in health functional food composition for stimulating body energy consumption, promoting muscle metabolism and treating reduced energy metabolism and muscle function weakness, comprises Cinnamomum verum extract. Univ Dongguk Gyeongju Campus Ind Acad Co.
106.    Wang, S.Y., Extract used in pharmaceutical composition for lowering low density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglyceride level, and treating associated condition e.g. atheroma, obtained by hot water extraction of Cinnamomum verum leaves. Taiwan Leader Biotech Corp.
107.    Toyoda, N., et al., Powder cosmetics useful for preventing growth of microorganisms, comprises mixture e.g. Cinnamomum verum bark oil, clove leaves oil, lemon-grass leaves oil, and Garcinia cambogia fruit extract, and powder containing sodium chloride. Nippon Menard Keshohin Kk.
108.    Singh, B.P., Synergistic herbal composition useful e.g. as anti-oxidant and anti-cataract agent, and for treating diabetes, comprises Gymnema sylvestre, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Trigonella foenumgraecum, Cinnamomum verum, binder, diluents and lubricant. Singh B P.
109.    Sharma, P.K., P. Srivastava, and R. Malviya, Making sun protection cream, comprises e.g. macerating ethyl acetate extract of Piper betel leaf and Cinnamomum verum bark, removing solvent by rotary evaporator, and determining e.g. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Univ Galgotias.
110.    Parachur, V.A., et al., Herbal anti-age related macular disease composition used to treat age related macular diseases, diabetic macular edema and retinal vein occlusion, comprises herbal extract e.g. Cinnamomum verum, Silybum marianum and Punica granatum. Parachur V a; Parachur V.
111.    Li, Z., X. Wang, and Z. Hu, Emollient composition useful for preparing color correcting cream, comprises octyl acyl glycine, sarcosine and Cinnamomum verum bark extract. Chongqing Lingdao Tech Co Ltd.
112.    Lee, S.P., et al., Composition useful for repelling ants, comprises mixture of Cinnamomum verum supercritical extract and Acorus gramineus supercritical extract or Zanthoxylum schinifolium supercritical extract. Univ Keimyung Ind Academic Coop Found.
113.    Lee, H.J., Composition comprises galla rhois extract and Cinnamomum verum cortex extract used for controlling Campylobacter. Univ Gyeongsang Ind Acad Coop Found.
114.    Kvasenkov, O.I., Obtaining kvass by mashing and infusing dry bread with water, adding sugar to wort and fermenting with bakers yeast, extracting Cinnamomum verum with liquid carbon dioxide, and drying, frying and soaking yacon with mixture. Kvasenkov O I.
115.    Doty, S.A., Bio-pesticide composition used in organic gardens and on fruits and vegetables e.g. apple, carrot consists of e.g. Piper nigrum, Cuminum cyminum, Cinnamomum verum, Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Foeniculum vulgare, Syzygium aromaticum. Doty S A.
116.    Dhan, P., et al., Herbal synergistic hypocholesterolemic composition with for lowering serum cholesterol and triglycerides, comprises extracts of fruits of Averrhoa bilimbi, and Elettaria cardamomum and bark of Cinnamomum verum in a fermented medium. Univ Amity.
117.    Del Carmen Ramirez Olvera, M., Composition used for preventing and treating cancer, comprises extracts of Salvia officinalis, Portulaca oleracea, Prunus Domestica, Citrus reticulata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum verum and Laurus nobilis. Del Carmen Ramirez Olvera M.
118.    Choi, C.W., et al., Acaricide composition useful for killing house dust mites, berry bugs, Dermanyssus gallinae and ear mite, comprises Azadirachta indica oil, Sophora flavescens extract, Cinnamomum verum extract and Ginkgo biloba extract. Univ Paichai Ind Academic Coop Found.
119.    Chickane, H.B., Herbal composition useful for treating respiratory disorders chosen from asthma and associated illnesses, comprises Caralluma adscendens, Zingiber officinale and/or Cinnamomum verum, and carrier. Chickane H B.
120.    Agnihotri, A., et al., Formulation for repelling snakes comprises essential oils of Cedrus deodara, Eugenia caryophyllata, Capsicum chinense, Cinnamomum verum, Allium sativum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Mentha piperita. India Defence Res & Dev Org.
121.    Skin care composition useful for removing acne, comprises Cinnamomum verum bark extract, medicinal Fomes fomentarius extract, Bacopa monnieri extract, sodium shale oil sulfonate, menthol lactate, and remaining is matrix and deionized water. Guangzhou Danqi Daily Chem Co Ltd.

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verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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