Padahastasana பாத ஹஸ்தாசனம் पादहस्‍तासन పాదహస్తాసనం ಪಾದಹಸ್ತಾಸನ പദഹസ്തസനമ്

Embelia ribes, baibirang, vayuvidangam, ambati, vidanga, Pokok Akar Asam Kumbang

Embelia ribes Burm.f.
Family: Primulaceae

Synonyms: Antidesma grossularia Raeusch., Antidesma ribes (Burm.f.) Raeusch., Ardisia tenuiflora Blume, Calispermum scandens Lam., Embelia burmanni Retz., Embelia dentata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid], Embelia garciniifolia Wall. ex Ridl., Embelia glandulifera Wight, Embelia indica J.F.Gmel., Embelia paniculata Moon, Embelia ribes var. ribes, Embelia ribes subsp. ribes, Embelia sumatrana Miq., Ribesiodes ribes (Burm. f.) Kuntze, Samara ribes (Burm. f.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kurz

• English: False black pepper, Malabar embelia, worm killer (trade name)
• Chinese: 水林果
• Cambodia: chou pruc
• Gujarati: આંબટી ambati, વાવડિંગ vavding
• Hindi: बायबिरंग baibirang
• Indonesia: aka sekileng, areuj katjembang, kacembang
• Kannada: ವಾಯಿವುಳಂಗ vayivulanga
• Kashmiri: Babading 
• Konkani: आंबटी ambati
• Laos: reut jeum bang
• Malayalam: അമ്മിമുറിയൻ ammimuriyan, ബസാൾ basaal, ചെറിയകൊട്ടം cheriya kottam, ഈഷാൽ eeshaal, കാട്ടുവിഴാൽ kaattu vizhaal, മരക്കീര marakkeera, വലിയ വിഴാലരി valiya vizhaalari
• Malay: Pokok Akar Asam Kumbang,  akar sulur kerang
• Marathi: आंबटी ambati
• Nepali: भ्याभिदङ्ग bhyabhidanga
• Oriya: Bidanga, Vidanga
• Punjabi: ਬਾਇਬਿੰਡਗ
• Sanskrit: विडङ्ग vidanga
• Tamil: வாயுவிளங்கம் vayu-vilankam
• Telugu: వాయువిడంగం
• Thailand: som kung
• Urdu: Baobarang, Babrang

Description: Shrubs scandent. Branchlets angled, longitudinally ridged, densely tawny or rusty papillose-tomentose. Petiole 5-10 mm, marginate to base; leaf blade elliptic, oblong, or narrowly obovate, (3.5-)5-8(-10) × (1.5-)3-3.5 cm, papery, leathery or rarely cartilaginous, glabrous, pellucid or black punctate, base cuneate or rounded, margin revolute, entire, apex acuminate, rarely subacute; lateral veins inconspicuous. Inflorescences terminal, pinnately pyramidal paniculate, (6-) 10-l5(-30) cm; bracts subulate or lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm, sparsely puberulent abaxially, black punctate-lineate, margin entire, sparsely glandular puberulent, apex subulate. Flowers greenish or white, (4 or)5-merous, papery, staminate 2-2.5 mm, pistillate 1.5-2 mm. Pedicel (2-)3-3.5 mm in staminate, 1.5-2.5 mm in pistillate, sparsely to densely papillose puberulent. Sepals deltate, pellucid-punctate, glandular papillose adaxially and on margin, apex acuminate. Petals free, elliptic or oblong, papery, pellucid punctate, densely glandular granulose inside, margin entire, long glandular papillose, apex acute to obtuse. Stamens subequalling petals or slightly exserted to 1 mm in staminate and 2/3 petal length in pistillate; anthers ovate or oblong, base sagittate, apex rounded, connective black punctate. Ovary glabrous. Stigma capitate or 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit red or scarlet, globose or ovoid,(2-)3-4 (-5) mm in diam., smooth, wrinkled when dry, densely black punctate.

Anthelmintic, alterative, astringent, carminative,  stimulant  and  tonic. Used in colic,  constipation, flatulence  and worms. [Advances in Medicinal Plants]

Used in worm infestations, flatulence, colic, and diseases of the abdomen (therapeutic uses based on texts from the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries). According to Charaka and Sushruta (1000 bc), Vidanga is the best remedy for worms and excels as an anthelmintic (given in the early morning during fasting, with milk or syrup, followed by a purgative). Embelin impairs spermatogenesis and reduces sperm count. It is reported to be effective against tapeworm, as well as in giardiasis. [Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial Plant Drugs: Expanded Therapeutics]

Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Fruits stomachic, nervine tonic, tonic, antifertility, acrid, astringent, alterative, anthelmintic, molluscicidal, for piles, leprosy, skin diseases, constipation, indigestion, colic, flatulence; a paste is locally applied against tapeworm, ringworm; dry fruits decoction used in fevers, chest pain and skin diseases, and as mouth wash in decay of teeth; dried powdered fruits anthelmintic, astringent, tonic, taken to kill worms in stomach, used in scorpion sting and snakebite. Seed powder in headache. A roots infusion to treat coughs, indigestion, flatulence, colic, stomachache and diarrhea. Powder made from dried bark of the root a remedy for toothache. The crushed fresh bark used to repel leeches, and as a fish poison; leaves and bark juice as fish poison. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Garhwali and Tribes of North-east India: Seed:  in skin diseases,  ringworms,  leprosy;  Ethnic Communities of  Kamrup (Assam):  Fruit: in stomach complaints; Matsya  Purana:  important  medicinal  plant;  Agni  Purana:  beneficial  for  gastroenteritis, cirrhosis of liver, oedema, skin diseases including  leprosy and  effective  in killing  worms  in  alimentary canal; Vijacintamanitantra: consumption of powdered fruit along with  fruits of Emblica officinalis, honey and sesame-oil improves quality  of sperms; Bhavaprakasha: it is  pungent, removes morbidity,  impi'Oves  blood circulation,  stimulates appetite,  acts  against  phlegm,  makes  the  body  light,  kills  worms  of all  types;  Rajanighantu: it is pungent, hot, light, enhances balance between  wind and phlegm, beneficial in anorexia and improves digestive  power;  Siddha:  Dried  fruits  are  used  to  prepare the  drug  Vaivitankam. Plant: cures abdominal tumors, and anemias,  cystic tumors,  pyorrhoea,  useful  against tape worms;  EtOH  extract of plant: slightly active against E coli; one of the constituents  of 'Gasex', and some oral contraceptives; Fruit: cures dental, oral,  throat troubles except cancer of lips and ptyslism, constituent of  some quick aboriticide;  Aqueous  extract of fruit:  pronounced  antifertility  activity,  anthelmintic against earthworms; Fruit- powder: expels tapeworms within 6-24 hours, if taken with curd  in  empty stomach,  effective against giardia; Seed:  antibiotic,  anthelmintic, antituberculosis,  alterative and stimulative. [Horticultural, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]

Ascaricidal, anthelmintic, carminative, diuretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, febrifuge. Used in diseases of chest and skin. Active principles are found to be oestrogenic and weakly progestogenic. Root—bechic, antidiarrhoeal. Seed—spermicidal, oxytocic, diuretic. The plant is also used for its blood purifying properties. It is an ingredient in cough syrups, preparations for anaemia, genitourinary tract infections, diarrhoea and diseases of the liver. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

The seeds of Embelia ribes Burm. f. are eaten to expel intestinal worms in several Asian countries. In Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, the seeds are used to expel intestinal worms. The dried leaves are used to heal pimples and boils. In India, the seeds are used to relieve the bowels of costiveness and to expel intestinal worms. Embelia (British pharmaceutical Codex, 1934), or the dried fruits which must contain about 2.5% of embelin, was used to expel intestinal worms (dose: 4 g–16 g; 60–240 grains) in Western medicine. [Medicinal Plants: Drugs For The Future? ]

193 published articles of Embelia ribes

Hymenodictyon orixense, Latikarum, મધમહુડો, Vellakdamabu, வெள்ளைக்கடம்பு, ಡೊಲಿ ಮರ, อุโลก, Guliya, Ugragandha

Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb.
Family: Rubiaceae

Synonyms: Benteca rheedei Roem. & Schult. , Cinchona excelsa Roxb. , Cinchona orixensis Roxb. , Cinchona thyrsiflora Roxb. [Invalid] , Exostema philippicum Schult. , Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb.) Wall. , Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb.) DC. , Hymenodictyon excelsum var. canescens Pierre ex Pit. , Hymenodictyon excelsum var. subglabrum Pierre ex Pit. , Hymenodictyon excelsum var. velutinum Pierre ex Pit. , Hymenodictyon rheedei (Roem. & Schult.) M.R.Almeida & S.M.Almeida , Hymenodictyon thyrsiflorum Wall. , Hymenodictyon utile Wight

• Assamese: Kodam, Paroli
• Bengali: Latikarum
• Chinese: 高网膜籽
• Gujarati: મધમહુડો Madhamahudo, લુણીયો Luniyo, ભમ્મર છાલ Bhammar Chaal
• Hindi: भुरकुर Bhurkur, काला बचनाग Kala Bachnag
• Kannada: ಡೊಲಿ ಮರ Doli Mara
• Malayalam: Vellakdamabu
• Marathi:कुडा Kuda, भोरसाल Or भोरसाळ Bhorsal, भ्रमरसाळी Bhramarsali
• Oriya: Guliya
• Sanskrit: उग्रगन्ध Ugragandha, भृङ्गःवृक्ष Bhringah-vriksha, भ्रमरछल्ली Bhramarchalli
• Tamil: வெள்ளைக்கடம்பு Vellai-k-katampu
• Telugu: బందారుచెట్టు Bandaaru-chettu
• Thai: อุโลก

Description: Deciduous trees, to 20 m high, bark 2 cm thick, grey to greyish-brown, rough, vertically fissured and cracked; blaze orange red; branches pubescent. Leaves simple, opposite, decussate; stipules interpetiolar, leafy, membranous, cauducous; petiole 3-20 cm long, stout, flattened, pubescent, slightly grooved above; lamina 10-25 x 8-20 cm, ovate or elliptic-ovate, base attenuate, apex acute or acuminate, margin entire, pubescent on both sides, chartaceous; lateral nerves 7-11 pairs, pinnate, prominent; intercostae reticulate, prominent. Flowers bisexual, pale green, 5-6 mm long, in axillary and terminal racemes; bracts 2, leafy, persistent; bracteoles linear; calyx tube short, truncate to globose, lobes 5, puberulous without, acute, deciduous; corolla tube slender, elongate, limb expanding, lobes 5, puberulous without; stamens 5, attached on the corolla limb; anthers lanceolate-sagitate; ovary 2-celled, inferior, ovules many; style long, slender, stigma fusiform. Fruit a capsule, 2.5 cm long, flat, elliptic, pendulous, 2 valved, brown; seeds many, broadly winged

Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark very bitter, fresh or dried,  orally used as an astringent, hypotensive, antimalarial, febrifuge and anti-periodic; bark decoction of Hymenodictyon  orixense with barks of Sterculia urens and Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia and root of Carissa congesta given as analgesic and to facilitate delivery; paste of bark in skin diseases;  bark decoction given in diarrhea and malaria; crushed and  powdered  bark  orally  used  for  piles,  dysentery  and  to  kill  tapeworms; pounded bark applied in liver disorders of children. Root juice of mixed with the bark juice of Callicarpa  tomentosa  given  for  fever;  root  paste  applied  on  joints  for  gout. Ceremonial, flowers used in worshipping. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

3 Published articles of Hymenodictyon orixense