Solanum nigrum L.
[Solanum americanum Mill. is an accepted name]
Family: Solanaceae
English: Black Night Shade
Arabic: بندوره، مسلحه، رمرام
Chinese: 龙葵
Hindi: Mokoi मोकोय
Manipuri: লৈপুঙখাংগ Leipungkhangga
Tamil: மணதக்காளி Manatakkali
Telugu: కామంచి kamanchi
Name is various languages: AFRIKAANS: nastergal, galbessie, nasgal, nasgalbossie, wildenastagal; AJA: gbohi; AMHARIC: awt; ASSAMESE: pokmow, pichkati; BADAGA: ga:ke; BELARUSAN: paslen cherni; BEMBÉ: moussosso; BENGALI: gurkamai, kakmachi, tulidun; BICOLANO, CENTRAL: lagkakum, lubi- lubi; BINUKID: ketuglew, muti; BONTOC, CENTRAL: am ti, anti; BRETON: froud, sanab; BUHID: samaray, sanaray; CEBUANO: bolagtab, hulablub, kama tis-manok, kuru-kamatis, lubi- lubi, malasili; CHINESE, MANDARIN: long kui; CHINESE, WÚ: ma ti cai, ye hai jiao; CHINESE, YUE: long kui, dong han cai; CHUWABU: mai-mati-mati; CRIOULO, CAPE VERDE: santa-maria, malagueta-de-galinha, uva-de-santa maria; CZECH: lilek černý, lilek; DANISH: sort natskygge; DIGO: mnavu; DUTCH: zwarte nachtschade, agoema; ENGLISH: wonderberry, black nightshade, common nightshade, poisonberry; ESTONIAN: must maavits; FILIPINO: konti, black nightshade; FINNISH: mustakoiso; FON: gboma; FRENCH: morelle noire, tue-chien; GALICIAN: herba moura; GBE, WACI: asukusɛ; GEN: gbonyamɛ; GERMAN: Nachtschatten, schwarze Nachtschatten, schwarze Teufelskirsche, falsche Blaubeere; GIKUYU: managu; GONJA: katare, katere; GREEK: agriotomatia, styfnos; GUJARATI: piludi; HANUNOO: dutun ilamnu, nunti; HEBREW: solanum shah̤or, ‛invey shu‛al; HINDI: makoi, gurkamai, kabaiya; HINDUSTANI: makoiya; HMONG-DAW: zaub iab; HMONG-NJUA: zaub ab; HUNGARIAN: fekete csúcsor; IBALOI: natang-ni-aso, nateng; IFUGAO: am ti, amti-iitang; INDONESIAN: leunca; ISNAG: bakohan; ITALIAN: solano nero, erba morella, morella minore, ballerina, pomidorella; IVATAN: malanateng, nateng; JAPANESE: inu-hôzuki; KALAGAN: am ti; KANKANAEY: am ti; KANNADA: karikaachi gida; KASHMIRI: makō; KAZAKH: paslen chernyj; KISI, SOUTHERN: sahéyo; KWANYAMA: ndemukolenghula; LATVIAN: melaā naktene; LITHUANIAN: juodoji kiauliauogė; MACEDONIAN: crn zrnec; MALAY: terong telunjuk; MALAYALAM: thulasi, manatakkali; MALTESE: gheneb id-dib; MANINKAKAN: fassa; MANU’A SAMOAN: magalogalo, magalo, polo vao; MAORI: raupeti, remuroa, pooporo, poroporo, poroporo raupeti; MARANAO: moti; MARATHI: ghati, kakmachi, kamoni, laghukavali, meko; MONGOLIAN: khar chesentser; MÒORÉ: ludo, nõraog-kubre; MORISYEN: bred martin; NDALI: inafu; NEPALI: thulo bihin; NGUNDI: mantsa; NIUE: polo kai, polo fua; NORWEGIAN: svartsøtvier; NYANJA: mnadzi; PANJABI, EASTERN: mako, kambei, kachmach, riaungi, mkŏŏ; POLISH: psianka czarna, psianka; PORTUGUESE: erva moura, erva moira, maria pretinha; POTAWATOMI: acib’nimic; RAROTONGAN: poro; ROMANIAN: solanum; RONGA: mussowa, chiauenequene; RUSSIAN: paslen cherniy, paslyon; SAMBAL, BOTOLAN: unti; SAMOAN: māgalo, polo vao; SANSKRIT: kakamachi, kakamaci; SENA: nadzi; SERBO-CROATIAN: pomoćnica, crna; SPANISH: hierba mora, solano negro, tomatitos, tomatillos del diablo; STELLINGWERFS: hondebeien, nachtschade, nachtschaduw, nachtschaede; SUBANON: sili-sili; SWAHILI: mnavu; SWEDISH: nattskatta; TAGALOG: kanti, anti, kama -kamatisan, kamatis-kamatisan, konti, kunti, lubi-lubi, onti; TAJIKI: anguri sagak; TAMIL: munatakali, manathakkali, manattakkali; TAUSUG: muti; TELUGU: kachchipundu, kachi, kamanchi, kaman chichettu, kasaka; TIRURAY: kawat; TONGAN: polo kai; TUMBUKA: msaka, musaka; TURKISH: köpeküzümü, karayaban yasemini, köpek memesi; TURKMEN: adaty itüzüm; URDU: makoya; VLAAMS: zwarte nachtschade; WAAMA: kancenfa; WÁRAY-WÁRAY: mala-sili; YAO: mnesi; YORUBA: odu, ogunmo. [Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon]
Ayurvedic uses: Sotha, Arsha, hrudroga, Jvara, Kandu, Kushta, Prameha, Hikka, Chardi, Netraroga (API, Vol-2)
Whole plant and fruit used. Psoriasis, leucoderma, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), chronic dysentery, hemorrhoids, chronic fevers, cardiac oedema, gout and rheumatoid arthritis. [Compendia of World’s Medicinal Flora]
Toxic glycoalkaloids in the plant, the highest concentration in the green immature berries. All kinds of animals can be poisoned after ingesting nightshade including cattle, sheep, poultry and swine. Children have been poisoned after ingesting unripe berries. Plant extract cathar- tic, diuretic, alterative, used in piles, liver troubles, leprosy and dysentery; shoots given in skin diseases, scabies, eczema and psoriasis. Branches and fruits applied as a vulnerary and antiinflammatory; an infusion drunk as a tonic. Berries bitter, laxative, aphrodisiac, diuretic. Unripe fruits applied to aching teeth and squeezed on baby’s gums to ease pain during teething; fruit for jaundice, diarrhea, fever and eye ailments; extract of berries, leaves and stems used for skin diseases. Leaves used for stomachache, female ailments and liver disorders; leaf poultice applied to rheumatic joints; raw leaves eaten to cure mouth and nose blisters; leaves decoction diuretic, laxative, for swellings on the body; leaves and fruits pounded and the extract used for tonsillitis; leaves cooked and eaten to cure jaundice; leaves fried and eaten for cough. Roots boiled in milk and given to children as tonic. Stem of Vitis vinifera mixed with Solanum nigrum and Cestrum parqui and applied to treat inflammation. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual. Veterinary medicine, root mixed with pepper and ginger is fed to cows to reduce gas formation in the stomach. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and poisonous Plants]
Traditional Medicinal Uses: The stem, leaves and roots are used as a decoction for wounds, tumours and cancerous growths, sores and as an astringent. They are also used as a condiment, stimulant, tonic, for treatment of piles, dysentery, abdominal pain, inflammation of bladder, relief of asthma, bronchitis, coughs, eye ailments, itch, psoriasis, skin diseases, eczema, ulcer, relief of cramps, rheumatism, neuralgia and expulsion of excess fluids. The roots are used as an expectorant. The plant has yielded medicines for sore throats, coughs and digestive problems. It has also been used as an agricultural insecticide.™ Europeans in Africa used the plant to treat convulsions. It is used by the Africans for treating headache, ulcers and as a sedative. The whole plant is used for the treatment of dermatitis, inflammation, heavy female discharge, diarrhoea and dysentery. It is also used as a diuretic and febrifuge. Whole plant is decocted for abscesses, cancer of the cervix, inflammation, leucorrhoea and open sores. Young shoots are consumed as virility tonic for men and to treat dysmenorrhoea in females. In Indochina, the leaves are used as purgative and high blood pressure lowering agents while the fruits are used as laxatives. [A Guide to Medicinal Plants]
Garhwalis and ethnic communities of Sagar district use leaf to treat inflammation of testicles. Leaves and fruits of the species are widely used in tribal and Ayurvedic systems. [HERBAL CURES: TRADITIONAL APPROACH]
Plant—anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, sedative, diuretic, laxative, antiseptic; fresh extract is used for inflammatory swellings, enlargement of liver and spleen and in cirrhosis of liver. Berries— antidiarrhoeal, antipyretic. Berries and flowers—prescribed in cough and cold. Leaves— applied hot to swollen testicles; paste used as poultice to gout, rheumatic swellings and skin diseases. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]
125 g of fresh leaves is boiled in 3–4 cups (750–1000 mL) of water daily for 10–15 min. When 1 cup (250 mL) of water remains, then it is fi ltered with a piece of cloth; used to treat swelling, skin diseases, infl amed and painful parts of body and to clean wounds and mouth sores. Half a cup (125 mL) of decoction (at one time) is applied 3–4 times per day for 6–7 days for mouth sores. Diseases Cured: Body and joint swelling, skin diseases, mouth sores, infl amed and painful body parts; to clean wounds. Ethnobotanical Uses: Young leaves are used as spinach ( sag ) and also used as fodder by goats, sheep, and cattle. Berries are edible. [ Medicinal Plant Biodiversity of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan]
The leaves and berries, especially when unripe, contain the alkaloid solanine and the plant, although poisonous in Europe, appears to be harmless in Jamaica and South Africa. In Africa both this and a number of other species of Solanum are used like spinach. In addition to solanine the plant is said to contain an unidentified alkaloid, saponin and betaine. In Africa and Jamaica the leaves have, or have had, a reputation as a local anodyne for inflammation. The plant is also employed for treatment of fevers of various kinds. A paste of the green berries is used by the Zulus for ringworm. [MEDlCINAL PLANTS OF JAMAICA. PARTS 1 & 11]
Leaves are used against Asthma. Method of use: Dry the leaves in shadow and prepare green tea using dry leaves and take 3-4 cups in a day. [MEDICINAL PLANTS OF SINDH ]
The leaf is applied as a poultice on gouty joints and rheumatism. A fluid extract of the leaves and stems is used on piles, gonorrhoea, dropsy and enlargements of the liver and spleen. A decoction of the plantisusedasfomentation forsore eyesand various skin diseases.
In Rhodesia, the plant is used in the treatment of malaria, black-water fever and dysentery and in Mexico the fruit is a popular remedy for erysipelas. In the Philippines, the fruit is a reputed cure for diabetes, and in Bengal the berries are used for fever, diarrhoea, eye diseases and hydrophobia. The unripefruit is ground into a paste and applied on ringworm. In Mauritius a poultice of the plant is applied for relief of abdominal pain and inflammation of the bladder. In Europe, it is used in the treatment of headaches, ulcers, wounds and as a diuretic and emetic. Italians use it as an antispasmodic, diaphoretic, emollient and sedative. In Africa, the young shoots are eaten as a vegetable. The ripe fruits are made into jam and used as a substitute for raisins in plum pudding. [M edicinal Plants(Indigenous and Exotic) Used in Ceylon
380 Published articles of Solanum nigrum
Salvia splendens Sellow ex Roem. & Schult
