Friday, May 15, 2015

Meriandra strobilifera

Meriandra strobilifera Benth.
Family: Lamiaceae

An erect strongly-scented tomentose shrub, 2-5ft. Branches obscurely angled. Leaves coriaceous, thick, shortly stalked, oblong or lanceolate. 2-4 by f-ljin., crenate, base prolonged downwards in 2 pointed lobes ; upper surface pubescent, closely w r rinkled ; lower white tomentose. Flowers small white in large whorls crowded in erect tomentose, 4-sided, often paniculate spikes; spikes with woody bracts in fruit (Kanjilal) ; floral leaves small, bract-like sessile ovate, overlapping. Calyx tubular-ovoid, 2-lipped ; upper lip concave, entire, lower 2-toothed. Corolla-tube as long as the Calyx. Stamens 2, anthers protruding (Collett). Nutlets obovoid, smooth brown. [Indian Medicinal Plants, Part-II (1918)]

Thursday, May 7, 2015

Cardamine hirsuta, Hairy Bitter Cress, ミチタネツケバナ





Cardamine hirsuta L.
Family: Brassicaceae

Synonyms: Arabis heterophylla G.Forst. ex DC., Cardamine africana subsp. borbonica (Bojer) O.E. Schulz, Cardamine angulata Regel, Cardamine borbonica Bojer, Cardamine fagetina Schur, Cardamine humilis Kit., Cardamine micrantha Spenn., Cardamine multicaulis Hoppe ex Schur, Cardamine parviflora Suter, Cardamine praecox Pall. ex Ledeb., Cardamine scutata var. formosana (Hayata) T.S.Liu & S.S.Ying, Cardamine scutata var. rotundiloba (Hayata) T.S.Liu & S.S.Ying, Cardamine simensis Hochst. ex Oliv., Cardamine tenella E.D.Clarke, Cardamine tetrandra Hegetschw., Cardamine umbrosa Andrz. ex DC., Cardamine virginica Michx., Crucifera cardamine E.H.L.Krause, Ghinia hirsuta (L.) Bubani, Ghinia sylvatica Bubani

Common name: Hairy Bitter Cress, Lamb's Cress, Land Cress, Hoary Bitter Cress
Arabic: حرف زغبي
Azerbaijani: Kələkötür ürəkotu
Chinese: 碎米荠
Dutch: Kleine veldkers
Estonian: Kare jürilill
Finnish: Mäkilitukka
French: Cardamine hérissée, Cresson de muraille
German: Behaartes Schaumkraut
Italian: Billeri primaticcio
Japanese: ミチタネツケバナ
Manipuri: উচী হংগাম Uchi hangam
Polish: Rzeżucha włochata
Swedish: Bergbräsma
Welsh: Berwr chwerw blewog

Description: Annual herb, 10-30 cm tall, erect, often with a basal rosette of leaves only and a slender tap root. Basal leaves 2-7-jugate, 2-10 cm long, 1-2.5 cm broad, glabrous or hairy with simple hairs; leaflets ovate-orbicular, except the terminal one which is slightly larger and subreniform, shortly stalked, subsessile to sessile, very variable in size, subentire to irregularly few lobulate and toothed, usually 6-10 mm in diam. Racemes 10-30-flowered, up to 10 cm long in fruit. Sepals 2-2.5 mm long. Petals c. 3 mm long, usually not or hardly exceeding the sepals (very rarely suppressed). Stamens 6, rarely 4 (the outer 2 abortive ), c. 2: 2.5 mm long. Siliquae linear, compressed, 15-25 mm long, 1 mm broad, straight, glabrous ; valves smooth with a faint mid-vein; style almost absent to 0.5 mm long with a capitate stigma; septum not veined; seeds many, c. 1 mm long.

Uses: In Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia, Cardamine hirsuta L. is used to stop dysentery and to treat eye trouble. Note that the leaves are eaten in salads. [Medicinal Plants: Drugs For The Future? ]

24 Published articles of Cardamine hirsuta

Monday, May 4, 2015

Datura stramonium, thorn apple, Ummetta, Στραμώνιο

Datura stramonium L.
Family: Solanaceae

Synonyms: Datura bernhardii Lundstr., Datura bertolonii Parl. ex Guss., Datura cabanesii P.Fourn., Datura capensis Bernh., Datura ferocissima Cabanès & P.Fourn., Datura ferox Nees, Datura hybrida Ten., Datura inermis Juss. ex Jacq., Datura laevis L.f., Datura loricata Sieber ex Bernh., Datura lurida Salisb., Datura microcarpa Godr., Datura muricata Godr., Datura parviflora Salisb., Datura praecox Godr., Datura pseudostramonium Sieber ex Bernh., Datura stramonium var. canescens Roxb., Datura stramonium var. chalybaea W.D.J.Koch, Datura stramonium f. godronii (Danert) Geerinck & Walravens, Datura stramonium var. gordonii Danert, Datura stramonium f. inermis (Juss. ex Jacq.) Hupke, Datura stramonium var. inermis (Juss. ex Jacq.) Fernald, Datura stramonium var. stramonium, Datura stramonium var. tatula (L.) Decne., Datura stramonium f. tatula (L.) B.Boivin, Datura stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torr., Datura tatula L., Datura wallichii Dunal, Stramonium foetidum Scop., Stramonium laeve Moench, Stramonium spinosum Lam., Stramonium tatula Moench, Stramonium vulgare Moench, Stramonium vulgatum Gaertn.

Common name: Jimson weed, thorn apple, Jamestown-weed, Devil's apple
Arabic: سم الفار(سِم الفار)، نفير (نِفير) , داتوره، تاتوره
Bulgarian: Татул
Chinese: 醉心花
Finnish: Okahulluruoho
French: Stramoine, Herbe à la taupe, Stramoine commune
German: Stechapfel
Greek: Στραμώνιο
Italian: Stramonio comune
Kannada: ಉಮ್ಮತ್ತಿ
Latin: Folia Stramonii
Malayalam: Ummam, ഉമ്മം
Polish: Bieluń dziędzierzawa
Romanian: ciumafaie
Russian: durman obyknovennyj, дурман обыкновенный
Spanish: estramonio
Swedish: spikklubba
Tamil: ஊமத்தம் Umattam
Telugu: Ummetta ఉమ్మెత్త
Thai: ลำโพงม่วง
Vietnamese: Cà độc dược lùn

Datura stramonium differs in having smaller flowers and tooth-edged leaves, and Datura wrightii in having wider, 5-toothed (instead of 10-toothed) flowers. Datura inoxia differs from D. stramonium, D. metel & D.fastuosa in having about 7 to 10 secondary veins on either side of the midrib of the leaf which anastomose by arches at about 1 to 3 mm. from the margin. No anastomosis of the secondary veins are seen in the other 4 major species of Datura.

Description: Plant 60-120 cm or more tall, branched, pubescent; the branches often purplish. Leaves 8-17 x 4-13 cm, ovate or broadly so, sinuately dentate, minutely puberulose, cuneate. Petiole 2-5 cm long. Calyx 3.5-5.5 cm long, tubular, 5-dentate, puberulous, persistent. Lobes 6-9 mm long, strongly reflexed in fruit, apiculate. Corolla 7-10 cm long, white or purplish suffused; limb up to 8 cm broad. shallowy 5-lobed, with the lobes, ± triangular-acuminate. Anthers ± 5 mm long, with the lobes narrow oblong, usually white. Capsule erect, 3-4 cm long, ovoid, spiny and densely pubescent, splitting by 4 valves; spines up to 5 mm long. Seeds 3 mm long, reniform, reticulate-foveolate, black.  


Folk  practitioners  used  the  plant  for  worms. Folk practitioners use the leaves of the plant as a treatment not only for asthma, but also for convulsive cough, pertussis, and other respiratory
problems. The flowers are fragrant but poisonous. It has been smoked as a traditional treatment for asthma in Southern Appalachia.  Datura stramonium is now considered a dangerous poisonous plant and should not be taken internally. The PDR for Herbal Medicines does not recommend use
of the plant, due to its toxicity. [African American Slave Medicine : Herbal and Non-herbal Treatments]

Both herb and seed of this plant are used in asthma, especially in the spas medically recurring forms of this disease, in difficulty of respiration, and in chest and lung complaints generally; owing, however, to its possessing strong narcotic property, amounting, indeed, to that of a poison, it is unsafe for employment internally, but all the benefit produced by its employment in the infusion may be derived from it by inhaling the, smoke from the burnt herb; this is done by means of the ordinary tobacco pipe, and is a perfectly safe method of employment; in this way it is used in all chest affections, chronic coughs, excessive expectoration, and to promote expectoration when difficulty is experienced by the hardness of the sputa, in expelling it, and in difficulty of breathing, in all these symptoms very great relief is afforded by its exhibition. Inhalation being in a very numerous class of cases the only means by which the more distressing symptoms of many pulmonary complaints can be met with anything like effectiveness, we have offered, by the means suggested here, one of the most useful agents in procuring the results desired, relief being frequently obtained by means of this process, when by no other has it been possible to secure it. It has been similarly employed in dyspepsia, but, as would appear, with no permanently good result, its action being almost exclusively upon the lungs and respiratory apparatus. An ointment prepared from stramonium has received considerable attention for piles, fistula, abscesses, and suppurating old sores, in which it is employed with great benefit; success has also been said to have followed its employment for pains in the joints and in rheumatic affections, to which cases it is applied with friction For sores requiring a cleansing, and at the same time emollient, application, it is of extreme value. As an external application, stramonium appears to be less used at the present time than formerly. [Botanic Pharmacopoeia]

Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. High toxicity, whole  plant toxic, leaves and seeds are the usual sources of poisoning in humans and other animals; all animals, including pets  and poultry, may be affected; even the nectar of this plant  contains alkaloids that contaminate honey. Hallucinogenic,  narcotic,  anesthetic,  intoxicating,  used  for  sedating  and  relieving  muscular  spasm.  Flower  juice  used  in  headache.  Leaves for asthma, cough, antimicrobial, leaf for skin dis- eases, boils, wounds and sores; leaves heated and tied on the  breasts  by  women  for  drying  out  the  milk;  crushed  leaves  kept in bed to kill bed-bugs; dry leaves smoked for asthma  and sinus infections; chewed to relieve toothache and sore  gum; leaves juice applied on forehead in headache. Crushed  seeds in mustard oil applied for rheumatism; seeds are fried and the smoke inhaled through the mouth to relieve toothache. Fruits sedative; fruits juice applied to scalp for dandruff and falling hairs [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Bolivians use the floral infusion for childbirth fever, delirium tremens, and hysteria.  Bulgarians  suggest  Asmatin,  Asmatol,  and  Datura  cigarettes  for  bronchial  asthma. Costa Ricans gargle leaf infusion for sore throat; crushed leaves applied on cancers and sores . Cubans inhale smoke for asthma . Cubans use crushed leaf poultice or decoction on hemorrhoids . Haitians ingest leaf diffusion for itch and pruritus . Haitians use the leaves or seeds for asthma, dementia, dermatosis, epilepsy, hemorrhoids, rheumatism, and sciatica . Indians apply warmed leaves to the breast to reduce lactation and to firm the breast.  Mexicans use seed tincture for headache, neuralgia, and rheumatism . Nepalese use flower juice as eardrops for earache . Nepalese use pounded leaves with marijuana and Peruvians and Venezuelans poultice leaves on tumors,  express juice for earache.  Bolivians use the floral infusion for childbirth fever, delirium tremens, and hysteria.  Bulgarians  suggest  Asmatin,  Asmatol,  and  Datura  cigarettes  for  bronchial  asthma.  Costa Ricans gargle leaf infusion for sore throat; crushed leaves applied on cancers and  sores . Cubans inhale smoke for asthma . Cubans use crushed leaf poultice or decoction on hemorrhoids . Haitians ingest leaf diffusion for itch and pruritus . Haitians use the leaves or seeds for asthma, dementia, dermatosis, epilepsy, hemorrhoids, rheumatism, and sciatica . Indians apply warmed leaves to the breast to reduce lactation and to firm the breast.  Mexicans use seed tincture for headache, neuralgia, and rheumatism . Nepalese use flower juice as eardrops for earache . Nepalese use pounded leaves with marijuana and Peruvians and Venezuelans poultice leaves on tumors , express juice for earache.  [ Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America ]

Spasmolytic, antiasthmatic, anticholinergic, cerebral depressant, nerve-sedative. Controls spasms of bronchioles in asthma. Anticholinergic. Effects of overdose are similar to those of atropine. Temporary relief from Parkinsonian tremor recorded. (Contraindicated with depressant drugs.) Applied locally, stramonium palliates the pain of muscular rheumatism, neuralgia, also pain due to haemorrhoids, fistula, abscesses and similar inflammations. Prevents motion sickness. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

In Burma, the seeds are used to induce narcosis. In China, the flowers are used to assuage pains, treat asthma, bechic, skin troubles, swollen feet, prolapse of the rectum and nervous disorders. The leaves are smoked to treat asthma and to assuage pains. In the Philippines, the plant is used for criminal purposes. [Medicinal Plants: Drugs For The Future? ]

This species has been widely used since ancient times. Avicenna said that this plant makes you drunk, is too dangerous for the brain, and is the enemy of the heart. Beruni wrote that half a gram of the seeds can make you drunk and 4.2 g can kill you. A decoction of the seeds is used as a gargle for people with tooth- and headaches, as a painkiller and sedative, and to treat fevers, neuralgia, rheumatism, and radiculitis. Oil from the seeds is used to treat hemorrhoids and the leaves are laid over the eyes to treat eye aches. [The Medicinal Plants of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan]

This well-known drug plant is used to some extent in Jamaica for asthma and sinus infections. It palliates the distressing paroxysms of pure spasmodic asthma when smoked.  The leaves are rubbed up and applied externally to swellings, burns and ulcers. Similar uses are made of the plant in South Africa. The leaves are also used for headaches, haemorrhoids and running sores. Browne reports that in his day the plant was seldom used internally as its use was accompanied by 'dreadful perturbations of the mind', though it was tben used for scalds and sores. The leaves have a total alkaloid content of 0.2 to 0.6 per cent, the content increasing with the age and size of the leaves. The principle alkaloid is hyoscyamine with smaller quantities of atropine and hyoscine. [ Medicinal Plants of Jamaica]

 Leaf: Applied with coconut oil on bruises; leaf used for a pain-killer (anodyne) in Surinam. Fruit: Crushed green fruit used to treat pustules of anthracoid erysipelas in French Guiana. Flower: Juice used to treat earache in Surinam. [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) ]

253 Published articles of Datura stramonium

Ipomoea alba, Moonflower vine, Mandavalli

Ipomoea alba L.
Family: Convolvulaceae
Synonyms: Calonyction aculeatum (L.) House, Calonyction aculeatum var. lobatum (Hallier f.) C.Y. Wu, Calonyction album (L.) House, Calonyction bona-nox (L.) Bojer, Calonyction bona-nox var. lobatum Hallier f., Calonyction pulcherrimum Parodi, Calonyction speciosum Choisy, Convolvulus aculeatus L., Convolvulus aculeatus var. bona-nox (L.) Kuntze, Convolvulus bona-nox (L.) Spreng., Convolvulus pulcherrimus Vell., Ipomoea aculeata var. bona-nox (L.) Kuntze, Ipomoea aculeata f. bonanox (L.) Voss, Ipomoea bona-nox L.

Common name: Moonflower vine, Moon vine
Hindi: दूधियाकलमी Dudhiakalmi,
Marathi:  गुलचांदी Gulchandi
Kannada: Candra pushpa
Tamil: Naganamukkorai
Chinese: 裂叶月光花, 月光花
Dutch: nachtschone
Finnish: Kuuelämänlanka
French: Ipomée blanche
Malayalam: Chandrakanthi, Mandavalli
Spanish: bejuco de puerco, Flor de luna

Used in Sidha. Whole plant purgative, antibacterial, emetic, used in treating snakebite. Dermatitis. Flowers infusion taken as a blood purifier. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

11 Published articles of Ipomoea alba

Hibiscus hirtus, Nityamalli, Lesser Mallow

Hibiscus hirtus L.
Family: Malvaceae

Common name: Lesser Mallow
Marathi: दुपा Dupari, नरेरी Nareri
Gujarati: Baporis
Bengali: Lal-surgumini
Tamil: நித்யமல்லீ Nityamalli
Telugu: నిత్యమల్లి Nityamalli,
Malayalam: സൂര്യമനീ

Description: Herb or undershrubs, 1-1.5 m high; stems erect, pubescent with simple stiff minute stellate hairs.Leaves alternate, lower ones ovate, rounded or cuneate at base, crenate-serrate or irregularly toothed at margin, acute to acuminate at apex, 3-6 x 2-3 cm, 3-5 nerved at base, often with an oblong nectary on midnerve beneath, minutely pubescent with stellate hairs; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm long, with long stellate and simple hairs; stipules linear, 2-8 mm long, ciliate. Flowers axillary, solitary or seemingly in racemes or panicles by reduction of upper leaves; pedicels longer than petioles, 0.5-2 cm, accrescent to 5 cm, jointed below or above middle, pubescent. Epicalyx lobes 6-9, free, lanceolate to linear or subulate, acute, 3-8 x 0.5-1 mm. Calyx ca 1.5 cm across, 5-fid or parted; lobes divided nearly to base, linear-lanceolate, hairy, persistent. Corolla rotate, pink or white. Petals obovate, 1-1.5 x 0.5-0.8 mm, rounded at apex. Staminal column shorter than or as long as petals. Ovary subglobose, ca 2 mm across; stigmas capitate. Capsules globose, 7-10 mm, shorter than calyx; seeds 2 or 3 in each locule, reniform, ca 2 mm across, densely covered with long wooly hairs


Published articles
1. Hibiscus hirtus L. (Malvaceae): A new record for the flora of Madhya Pradesh
By: Tiwari, Arjun Prasad; Shukla, Achuta Nand; Kharma, K. K.
Phytotaxonomy  Volume: 12   Pages: 169-170   Published: 2012

2. Notes on Hibiscus-hirtus And Hibiscus-talbotii Malvaceae
By: Paul T K; Nayar M P
Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India  Volume: 22   Issue: 1-4   Pages: 197-198   Published: 1980

3. Notes on Hibiscus-hirtus Malvaceae
By: BOSE R B
Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India  Volume: 17   Issue: 1-4   Pages: 163   Published: 1975

Saturday, May 2, 2015

Solanum erianthum, Vidari, Akra, Ngoi, Mullein Nightshade, ฝ่าแป้ง

Solanum erianthum D. Don
Family: Solanaceae
Synonym: Solanum adulterinum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.

Common name: Big Eggplant, Mullein Nightshade, China flowerleaf, Potato tree, Wild Tobacco tree
Garo: khimkha nagong
Hindi: Akra, बन तमाखू Ban tamakhu
Kannada: kadusonde, kallarthi, savudangi
Khasi: dieng sohmon niangkodong
Malayalam: chunta, erichunta, malanjunta,
Manipuri: লম খামেন Lam khamen
Marathi: कुत्री kutri
Oriya: vidari
Sanskrit: gandira, pathi, priyamkari, vidari
Tamil: karimulli, mulkathari, sundai, ஆனைச்சுண்டை Anai-c-cuntai, சுண்டை, மலைச்சுண்டை Malai-c-cuntai
Telugu: budama, rasagadi, pittu
Chinese: 假烟叶树
Indonesian: Terung teter
Thai: ฝ่าแป้ง
Vietnamese: Ngoi

Description: An erect shrub from 120-150 cm or more tall. Young shoots and branchlets dense stellate-tomentose with yellowish-white indument. Leaves 8-25 x 4-9.5 cm, elliptic-ovate, acute to acuminate, stellately tomentose, cuneate, under surface (in dried state) lighter coloured. Petiole 20-30 (-40) mm long. Flowers 15-25 in number, in dense terminal and axillary corymbose cymes, white. Peduncle up to 90 mm long, ± stout. Calyx ± cupular, tomentose; lobes c. 3 mm long, acute, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla slightly exceeding the calyx; limb 14-16 mm broad, lobes 4.5 mm long, acute. Anthers oblong, 4-5 mm long; filaments 1.5 mm long, glabrous. Style glabrous. Ovary glabrescent. Berry globose, 8-10 mm broad, yellow. Seeds ± discoid, minutely reticulate

Roots—a decoction is prescribed for vertigo. Leaves— prescribed for vaginal discharges. Various plant parts are ground with warm water and applied externally to lessen inflammation, burning sensation and pain. The glycoalkaloid, solasonine is present in the leaves and fruits. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

16 Published articles of Solanum erianthum

Solanum chrysotrichum, 多裂水茄

Solanum chrysotrichum Schltdl.
Family: Solanaceae

Chinese: 多裂水茄

Description: Shrub  or  small  tree  2–6 m  tall,  twigs  green,  stout,  covered with  yellowish  rusty  hair,  moderately  spiny,  spines  0.6 cm long, curved, young stems often purplish. Leaves alternate, about  17 cm  long,  14 cm  wide,  egg-shaped,  densely  hairy on both sides, margin lobed, new leaves and stems densely rusty-yellow-woolly. Flowers white, 3 cm wide, star-shaped, base tubular, petal lobes 5, pointed, anthers yellow, grouped around  stigma;  pollinated  by  large  bees;  inflorescence  of tight, branched clusters along internodes near ends of stems; blooms and fruits all year. Fruit fleshy, dull yellow orange, to 2 cm wide, round, cupped in old calyx, stalk swollen; apparently  eaten  by  bats,  which  disperse  the  seeds,  possibly  also by birds.  

23 Published articles of Solanum chrysotrichum

Solanum jasminoides, Solanum laxum, Potato Vine

Solanum jasminoides J. Paxton
Family: Solanaceae
Synonym: Solanum laxum Spreng.

Common name: Potato Vine
Manipuri: Morok lei
German: Jasminblütiger Nachtschatten
French: Morelle faux jasmin
Dutch: Klimmende nachtschade
Finnish: Köynnöskoiso
Swedish: Stjärnsöta
Chinese: 素馨叶白英
The ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves are 30 to 50 mm long and 15 to 25 mm wide. The white or pale blue flowers appear in groups of around 20 in branched inflorescences, produced in profusion in the spring but also sporadically at other times of the year. These are followed by dark blue or black berries that are around 8 mm in diameter.

35 Published articles of Solanum jasminoides

Asystasia gangetica, Lavana valli, Herbe le rail

Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson
Family: Acanthaceae

Common name: Ganges Primrose, Chinese violet, Creeping foxglove
Chinese: 宽叶十万错
Congo: ondo, ondoko
French: Herbe le rail
Indinesian: Rumput israel
Kannada: ಮೆದ್ಧೆ ಸೊಪ್ಪು Meddhe soppu, Lavan-valli, Maithaala kaddi
Kenya: atipa, burutula, enkosida, fuchwe, futsure, futswe, gosida, mtikini, tala-kushe, talakusha, talakushe, thalakushe, tsalakushe, turkwot, vongonya
Malayalam: Valli-upu-dali, തുപ്പലംപൊട്ടി
Malaysia:  rumput  bunga  putih,  rumput  hantu,  rumput nyonya
Marathi: लवण वल्ली Lavana valli
Rodrigues Isl.: herbe à pistache
Sanskrit: लवण वल्ली Lavana valli
Tamil: Parchorri, Chorri, Mekampokki
Telugu: Mukka mungera, Poda beera
Thailand: baya, yaya

Description: Suberect to climbing subshrub, with 4-angled, pilose to glabrescent twigs. Leaves with up to c. 2 cm long petiole; lamina elliptic-ovate to deltoid, 2-5 x 1.5-3.5 (-4) cm, grey-pubescent to glabrate, base truncate to rounded, the margins crenulate to entire, apically acute or shortly acuminate. Flowers in terminal, 1-sided, lax raceme. Bracts lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm long, pilose. Calyx lobes lanceolate, (5-) 7-9 mm long, sparsely pubescent. Corolla yellow to creamy-white with purple streaks on throat, tube up to 2.5 cm long, narrow below, widened to c. 1 cm at the throat, hairy outside, lobes ± orbicular, up to 1.5 cm long. Anthers oblong, 2.5-3 mm long. Style up to 2 cm long. Capsule oblong, up to 2.8 cm long including stipe, pubescent, 4-seeded. 

Used in Ayurveda and Siddha. The juice, with lime and onion juice, used for dry coughs with an irritated throat and chest complaints;  sap  applied  to  sores,  swellings,  wounds  and piles; plant juice to children for swellings and rheumatism. Leaves  washed,  pounded  and  boiled,  the  decoction  drunk to  eradicate  intestinal  worms;  leaf  decoction  analgesic,  to treat epilepsy, rheumatism and urethral discharge. Powdered roots analgesic, for stomachache and snakebites. Veterinary medicine, plants pounded with water to make a wash against fleas for young animals. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Uses: Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders. is used to expel intestinal worms and to soothe inflammation. In Malaysia, the juice expressed from the leaves is drunk to expel intestinal worms. A paste of the plant is used to counteract snake’s poison, to treat rheumatism and to soothe swollen parts. In Vietnam and the Philippines, the plant is astringent. In India, the plant is used to expel intestinal worms, soothe swollen parts and to treat rheumatism. [Medicinal Plants: Drugs For The Future? ]

45 Published articles of Asystasia gangetica

Barleria cristata, Vajradanti, Semmulli, Philippine violet, Gueule de loup

Barleria cristata L.
Family: Acanthaceae

English: Crested Philippine violet, Philippine-violet
Assamese: Jhinili
Bengali: Janti
Chinese: 假杜鹃
French: Gueule de loup
Hindi: Vajra Danti वज्र दंती
Oriya: Koilekha
Tamil: செம்முள்ளி Semmulli
Telugu: Tellanilambari
Thai: อังกาบ, kaan chang, luem thao yai, thong ra-aa
Japan: barureria
Philippines: kolintang, violeta
Tibet: sa ha ra ca, sa ha ra tsap, sa-ha-tsa
Vietnam: hoa ch[oo]ng

Description: An erect, up to 1.5 m tall, much branched, unarmed shrublet with appressedly hairy twigs, densely so at the nodes, Leaves with 1-2 cm long, hairy petiole; lamina elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, 3-12.5 cm x 1-3.5 cm, hairy both surfaces, attenuate at the base, entire, apically acute-acuminate. Flowers purple blue or pink or white, 4.5-5 cm long, in short, 1-5-flowered, axillary or terminal spikes; bracts absent or lanceolate, 8-12 mm long, bristly on margins, scabrous, acute; bracteoles absent. Calyx deeply 4-cleft, outer 2 lobes much larger than the inner pair, ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm x 6-8 (-10) mm, acuminate, bristly toothed on margins, hairy or glabrescent, inner 2-lobes linear, 7-8 mm long, pointed. Corolla glandular-pubescent outside, tube 3.5-4 cm long, infundibuliform, limb with oblong-obovate, up to 2 cm long, unequal lobes. Filaments hairy, anthers oblong, c. 3 mm long. Ovary oblong-conical, mm long; style c. 4 cm long. Capsule ellipsoid, 1.5-2 cm long, glabrous, pointed at the base and apex, 4-seeded. Seeds orbicular, c. 4 mm across, appressed hairy.
Used  in  Ayurveda  and  Sidha.  Whole  plant  antiinflammatory,  bechic,  hypoglycemic,  spasmolytic,  oxytocic,  used  in  snakebite;  a  paste  or  a  decoction  given  in  tuberculosis.  Leaves for inflammations. Roots and leaves infusion applied  to boils and sores to reduce swellings; the bitter juice of the  leaves  or  roots  diaphoretic  and  expectorant;  root  paste  for  toothache; roots for anemia and cough, a decoction of the  root with Barleria strigosa and dry fish is given in anemia; a  decoction of the root of Barleria strigosa with Barleria cristata and Tinospora cordifolia is given in fevers with honey  and long pepper [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Extract of the plant—sasmogenic and hypoglycaemic. Root extract—given in anaemia. The leaves are chewed in toothache. Roots and leaves are applied to swellings. An infusion is given in cough. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]
22 Published articles of Barleria cristata

Carthamus oxyacantha, Wild Safflower, Jeweled Distaff Thistle



Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb.
Family: Compositae

Synonyms: Carduus flavescens Willd. , Carthamus oxyacantha subsp. noeana Sostak. , Carthamus oxyacantha subsp. oxyacantha, Carthamus polyacantha M.Bieb.

Common name: Wild Safflower, Jeweled Distaff Thistle
Kannada: Kaadu kusabi gida, Mullu shaavanth

Spiny-leaved  annual  herb,  many-branched,  florets orange-yellow, achene obovate or elliptic, noxious pernicious weed, not eaten by livestock.

Plant  diuretic,  plant  or  flowers  decoction  anthelmintic  for children. Seed oil a dressing for bad ulcers, itch, joint pains, liver diseases. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

47 Published articles of  Carthamus oxyacantha

Friday, May 1, 2015

Boswellia serrata, Kunduru, Sallaki, Indian frankincense

Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.
Family: Burseraceae

Synonyms: Boswellia balsamifera Spreng., Boswellia glabra Roxb., Boswellia thurifera Roxb. ex Fleming, Chloroxylon dupada Buch.-Ham., Libanotus asiaticus Stackh.
Libanus thuriferus Colebr.


Common name: Indian Olibanum, Indian frankincense
Gujarati: સાલેડી saaledi, સલાઈ ગૂગળ salaai gugul
Hindi: शल्लकी shallaki, kundur, luban
Kannada: ಗುಗ್ಗುಳ ಮರ guggula mara
Malayalam: കുങ്ങില്യം kungilyam
Marathi: धुपाळी dhupali, धूपसाळी dhupasali, कुरुंद kurunda, सालफळी salaphali, साळई salai, साळी sali
Oriya: salai
Punjabi: Salai gonda
Sanskrit: भीषण bhishan, गुग्गुल guggula, हस्तिनशना hastinashana, पालंक palank, पार्वती parvati, ऱ्हादिनी hradini, कुरुन्द kurunda, सल्लकी sallaki, शल्लकी shallaki, स्रुवा sruva
Tamil: பறங்கிச்சாம்பிராணி paranki-c-campi-rani, வெள்ளிக்கீரை vellai-k-kirai
Telugu: పరంగి సాంబ్రాణిచెట్టు parangi-sambrani-chettu, సల్లకి sallaki
Arabic: kundur
Finnish: Salaiolibaani
Urdu: kundur, lobana

Description: Deciduous trees, to 20 m high, bark yellowish-white with dark blotches, exfoliations thin, papery, smooth flakes; blaze red; exudation white gum-resin; branchlets pubescent. Leaves imparipinnate, alternate, apically clustered, estipulate; rachis 11-44 cm, slender, pubescent, swollen at base; leaflets 15-31, sessile or subsessile, opposite or subopposite; lamina 0.8-9.5 x 0.5-3.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, oblong-lanceolate, oblong-ovate, base oblique, acute, apex obtuse, margin entire or crenate, chartaceous, glabrous; lateral nerves 8-14 pairs, pinnate, faint, intercostae reticulate, faint. Flowers bisexual, small, white, in axillary or subterminal fascicled racemes; calyx pubescent, tube broadly campanulate, short; lobes 5-7, persistent; petals 5-7, 7 x 2.5-4 mm, white, ovate-oblong, shortly clawed, inflexed at apex pubescent out side except margin; disc annular, crenate, free from calyx; stamens 10, free, filaments alternately longer and shorter connective produced beyond the anther lobe; ovary sessile, superior, ovoid, 3-celled, ovules 2 in each cell; style to 3 mm, grooved; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a drupe, ovoid, trigonous; pyrenes 3; seed 3.

Ayurvedic uses: Jvara, Pradara, Svasa, pittabhishyanda, Sarkarameha, Vrushana sula, Mukha roga [API Vol-4]

Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Resin diuretic, stimulant, demulcent, emmenagogue, hypoglycemic, astringent, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal, used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rehumatism, joint pain, toothache, Crohn’s disease, chronic ulcers, asthma, backpain, other inflammatory diseases; resin mixed with rice water applied for skin eruptions; a mixture of gum and red ochre consumed to check the nocturnal emissions. Bark and gum-resin to treat bronchitis, asthma, cough, chronic laryngitis, stomatitis, dysentery, ulcers, hemorrhoid, skin diseases, fever, convulsions, syphilitic diseases, jaundice, arthritis, rheumatism, conjunctivitis; stem bark decoction to relieve body aches and to treat dysuria, in small doses given internally to cure chronic cough and cold; stem bark paste given for indigestion; stem bark paste applied to wounds; stem bark powder made into a paste and applied on forehead to relieve headache; stem bark pounded together with Curcuma longa and applied in traumatic pain. Resin used as incense, dry gum burns easily. Bark with root of Leea asiatica made into a paste and used in snakebite. Aromatic leaves and twigs used as repellent for flies, termites and insects. Veterinary medicine, bark juice for fracture of limb; pounded bark juice applied on the broken part of the limb. Sacred plant [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

In  traditional  and  Ayurvedic  medicine  the  Boswellia  gum  resin  has  been extensively  used  to  treat  a  variety  of  conditions.  Dried  extracts  of  the  resin  of  the Boswellia  serrata  tree  have  been  used  since  antiquity  in  India  to  treat  inflammatory conditions.  The  resin  of  Boswellia  serrata  is  used  as  an  anti-inflammatory  agent when applied  externally.  Internally,  besides  being antiarthritic,  it has  expectorant effect and improves immunity and hence has  immunomodulating properties. One of the principal constituents in the gum resin is boswellic acid which exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. The  gum  resin  is  used  as  an  ointment  for  sores  and  has  anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic and antiarthritic activities. The nonphenolic fraction of the gum resin had  marked  sedative  and  analgesic  action. [Herbal Cures Traditional Approach]

Boswellia serrata is used for inflammatory disorders including collagenous colitis (a cause of chronic diarrhoea), peritumoral oedema, rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic conditions. There is mounting clinical evidence to support its use. The boswellic acids have immunomodulatory effects and are anti-inflammatory via a number of mechanisms. [Stockley's Herbal Medicines Interactions ]

Boswellia is fast becoming one of the most commonly taken medicines for arthritic problems. Concerns over the safety of conventional anti-inflammatories have increased interest in herbal alternatives, and in boswellia’s case, there is a significant  and growing body of research that indicates both its safety and effectiveness. The specific anti-inflammatory action of the resin makes it an important remedy for chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout. It can also prove valuable in relieving pain and stiffness in osteoarthritis. other uses Boswellia is also indicated in other inflammatory conditions such as asthma, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis. It has recently been used to treat brain tumors and Alzheimer’s disease—in both cases, it should be used only under professional supervision. [Herbal Remedies]

In Ayurveda the gum is considered anti-dysentric, anti-pyretic, and is used mainly in rheumatism and convulsions, but also in various nervous diseases. It is an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent when applied externally. It is not a constituent of important Ayurvedic products. It is sometimes used as a substitute for guggal gum. [Rasayana: Ayurvedic herbs for longevity and rejuvenation]
123 Published articles of Boswellia serrata

Thursday, April 30, 2015

Ruellia prostrata, Bell Weed, Upudali, Ruellie prostrée


Ruellia prostrata Poir.
Family: Acanthaceae
Synonym: Dipteracanthus prostrata, Dipteracanthus  prostratus  (Poir.)  Nees  (Aphelandra  castanifolia  Britton  ex  Rusby;  Dipteracanthus  dejectus  Nees; Dipteracanthus  prostratus  (Poir.)  Nees;  Ruellia  otaviensis  P.G.  Mey.;  Ruellia  prostrata  Poir.;  Ruellia  prostrata var. dejecta (Nees) C.B. Clarke; Ruellia rivularis (Benoist)

English: Bell Weed, prostrate wild petunia
French: Ruellie prostrée
Malayalam: Thuppalampott, Velipadakkam, Upudali
Marathi: Kali dhawani
Tamil: Pottakanchi
Telugu: Neelambaram
Gujarati: Kalughavani, Kali Dhraman

Description: Erect or decument perennial herb, up to c. 50 cm tall, sometimes scrambling and taller. Stems several, growing from a woody rootstock, variously pubescent or with more or less spreading hairs. Leaves opposite, elliptic, lanceolate to more or less broadly ovate, 4-10 cm long, usually pointed at the apex, almost hairless or pubescent, most densely so along the veins; petiole up to 2.5 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-3 together; bracts lanceolate to broadly ovate, 7-23 mm long. Calyx 9-25 mm long, divided almost to the base; lobes filiform, ciliate-hairy. Corolla white, mauve or purple, short-lived; tube 14-28 mm long with cylindric part much shorter than the throat; lobes more or less broadly elliptic, 6-16 mm long and up to 15 mm wide; margin entire to crenate-dentate. Capsule narrowly oblanceolate or clavate, 15-24 mm long, finely velvety.

Plant  decoction  in  case  of  physical  weakness;  leaves  for ear  complaints.  Seed  powder  given  to  person  with  sperm deficiency. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

8 Published articles of Ruellia prostrata

Justicia brandegeeana, Queue d'écrevisse, Shrimp plant

Justicia brandegeeana Wassh. & L.B.Sm.
Family: Acanthaceae

English: Mexican Plume, shrimpplant
Chinese: 虾衣花 , 麒麟吐珠
Finnish: Käpyjaakonkukka, Onnenkäpy
French: Queue d'écrevisse
German: Purpurschopf, Zimmerhopfen
Africans: Garnaalbos
Arabic: نبات الجمبري
Persian: ناوک
Dutch: Garnalenplant
Japanese: コエビソウ
Portuguese: Flor-camarão
Swedish: Mexikansk humleknopp
Tongan: Akauʻuoiiki kula

Description: A small shrublet, up to 1.5 m, much branched from the base, young twigs with patent hairs. Leaves with 1-3 cm long, slender strigose petioles; lamina ovate o lanceolate-ovate, 2.5-9 x 2-5 cm, sparsely hirsute on both sides, entire, basally attenuate, acute. Flowers white or pale-lilac, 2-3.5 cm long in terminal or axillary, up to 10 cm long, strobilate, reddish-brown spikes; bracts broadly ovate, 10-20 x 7-15 mm, pilose and densely ciliate obtuse or ± acute, reddish-brown, closely imbricate; bracteoles oblong-lanceolate to ovate, c. 10 mm long, ciliate. Calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, 5-7 mm long, ciliate. Corolla tube 1.5-2.5 cm long, soft hairy outside, upper lip smaller than lower, ± entire, lower lip purple spotted within, shallowly 3-lobed, Ovary glabrous with filiform, hairy style. Capsule oblong, 10-12 mm long, puberulent. Seeds ± ovate, c. 3 mm long, smooth. 



Saturday, April 25, 2015

Justicia gendarussa, Yapana marron, Krishna nirgundi

Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.
Family: Acanthaceae
Common name: Gandarusa, Warer willow
Assamese: tita-bahak, Bishalya Karani
Bengali: jagatmadan
Hindi: नीलि नर्गन्डि Nili nargandi, Kala bashimb
Kannada: aduthodagidda, karalakkigidde, karinekki
Malayalam: karunochchi, vada-kodi
Marathi: tev, bakas, kalaadulsa
Oriya: nilanirgundi
Sanskrit: bhutakeshi, gandharasa, indrani, kapika, krishnanirgundi, कसनः, kasanah, वैध्यसिंहा, vaidyasinha
Tamil: karunochi, vadaikkutti
Telugu: అడ్డసరము addasaramu , గంధరసము gandharasamu, nalla-noch-chili నల్ల నొచ్చిలి
Chinese: 尖尾风
French: Yapana marron
Sudanese: Handarusa
Vietnamese: Thanh táo

Description: An undershrub, 60-150 cm, with terete (neither striate nor angular) glabrous, dark purple twigs. Leaves with up 1 cm long petiole; lamina linear-lanceolate, 9-15 x 2-3 cm broad, glabrous on both sides, entire, apex acute-acuminate attenuate basally. Inflorescence terminal or axillary spikes or panicle of spikes, up to 10 cm long, more than 1.5 cm across. Flowers subsessile, white with purple streaks and spots inside, 1.6-2 cm long; bracts lanceolate, c. 4 long; bracteoles absent. Calyx 5-lobed almost to the base, lobes linear-lass late, c. 5 mm long, acuminate. Corolla tube cylindrical, c. 1 cm long, new glabrous, limb bilabiate, upper lip c. 8 mm long, shallowly 2-lobed, lower c. 1 cm long, 3-lobed, spreading. Staminal filaments c. 5 mm long, anther lobes c. 2 mm long, unequal. Ovary oblong-cylindric, c. 2 mm long, style filiform, c. 1 long, puberulous. Capsule glabrous, 4-seeded.

Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant hypotensive, emetic, febrifuge; plant paste in coconut oil applied against rheumatic pain. Dried seed powder mixed with fruit decoction and used as insect repellent. Roots used for diuresis, diarrhea and as antidote; bark antipyretic, emetic, anti- cough, diuretic and antiamebic, in the treatment of wounds and allergy; root extract mixed with water and taken as antidote, anti-venom. Leaves taken internally against cough, body pain, fever and as a cardiotonic, and used externally to treat inflammation, wounds and allergy; a poultice of leaves applied on inflammation; leaves infusion given in headache, hemiplegia and facial paralysis; leaf juice applied to check bleeding, also poured into ears for earache; leaves decoction a remedy for bloody diarrhea and fevers; leaves used in preparations to treat gonorrhea, amenorrhea and malaria, headache, rheumatism and pain; leaves and shoots diaphoretic, a decoction given in chronic rheumatism. Veterinary medicine, pounded leaves applied on bone fracture. Ritual, ceremonial, whole plant, with Ocimum sp. and Euphorbia neriifolia L., used for worship; leafy twigs used in the worship; leaves of Justicia gendarussa soaked with water and leaves of Dendrocnide stimulans, the water used in a ceremony for good hunting and harvest. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

 Justicia  gendarussa  Burm. f  (atarusaka)  is  applied  on the  lower  side of the  naval  region  of  the  pregnant,  the  delivery  will  be  smooth  and  easy. [Herbal Cures Traditional Approach]

Febrifuge, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue. Infusion of leaves—given internally in cephalalgia, hemiplegia and facial paralysis. Fresh leaves—used topically in oedema and rheumatism. Bark—emetic. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Uses: In Indonesia, Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. is used to induce vomiting. In Malaysia, a decoction of 50g of roots is used to treat rheumatic arthritis; boiled with ginger rhizome and lime, it is used to alleviate bleeding cough. A decoction of the leaves is used to combat fever, promote menses, assuage stomach discomfort, check haemoptysis, alleviate cough, treat asthma, and to relieve the bowels of costiveness. The fresh leaves are pounded and used externally to treat pyoderma, lumbago and rheumatism. A paste of leaves mixed with vinegar is used to assuage toothache. Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. is also used during the hot stages of malaria to combat fever and to treat leucorrhea. In Vietnam, the plant is used to resolve tumors, pro mote appetite, and to invigorate health. In India, the plant is used to treat bronchitis, soothe inflammation, and to pro mote digestion. [Medicinal Plants: Drugs For The Future? ]

Treats rheumatism and fever, antipyretic, effects on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis, antiinflammatory, antihypersensitivity, and antihistaminic effects. [Taiwanese Native Medicinal Plants: Phytopharmacology and Therapeutic Values]

70 Published articles of Justicia gendarussa

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Ficus religiosa Filicium decipiens Filipendula vestita Flacourtia indica Flemingia procumbens Flemingia semialata Foeniculum vulgare Free Access Journal Fumaria indica Fumaria parviflora Furcraea foetida Galega officinalis General Gentiana kurroo Geranium lucidum Geranium nepalense Geranium pratense Geranium wallichianum Ghee Globba schomburgkii Glochidion hohenackeri Gloriosa superba Glycyrrhiza glabra Gmelina arborea Gomphrena globosa Gomphrena serrata Goodyera repens Grewia asiatica Grewia optiva Grewia serrulata Grewia tenax Gymnema sylvestre Habenaria edgeworthii Habenaria plantaginea Handroanthus impetiginosus Hedychium spicatum Helianthus annuus Helicteres isora Helinus lanceolatus Heliotropium indicum Hemidesmus indicus Hemigraphis alternata Hemigraphis colorata Hemigraphis hirta Heracleum sphondylium Herpetospermum pedunculosum Hibiscus cannabinus Hibiscus esculentus Hibiscus hirtus Hibiscus lobatus Hibiscus radiatus Hibiscus vitifolius Hippophae rhamnoides Holarrhena antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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