Wednesday, July 15, 2015

Alpinia galanga, Galangale, Kulanjana, Sittarattai, Dumparashtram, Альпиния галанга

Alpinia galanga Willd.
Family: Zingiberaceae

Synonyms: Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe, Alpinia bifida Warb., Alpinia carnea Griff., Alpinia galanga var. galanga, Alpinia galanga var. pyramidata (Blume) K.Schum., Alpinia pyramidata Blume, Alpinia rheedei Wight, Alpinia viridiflora Griff., Amomum galanga (L.) Lour., Amomum medium Lour., Galanga major Garsault , Galanga officinalis Salisb., Hellenia alba (Retz.) Willd., Heritiera alba Retz., Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz, Languas pyramidata (Blume) Merr., Languas vulgare J.Koenig, Maranta galanga L., Zingiber galanga (L.) Stokes, Zingiber medium Stokes, Zingiber sylvestre Gaertn.

Common name: Galangale
  • Arabic: خولنجان
  • Assamese : Khulanjaana
  • Bengali : Kulanjan, Kurachi Vach
  • Burmese: Pa de gaw gyi
  • Chinese: 大高良姜
  • English : Greater galangal, Javagalangal
  • Finnish: Isogalangajuuri
  • French: Souchet long
  • Gujrati   : Kulinjan Jaanu, Kolinjan
  • Hebrew: גלנגל
  • Hindi     : Kulanjan, Kulinjan
  • Hungarian: Galangagyökér
  • Japanese: ガランガ
  • Kannada : Doddarasagadde, Dhoomraasmi
  • Khmer: Romdeng
  • Korean: 갈렌갈
  • Lao: Kha ta deng
  • Malay: Lengkuas
  • Malayalam : Aratta, Ciffaratta, വലിയ അരത്ത
  • Marathi : Kulinlan, कोष्टकुलिंजन Koshta Kulinjan, Mothe Kolanjan, 
  • Portuguese: Gengibre do Laos
  • Russian: Галгант, Альпиния галанга
  • Sanskrit : Kulanjana,  Sugandhmula, Malaya, vacha, Sthulagranthih, Mahabhari, Rasna
  • Slovak: Galgán lekársky
  • Slovenian: Langvas
  • Tamil    : அரத்தை Arattai, Sittarattai
  • Telugu   : దుంపరాష్ట్రము Dumparaastramu
  • Thai: ดอกข่า, ข่า (พืช)
  • Vietnamese: Riềng
Ayurvedic uses: Sopha, Svasa, Hikka, Pratisyaya, Vatavyadhi, Udararoga, Kampa, Vishamajvara, Kaphakasa. Asti, Mahakushta, Vataja sula. [API, Vol-5]

Galanga is recommended for diarrhea, nausea, and seasickness. Galangal is reputed to be an aphrodisiac, although this is probably due to its general stimulating effect on the Fire element. Preparation: Decoction from one “thumb-length” (or about 5 grams) fresh galangal, finely chopped,  grated,  or  mashed  with  mortar  and  pestle.  Boil  10–15  minutes;  drink  after meals.   Galangal has an antiseptic action similar to ginger and may be used topically for bacterial and fungal skin infections, acne, mosquito bites, bee stings, other insect bites, and as a gargle for mouth sores. A. nigra is used for treatment of ringworm and other skin parasites. [A Thai Herbal: Traditional Recipes for Health and Harmony]

Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Rhizome antidiabetic, expectorant, antibacterial, digestive, hot, carminative, stimulant, fungicide, antioxidant, antiulcer, aphrodisiac, used for skin diseases, scabies, indigestion, colic, dysentery, enlarged spleen, ear pain, respiratory diseases, stomachache, for treatment of systemic infections and cholera; juice given in heart diseases; powder or decoction given in rheumatism, fever, bronchitis, catarrh; macerated rhizomes taken for leprosy, included in a preparation known as awas empas. Seed powder in gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea, vomiting. Veterinary medicine. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

In Asia, galangal is also used for arthritis, diabetes, stomach problems and difficulty in swallowing. It is especially useful in flatulence, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting and sickness of the stomach, being recommended as a remedy for seasickness. It tones the tissues and is sometimes prescribed in fever. Galangal is used in cattle medicine, and the Arabs use it to make their horses fiery. It is included in several compound preparations. [Handbook of herbs and spices Vol-2]

Popular folk remedy for cancer, especially of the mouth and stomach. Rootstocks are considered aphrodisiac, aromatic, carminative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. Its expectorant activity has been compared to anise and dill, useful in pediatric respiratory problems. I would not hesitate to mix it with those for my grandchildren during flu season. I would hesitate to give them a brand new synthetic. Roots, flayed on one end until brush-shaped, are dipped in vinegar and rubbed on spots caused by “panu,” a common skin disease in Java. As a paste, with a little garlic and vinegar (red wine vinegar is better), it is a last resort drastic remedy for herpes. Rhizomes are also recommended for use in dyspepsia, diabetes, impotence, nervous debility, and food poisoning. They also have disinfectant properties and are used as a deodorant of foul smells in the mouth and other parts of the body, as well as being used as a fragrant adjunct in various prescriptions. Aromatic parts, made into a paste, are applied in acne and other skin diseases. Seeds are alterative, calefacient, sternutatory, and stomachic and are useful in diarrhea and vomiting as well as for medicinal uses same as the rhizome. In some parts of the world, its main use is in clearing the voice. [CRC Handbook of Medicinal Spices]

Rhizome—carminative (in dyspepsia), stomachic, circulatory stimulant, diaphoretic, antiinflammatory. Throughout southern India, the rhizome of Alpinia galanga is used as Raasnaa for rheumatism, intermittent fever, dyspepsia and respiratory ailments. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]
An infusion  of the rhizome of this herb is given for rheumatism, fever, impotency  bronchitis, dyspepsia  and  diabetes.  The juice  of the rhizome is given with human  urine  for  cobra-bite poisoning.  In  Mysore, it  is used for bronchial catarrh and  in China, the seeds are  used for colic, diarrhoea and vomiting. [Medicinal Plants (Indigenous and Exotic) Used in Ceylon]

Therapeutic uses: The rhizome is an antibacterial agent and a digestive stimulant. It is indicated in the treatment of dyspepsia, flatulence, vomiting, gastralgia, colic, diarrhoea and malaria fever, in a daily dose of 3 to 6g, in the form of a decoction, powder or elixir. It is also applied externally on carious teeth to cure toothache.  [Medicinal Plants in Viet Nam]

The  rhizomes  are  bitter,  acrid,  thermogenic,  aromatic,  nervine  tonic,  stimulant,  revulsive,  carminative,  stomachic,  disinfectant,  aphrodisiac,  expectorant,  broncho-dilator,  antifungal, febrifuge, antiinflammatory and tonic. Rhizome is CVS and CNS active, diuretic,  hypothermic. Seed is antiulcerative. Rhizome spray in ether, over a space showed high knock  down  values  against  houseflies.  Alcohol    (50%)  extract  of  rhizome  is  anti-amphetaminic.  Unani physicians consider it good for impotence. [Medicinal Plants Kerala Ag University]

Indigestion,  flatulence,  dyspepsia,  colic,  nausea,  vomiting,  diarrhoea,  cough, haemoptysis, fever, allergic reaction, amenorrhoea, laxation and as blood purifying agent. Dosage Stem or flower powder is orally taken in a dose of 1 - 2 gm for indigestion, flatulence, vomiting and colic. Decoction of rhizome, together with sugar is orally taken in a dose of 15 - 30 ml or dried powder in a dose of 1 - 2 gm for cough, fevers, menstrual disorders. [Medicinal Plants of Myanmar]


110 Published articles of  Alpinia galanga
1.    In vitro and in vivo anti hepatotoxic evaluation of Alpinia galanga on D-Galactosamine induced toxicity Rajam, S.A., S.K. Varma, and V.V. Jagannathan, World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2015. 4(5): p. 947-967.
2.    Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in Alpinia galanga and Alpinia calcarata and its relation to free radical quenching properties: a comparative study Nampoothiri, S.V., T. Esakkidurai, and K. Pitchumani, Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2015. 21(2): p. 140-147.
3.    Essential oil of red galangal ( Alpinia galanga (L) Willd) rhizomes as slimming aromatherapy Damayanti, R., I. Batubara, and I.H. Suparto, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2015. 6(1): p. P-283-P-289.
4.    Effect of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) extract on the expression of immune-related genes and Vibrio harveyi resistance in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Chaweepack, T., et al., Aquaculture International, 2015. 23(1): p. 385-399.
5.    (2R, S.-p.-.-c., a new flavonone from seeds of Alpinia galanga willd., presents in vitro neuroprotective effects Xin, Ben Ru, et al., Molecular & Cellular Toxicology, 2014. 10(2): p. 165-172.
6.    Antimicrobial Constituents and Synergism Effect of the Essential Oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Alpinia galanga Tadtong, S., R. Watthanachaiyingcharoen, and N. Kamkaen, Natural Product Communications, 2014. 9(2): p. 277-280.
7.    Antiproliferative activity and induction of apoptotic by ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga rhizhome in human breast carcinoma cell line Samarghandian, S., et al., BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. 14(192): p. (17 June 2014)-(17 June 2014).
8.    Antiproliferative activity and induction of apoptotic by ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga rhizhome in human breast carcinoma cell line Samarghandian, S., et al., Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. 14.
9.    Evaluating the anti Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. axenically under reducing oxygen conditions and in intracellular assays Pooja, G., et al., BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. 14(84): p. (4 March 2014)-(4 March 2014).
10.    Molecullar and biochemical effect of alcohlic extract of Alpinia galanga on rat spermatogenesis process Mazaheri, M., V. Shahdadi, and A. Nazari Boron, Iranian journal of reproductive medicine, 2014. 12(11): p. 765-70.
11.    Evaluating the anti Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. axenically under reducing oxygen conditions and in intracellular assays Gupta, P., et al., Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. 14.
12.    New medico-ethno-botanical report of Alpinia galanga Will. (Zingiberaceae) used by Chakma tribe from Tripura in North East India Devanjal, B., et al., Lifesciences Leaflets, 2014. 48: p. 32-42.
13.    Three new norsesquiterpenoids from the seeds of Alpinia galanga Bian, M.-Q., et al., Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 2014. 16(5): p. 459-464.
14.    Curing of plasmid - mediated antibiotic resistance in multi-drug resistant pathogens using Alpinia galanga rhizome extract Varsha, S., et al., Advanced BioTech, 2013. 13(1): p. 1-5.
15.    1 '-Acetoxychavicol Acetate Isolated from Alpinia galanga Ameliorates Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma in Mice Seo, J.-W., et al., Plos One, 2013. 8(2).
16.    Central nervous system stimulant actions of Alpinia galanga (L.) rhizome: A preliminary study Saha, S. and S. Banerjee, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 2013. 51(10): p. 828-832.
17.    Studies on the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of polyphenols from alpinia galanga Lin, H.-R., et al., Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 2013. 245.
18.    Protective effect of Alpinia galanga in STZ induced diabetic nephropathy Kaushik, P., et al., Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS, 2013. 16(16): p. 804-11.
19.    Isolation of Bioactive Phytoconstituent from Alpinia galanga L. with Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activity Iyer, D., B.K. Sharma, and U.K. Patil, Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2013. 10(4): p. 309-317.
20.    Antimicrobial efficacy of Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Swartz flower extract against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in a ready-to-eat Turkey ham product Cadet, M., et al., International Journal of Poultry Science, 2013. 12(6): p. 335-340.
21.    Two new phenylpropanoids isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Zhao, L., L.-Y. Chen, and J.-Y. Liang, Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2012. 10(5): p. 370-373.
22.    Phenylpropanoids of Alpinia galanga as efflux pump inhibitors in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2) 155 Roy, S.K., et al., Fitoterapia, 2012. 83(7): p. 1248-1255.
23.    Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation in Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd. for Enhanced Acetoxychavicol Acetate Production Rao, K., et al., Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2012. 168(2): p. 339-347.
24.    Evaluation of radical scavenging activity of rhizome extracts of Alpinia galanga and Zingiber officinale Manoharan Karuppiah, P., et al., Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012. 6(41): p. 5406-5411.
25.    Immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant potential of Alpinia galanga Linn. rhizomes Jain, A.P., et al., Pharmacognosy Communications, 2012. 2(3): p. 30-37.
26.    Study on eliminating sodium nitrite and blocking nitrosamine synthesis by anthocyanin from skin of Alpinia galanga Huang, J., Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2012. 37(2): p. 243-6.
27.    Biological activity of Alpinia galanga root tubers Dharmaratne, H.R.W., et al., Planta Medica, 2012. 78(11): p. 1237-1237.
28.    Synergistic antimicrobial activity of galangal (Alpinia galanga), r.R.o.a.l.i.b.E.s.e.W., Nimsha S., et al., Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2011. 91(3): p. 461-468.
29.    Bioefficacy of Alpinia galanga (Zingiberaceae) Rhizome Extracts, E.-p.-A.A., and (E)-p-Coumaryl Alcohol Ethyl Ether Against Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the Impact on Detoxification Enzyme Activities Sukhirun, N., et al., Journal of Economic Entomology, 2011. 104(5): p. 1534-1540.
30.    Neurotransmitter Metabolic Enzymes and Antioxidant Status on Alzheimer's Disease Induced Mice Treated with Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd Singh, J.C.H., et al., Phytotherapy Research, 2011. 25(7): p. 1061-1067.
31.    Neuroprotective effect of Alpinia galanga (L.) fractions on A beta((25-35)) induced amnesia in mice Singh, J.C.H., et al., Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011. 138(1): p. 85-91.
32.    Evaluation of antibacterial activity of the seed essential oil and leaf extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd Reddy, L.J., J. Beena, and T.N. Ruveena, Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2011. 1(3): p. 270-276.
33.    Direct and Indirect Organogenesis of Alpinia galanga and the Phytochemical Analysis Rao, K., et al., Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2011. 165(5-6): p. 1366-1378.
34.    Alpinia galanga extracts downregulate interleukin-1 beta-induced matrix metalloproteinases expression in human synovial fibroblasts Pothacharoen, P., et al., In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal, 2011. 47(3): p. 183-187.
35.    Medicinal potentials of Alpinia galanga Mohiuudin, E., et al., Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2011. 5(29): p. 6578-6580.
36.    Influence of Alpinia galanga rhizomes on cafeteria diet induced obesity in rats Kumar, S. and K.R. Alagawadi, Journal of Natural Remedies, 2011. 11(2): p. 158-166.
37.    Current pharmacological and phytochemical studies of the plant Alpinia galanga Kaushik, D., et al., Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine, 2011. 9(10): p. 1061-5.
38.    Densitometric Determination of Antileishmanial Phenylpropanoids of Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd Kaur, A. and I.P. Singh, Jpc-Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern Tlc, 2011. 24(4): p. 352-356.
39.    Neurotransmitter metabolic enzymes and antioxidant status on Alzheimer's disease induced mice treated with Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd Hanish Singh, J.C., et al., Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2011. 25(7): p. 1061-7.
40.    Neuroprotective effect of Alpinia galanga (L.) fractions on Abeta(25-35) induced amnesia in mice Hanish Singh, J.C., et al., Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2011. 138(1): p. 85-91.
41.    Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Alpinia galanga, C.l., and Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae) Chan, E. W. C., et al., Pharmacognosy Journal, 2011. 3(22): p. 54-61.
42.    4 '-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde from Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Induces Human Leukemic Cell Apoptosis via Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways Banjerdpongchai, R., et al., Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2011. 12(3): p. 593-598.
43.    Anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity studies of the extracts from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Willd Afzal, U. and T.D. Parveen, Der Pharmacia Sinica, 2011. 2(2): p. 361-367.
44.    Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia galanga rhizome in mice Acharya, S.D., et al., Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2011. 9(1): p. 100-104.
45.    Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia galanga rhizome in mice Acharya, S.D., et al., Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine, 2011. 9(1): p. 100-4.
46.    Halogenated analogs of 1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate, R.-e.i.f.A.g., designed from mechanism of action Tamura, Satoru, et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2010. 20(7): p. 2082-2085.
47.    Impact of Alpinia galanga rhizome extract on Bactrocera dorsalis population Sukhirun, N., W. Pluempanupat, and V. Bullangpoti, Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences, 2010. 75(3): p. 399-403.
48.    Antibacterial Activity of Alpinia galanga (L) Willd Crude Extracts Rao, K., et al., Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2010. 162(3): p. 871-884.
49.    Modulation of antioxidant defense by Alpinia galanga and Curcuma aromatica extracts correlates with their inhibition of UVA-induced melanogenesis Panich, U., et al., Cell Biology and Toxicology, 2010. 26(2): p. 103-116.
50.    Antileishmanial phenylpropanoids from Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd Kaur, A., et al., Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 2010. 48(3): p. 314-317.
51.    ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI CANCER ACTIVITY OF ALPINIA GALANGA ATTRIBUTES TO ITS MEDICINAL POTENTIAL Joy, B., S. Lakshmi, and M. Babu, Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2010. 19: p. S140-S141.
52.    A New Phenylpropanoid from Alpinia galanga Zhu, X.-L., et al., Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2009. 7(1): p. 19-20.
53.    Acetoxybenzhydrols as highly active and stable analogues of 1 ' S-1 '-acetoxychavicol, a.p.a.p.f.A.g.Y., Tomohisa, et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2009. 19(11): p. 2944-2946.
54.    New Rev-export inhibitor from Alpinia galanga and structure-activity relationship Tamura, S., et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2009. 19(9): p. 2555-2557.
55.    The effects of p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde from Alpinia galanga extracts on human chondrocytes Phitak, T., et al., Phytochemistry, 2009. 70(2): p. 237-243.
56.    Antiplasmid activity of 1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate from Alpinia galanga against multi-drug resistant bacteria Latha, C., et al., Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2009. 123(3): p. 522-525.
57.    Galangoflavonoid Isolated from Rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L) Sw (Zingiberaceae) Jaju, S.B., et al., Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2009. 8(6): p. 545-550.
58.    Galangoisoflavonoid Isolated from Rhizomes of Alpinia Galanga Jaju, S.B., et al., Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2009. 5(19): p. 209-212.
59.    Paracetamol hepatotoxicity in rats treated with crude extract of Alpinia galanga Hemabarathy, B., B. Siti Balkis, and V. Feizal, Journal of Biological Sciences, 2009. 9(1): p. 57-62.
60.    Strong potions. Ginger Zingiber officinale and galangal Alpinia galanga in Norwegian folk tradition Alm, T., Blyttia, 2009. 67(4): p. 249-263.
61.    Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, A.g.a.A.a.e.i.v.T., N., A. Chatchawanchonteera, and W. Khunkitti, Research in Veterinary Science, 2008. 84(1): p. 80-84.
62.    Antinociceptive activity of ethanolic extract of rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Shivgunde, P.P., et al., Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2008. 40: p. 172-172.
63.    A comparative study of antimicrobial activity of Curcuma amada and Alpinia galanga of Zingiberaceae family Rao, M.R., et al., Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2008. 20(7): p. 5293-5300.
64.    Antidiabetic potential of rhizomes of Alpinia galanga in alloxan-induced diabetic rats Chudiwal, A.K., et al., Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2008. 40: p. 171-171.
65.    The effect of MEK and PI3-K inhibitors on HL-60 cell apoptosis induced by the extracts of Alpinia galanga Banjerdpongchai, R., P. Kongtawelert, and W. Pompimon, in Acta Horticulturae, N. Chomchalow and V. Chantrasmi, Editors. 2008. p. 47-56.
66.    Synergistic compositions containing aromatic compounds and terpenoids present in Alpinia galanga Weidner, M.S., M.J. Petersen, and N.W. Jensen. 2007, Ferrosan AS.
67.    Cytotoxicity, a.a.D.d.i.b.A.g.R.e.M., P., et al., Planta Medica, 2007. 73(8): p. 748-754.
68.    1 ' S-1 '-Acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from Alpinia galanga inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by blocking Rev transport Ye, Y. and B. Li, Journal of General Virology, 2006. 87: p. 2047-2053.
69.    Identification of Streptomyces sp Tc022, a.e.i.A.g., and the isolation of actinomycin D Taechowisani, Thongchai, et al., Annals of Microbiology, 2006. 56(2): p. 113-117.
70.    Effect of Alpinia galanga extract on cartilage degradation and on gene expression in human chondrocyte and synovial fibroblast metabolism Pothacharoen, P., et al., Central European Journal of Biology, 2006. 1(3): p. 430-450.
71.    Antimicrobial properties and action of galangal ( Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus aureus Oonmetta-aree, J., et al., LWT - Food Science and Technology, 2006. 39(10): p. 1214-1220.
72.    Antiinflammatory and analgesic activity of the topical preparation of Alpinia galanga willd Nagashekhar, M. and H.N. Shivaprasad, Biomed, 2006. 1(1): p. 63-68.
73.    Erythema multiforme-like generalized allergic contact dermatitis caused by Alpinia galanga Hong, S.J. and C.H. Chang, Contact Dermatitis, 2006. 54(2): p. 118-120.
74.    Biological effects of indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga Somia, K., et al., Fitoterapia, 2005. 76(2): p. 254-257.
75.    Cytotoxic Phenylpropanoids from the Rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Seo, E.-K., et al., Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 2005. 13(4): p. 263-266.
76.    Cytotoxic phenylpropanoids from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Nam, J.-W., et al., Journal of Applied Pharmacology, 2005. 13(4): p. 263-266.
77.    Inhibitors of nitric oxide production from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga: Structures of new 8-9 ' linked neolignans and sesquineolignan Morikawa, T., et al., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2005. 53(6): p. 625-630.
78.    Biological effects of indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga Khattak, S., et al., Fitoterapia, 2005. 76(2): p. 254-257.
79.    Antioxidative compounds isolated from the rhizomes of smaller galanga (Alpinia officinarum Hance) Ly, T.N., et al., Biofactors, 2004. 21(1-4): p. 305-308.
80.    Activity of endophytic actinomycetes from roots of Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga against phytopathogenic fungi Taechowisan, T. and S. Lumyong, Annals of Microbiology, 2003. 53(3): p. 291-298.
81.    Evaluation of the antiinflammatory potential of rhizome of Alpinia galanga Linn Satish, R. and R. Dhananjayan, Biomedicine, 2003. 23(1/2): p. 91-96.
82.    Gastroprotective effects of phenylpropanoids from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga in rats: structural requirements and mode of action Matsuda, H., et al., European Journal of Pharmacology, 2003. 471(1): p. 59-67.
83.    Antiallergic principles from Alpinia galanga: Structural requirements of phenylpropanoids for inhibition of degranulation and release of TNF-alpha and IL-4 in RBL-2H3 cells Matsuda, H., et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2003. 13(19): p. 3197-3202.
84.    Isolation and characterization of some antioxidative compounds from the rhizomes of smaller galanga (Alpinia officinarum Hance) Ly, T.N., et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003. 51(17): p. 4924-4929.
85.    Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, s., rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India Jirovetz, Leopold, et al., Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb), 2003. 53(2): p. 73-81.
86.    Immuno stimulating activity of the hot water-soluble polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum, A.g.a.C.c.B., D., K. Lalaoui, and D. Satta, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2003. 88(2-3): p. 155-160.
87.    The essential oil of 'greater galangal' Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. from the lower Himalayan region of India Raina, V.K., S.K. Srivastava, and K.V. Syamasunder, Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2002. 17(5): p. 358-360.
88.    Isolation and structural elucidation of some glycosides from the rhizomes of smaller galanga (Alpinia officinarum Hance) Ly, T.N., et al., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002. 50(17): p. 4919-4924.
89.    Hypoglycaemic activity of Alpinia galanga rhizome and its extracts in rabbits Akhtar, M.S., M.A. Khan, and M.T. Malik, Fitoterapia, 2002. 73(7-8): p. 623-628.
90.    Characters of nrDNA ITS region sequences of fruits of Alpinia galanga and their adulterants Zhao, Z.L., et al., Planta Medica, 2001. 67(4): p. 381-383.
91.    Volatile constituents of Alpinia galanga flower oil Syamasundar, K.V., S. Ramesh, and R.S. Chandrasekhara, Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 2000. 22(1B): p. 646-648.
92.    Galangal (Alpinia galanga Willed.) and black seeds (Nigella sativa Linn.) and sexual stimulation in male mice Islam, M.W., et al., Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2000. 52(Supplement): p. 278-278.
93.    Antioxidative/antimicrobial effects of galangal and alpha-tocopherol in minced beef Cheah, P.B. and S.P. Gan, Journal of Food Protection, 2000. 63(3): p. 404-407.
94.    A protocol for micropropagation of Alpinia galanga Borthakur, M., J. Hazarika, and R.S. Singh, Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 1998. 55(3): p. 231-233.
95.    Antifungal activity from Alpinia galanga and the competition for incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids in cell growth Haraguchi, H., et al., Planta Medica, 1996. 62(4): p. 308-313.
96.    Effect of Alpinia galanga treatment on cytological and biochemical changes induced by cyclophosphamide in mice Qureshi, S., et al., International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 1994. 32(2): p. 171-177.
97.    TOXICITY STUDIES ON ALPINIA-GALANGA AND CURCUMA-LONGA Qureshi, S., A.H. Shah, and A.M. Ageel, Planta Medica, 1992. 58(2): p. 124-127.
98.    GASTRIC ANTISECRETORY, A.A.C.P.O.E.E.O.A.-G.W.I.R.A., M. A., et al., Phytotherapy Research, 1990. 4(3): p. 112-114.
99.    STUDIES OF ENZYME-INHIBITORS .4. INHIBITORS OF XANTHINE-OXIDASE FROM ALPINIA-GALANGA Noro, T., et al., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1988. 36(1): p. 244-248.
100.    CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIFUNGAL DITERPENES FROM THE SEEDS OF ALPINIA-GALANGA Morita, H. and H. Itokawa, Planta Medica, 1988. 54(2): p. 117-120.
101.    CYTO-TOXIC AND ANTIFUNGAL DITERPENES FROM THE SEEDS OF ALPINIA-GALANGA Morita, H. and H. Itokawa, Planta Medica, 1988(2): p. 117-120.
102.    ANTITUMOR PRINCIPLES FROM ALPINIA-GALANGA Itokawa, H., et al., Planta Medica, 1987(1): p. 32-33.
103.    1' ACETOXYCHAVICOL ACETATE A FUNGITOXIC COMPOUND FROM THE RHIZOMES OF ALPINIA-GALANGA Janssen, A.M., J.J.C. Scheffer, and A.B. Svendsen, Acta Agronomica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 1985. 34(SUPPL): p. 97-97.
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105.    CONSTITUENTS FROM SEEDS OF ALPINIA-GALANGA WILD AND THEIR ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITIES Mitsui, S., et al., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1976. 24(10): p. 2377-2382.
106.    SARCINA-LUTEA SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE ESCHERICHIA-COLI SHIGELLA-BOYDII SALMONELLA-TYPHI VIBRIO-CHOLERAE Bhargave, A. K., A.B.A.O.S.E.O.A.-G.-M.N.-S.-D.P.-L.-D.V.-I.-D.S.-T.-D.B.-C.B.-S.S.-A.S.-A. and C.S. Chauhan, Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 1968. 30(6): p. 150-151.
107.    Expectorant activity of Alpinia galanga Willd Inamdar, M.C., M.L. Khorana, and M.R.R. Hao, Indian Jour Physiol and Pharmacol, 1962. 6((3)): p. 150-153.
108.    Studies in indigenous drugs (Adhatoda vasica Nees, T.c.R.a.A.g.W.I., M. C., Bombay Technol, 1962. 12: p. 126-127.
109.    Indian drugs with antibacterial action: Alpina galanga & Acorus calamus Rocchietta, S., Minerva farmaceutica, 1957. 6(7): p. 177-177.
110.    Antibacterial properties of volatile principles from Alpinia galanga and Acorus calamus Chopra, I.C., B.N. Khajuria, and C.L. Chopra, Antibiot and Chemother, 1957. 7((7)): p. 378-383.
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