Monday, July 13, 2015

Citrullus lanatus, Watermelon, Darbis, Tarbooz, sandía, Vesimeloni



Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai
Family: Cucurbitaceae


Synonyms: Anguria citrullus Mill., Citrullus amarus Schrad., Citrullus anguria (Duchesne) H.Hara, Citrullus aquosus Schur, Citrullus battich Forssk., Citrullus caffer Schrad., Citrullus caffrorum Schrad., Citrullus chodospermus Falc. & Dunal, Citrullus citrullus H.Karst., Citrullus citrullus Small, Citrullus colocynthis var. capensis Alef., Citrullus colocynthis var. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Citrullus edulis Spach, Citrullus edulis Pangalo, Citrullus lanatus var. albidus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus f. amarus (Schrad.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Citrullus lanatus var. caffer (Schrad.) Mansf. ex Fursa, Citrullus lanatus var. caffrorum (Alef.) Fosberg, Citrullus lanatus var. capensis (Alef.) Fursa, Citrullus lanatus subsp. cordophanus Ter-Avan., Citrullus lanatus var. cordophanus (Ter-Avan.) Fursa, Citrullus lanatus var. fistulosus (Steward) Babu, Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus, Citrullus lanatus var. minor (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus subsp. mucosospermus Fursa, Citrullus lanatus f. nigroseminius (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. oblongus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. pulcherrimus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. pumilus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. rotundus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. senegalicus Fursa, Citrullus lanatus var. shami (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. variegatus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. virgatus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. viridis (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus mucosospermus (Fursa) Fursa, Citrullus mucosospermus var. senegalicus (Fursa) Fursa, Citrullus pasteca Sageret, Citrullus vulgaris Schrad., Citrullus vulgaris var. caffrorum Alef., Citrullus vulgaris var. fistulosus Steward, Colocynthis amarissima Schrad., Colocynthis amarissima Schltdl., Colocynthis citrullus (L.) Kuntze, Colocynthis citrullus Fritsch, Cucumis amarissimus Schrad., Cucumis citrullus (L.) Ser., Cucumis citrullus var. jace Ser., Cucumis citrullus var. pasteca Ser., Cucumis dissectus Decne., Cucumis edulis Steud., Cucumis laciniosus Eckl. ex Steud., Cucumis laciniosus Eckl. ex Schrad., Cucumis vulgaris (Schrad.) E.H.L.Krause, Cucurbita anguria Duchesne, Cucurbita caffra Eckl. & Zeyh., Cucurbita citrullus L., Cucurbita gigantea Salisb., Cucurbita pinnatifida Schrank, Momordica lanata Thunb.

  • Common name: Watermelon
  • Bengali: Tormuj
  • Chinese: 寒瓜
  • Croatian: lubenica
  • Dutch: Watermeloen
  • Finnish: Vesimeloni
  • Gujarati: ઇંદ્રક Indrak
  • Hindi: तरबूज़ Tarbooz
  • Kannada: Kallangadi balli
  • Manipuri: তৰবুজ Tarbuj
  • Marathi: Kadu vrindavana
  • Portuguese: Melancia
  • Spanish: sandía
  • Swedish: vattenmelon
  • Tamil: Darbis
  • Telugu: పుచ్చ putcha, కలెంగడి kalengadi
  • Urdu: Tarbooz

Description: Annual herb with prostrate of climbing stems up to 10 m long, covered in long spreading hairs, particularly when young. Tendrils2-3-fid. Leaves more or less narrowly ovate in outline, up to 20 × 19 cm, usually deeply palmately 3-5 lobed with lobes elliptic in outline and often lobed again; hairy when young, particularly on the veins beneath, becoming roughly punctate when oleder; margins almost entire or obscurely and finely sinuate-dentate. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow, unisexual on the same plant. Fruit smooth, in wild plants 1.5-20 cm long, greenish with darker mottling; cultivated fruits much larger and often more elongated ellipsoid, up to 60 × 30 cm. 
Used in Ayurveda. Stems for sinusitis. Leaves and roots for dysentery;  root  juice  to  stop  bleeding.  Seeds  expectorant, hypotensive, an infusion taken for kidney trouble; a decoction  taken  as  a  diuretic;  kernels  cooling,  diuretic.  Fruits  diuretic, used for fever, jaundice, sunstroke, nephritis, diabetes. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, superstitions, unripened plant considered poisonous. Veterinary medicine, seeds infusion given to horses for gravel. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Pulp—cooling and refreshing, a rich source of pectin, carotenoids, surcose (as major sugar). Fruit juice is prescribed in strangury and urinary complaints, also in hepatic congestion and intestinal catarrh. Seeds—cooling, purgative, diuretic, demulcent (used in urinary infections). Leaves—febrifuge. The pericarp is given in diarrhoea. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

In China, the pulp and the rind are eaten to treat diabetes and jaundice, and to expel impurities. The pulp is used to soothe an inflamed throat, heal sores in the mouth and to fight dependence on alcohol. In India, the unripe fruits are used to strengthen, promote libido and to treat jaundice and fever. The seeds are used to promote libido, and the leaves are used to check bleeding. In Indonesia, the fruits are used to assuage rheumatic pains. In Malaysia, the juice of the roots is used to check bleeding after an abortion. In Palau, the fruits are used to treat beriberi and cystitis. In Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, the pulp and rind are eaten to regulate motion. [Medicinal Plants: Drugs For The Future? ]

 Leaf  and  Seed:  In  French  Guiana,  an  emulsion  of  seeds  and  crushed  leaves  makes  an excellent cataplasm applied warm for intestinal inflammation. Fruit: Pulp is refreshing; juice used as a refreshing wash. [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) ]

37 Published articles of Citrullus lanatus
1.    Phytochemical screening and antidiabetic effect of extracts of the seeds of Citrullus lanatus in alloxan-induced diabetic albino mice Sani, U.M., Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2015. 5(3): p. 51-54.
2.    Phytochemicals and antioxidants in watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) genotypes under hot arid region Choudhary, B.R., et al., Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2015. 85(3): p. 414-417.
3.    Antibacterial activity of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) seed against selected microorganisms Adunola, A.A.T., et al., African Journal of Biotechnology, 2015. 14(14): p. 1224-1229.
4.    Gastroprotective activity of reconstituted red fruit pulp concentrate of Citrullus lanatus in rats Sharma, S., et al., Ancient science of life, 2014. 34(2): p. 103-8.
5.    Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activities of Citrullus lanatus seed against some pathogenic microorganisms Nwankwo, I.U., et al., World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014. 3(8): p. 57-67.
6.    Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai) Juice Modulates Oxidative Damage Induced by Low Dose X-Ray in Mice Mohammad, M.K.A., et al., Biomed Research International, 2014.
7.    Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai) juice modulates oxidative damage induced by low dose X-ray in mice Mohammad, M.K.A., et al., BioMed research international, 2014. 2014: p. 512834-512834.
8.    Protective Renal Tubular Effects Ethyl Acetate Extract from Citrullus lanatus Vine in Rats with Diabetic Nephropathy Liu, J., et al., Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2014. 49(24): p. 2173-2176.
9.    Ameliorative effects of the methanolic extract of the rind of Citrullus lanatus on lead acetate induced toxicity on semen parameters and reproductive hormones of Male albino Wistar rats Kolawole, T.A., D.V. Dapper, and S.O. Ojeka, European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2014. 4(9): p. 1125-1137.
10.    Effect of Citrullus lanatus seeds extracts on serum total testosterone in rat Khaki, A., et al., Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, 2014. 1(1): p. 25-27.
11.    Hypoglycemic Effects of Different Fractions from Citrullus lanatus Vine on Diabetic Model Induced by Alloxan in Mice Gong, X., et al., Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2014. 49(14): p. 1216-1221.
12.    Effects of Hexadecanoic acid on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp niveum control and on growth of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Chu, L., et al., Allelopathy Journal, 2014. 34(2): p. 241-252.
13.    Citrullus lanatus Extract Reverses Oxidative and Haematological Dysfunction in Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Liver Damaged Rats Adebayo, A.H., et al., International Journal of Pharmacology, 2014. 10(4): p. 218-224.
14.    Radical scavenging activity of novel phenolic glycosides from Citrullus lanatus Adebayo, A.H., et al., Planta Medica, 2014. 80(10): p. 783-783.
15.    Hepatoprotective properties of the leaf extract of Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) on carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats Adebayo, A., T. Balogun, and O. Yakubu, Planta Medica, 2014. 80(16): p. 1527-1528.
16.    Renoprotective Activity of Citrullus Lanatus Rind Extract on Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Renal Damage in Rats Srinivasan, P., et al., Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2013. 45: p. S215-S215.
17.    Citrullus lanatus 'sentinel' (watermelon) extract reduces atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice Poduri, A., et al., Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2013. 24(5): p. 882-886.
18.    The Effects of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Extracts and L-Citrulline on Rat Uterine Contractility Munglue, P., et al., Reproductive Sciences, 2013. 20(4): p. 437-448.
19.    Cucurbitane-type Triterpenes from Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds Kikuchi, T., et al., Natural Product Communications, 2013. 8(10): p. 1367-1369.
20.    In-vitro antibacterial study of Aquilaria agallocha heart wood oil and Citrullus lanatus seed oil Ghosh, T.K., et al., Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 2013. 1(1): p. 13-15.
21.    In vitro antioxidant activity and nitric oxide scavenging activity of Citrullus lanatus seeds Etim, O.E., S.E. Ekanem, and S.M. Sam, Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 2013. 3(12): p. 126-132.
22.    Phytochemical and in vitro total antioxidant capacity analyses of peel extracts of different cultivars of Cucumis melo and Citrullus lanatus Asghar, M.N., et al., Pharmaceutical Biology, 2013. 51(2): p. 226-232.
23.    Antibacterial Activities of Nonionic and Anionic Surfactants From Citrullus lanatus Seed Oil Adewuyi, A., R.A. Oderinde, and A.O. Ademisoye, Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 2013. 6(3): p. 205-208.
24.    Effects of aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus on the histology of the kidney of adult wistar rats Oyewo, O.O., et al., World Applied Sciences Journal, 2012. 17(9): p. 1178-1181.
25.    Lycopene content, a.c.a.c.a.o.s.w.C.l.T.M.c.g.i.I.N., Shweta, et al., International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2012. 63(8): p. 996-1000.
26.    Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Citrullus lanatus seed oil by in-vivo and in-vitro models Madhavi, P., et al., International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences, 2012. 2(4): p. 104-108.
27.    Quantitative determination, M.a.a.A.e.o.M.s.e.o.C.l.T.C.i.R.L., Okunrobo O., et al., Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2012. 2(Suppl. 3): p. S1261-S1265.
28.    Effects of methanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus seed on experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia Olamide, A.A., et al., European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2011. 1(4): p. 171-179.
29.    In vitro Antimicrobial activities of chloroformic, h.a.e.e.o.C.l.v.c.W.m.H., Loiy Elsir Ahmed, et al., Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2011. 5(8): p. 1338-1344.
30.    In vitro antigiardial activity of Citrullus lanatus Var. citroides extracts and cucurbitacins isolated compounds Hassan, L.E.A., et al., Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2011. 5(15): p. 3338-3346.
31.    Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-ulcerative Potential of Citrullus lanatus Seed Extract in Rats Gill, N.S., et al., Latin American Journal of Pharmacy, 2011. 30(3): p. 429-434.
32.    Dynamic changes in the leaf proteome of a C-3 xerophyte, C.l.w.w., in response to water deficit Akashi, Kinya, et al., Planta, 2011. 233(5): p. 947-960.
33.    Anti-inflammatory activities of cucurbitacin E isolated from Citrullus lanatus var. citroides: Role of reactive nitrogen species and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition Abdelwahab, S.I., et al., Fitoterapia, 2011. 82(8): p. 1190-1197.
34.    Evaluation of antioxidant, a.-i.a.a.p.o.C.l.s.e.i.r.m.G., N. S., et al., Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness, 2010. 9(2): p. unpaginated-unpaginated.
35.    Ethylene-induced gene expression, e.a., and water soaking in immature and ripe watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit Karakurt, Y. and D.J. Huber, Journal of Plant Physiology, 2004. 161(4): p. 381-388.
36.    Efficacy and economics of rodenticides for rodent management in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fields Kumar, P., et al., Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1997. 67(11): p. 528-530.
37.    BETA-DEUTERIUM-GLUCOPYRANOSYLSTIGMAST-7-ENE 3BETA-OL IROM CITRULLUS-LANATUS-VAR-CITROIDES Seifert, K. and H. Budzikiewicz, Pharmazie, 1977. 32(2): p. 125-126.
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cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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