Eranthemum pulchellum, Gulsham, Neelambaram, Neelamulli

Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews
Family: Acanthaceae

Synonyms: Daedalacanthus nervosus (Vahl) T.Anderson, Daedalacanthus scaber T.Anderson, Daedalacanthus varians (Vent.) Voss, Eranthemum bicolor Schrank, Eranthemum edgeworthianum Nees, Eranthemum grandiflorum Zipp. ex Span., Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult., Eranthemum scabrum Wall. ex T.Anderson, Eranthemum varians Billb., Fittonia verschaffeltii var. pearsei G. Nicholson, Justicia bicolor Sims, Justicia gendarussa Blanco, Justicia nervosa Vahl, Pseuderanthemum bicolor (Schrank) Radlk. ex Lindau, Pseuderanthemum pulchellum (Andrews) Merr., Ruellia varians Vent., Siphoneranthemum bicolor Kuntze, Upudalia pulchella (Andrews) Raf.

• Common name: Blue Sage, Blue eranthemum
• Chinese: 爱春花
• Finnish: Korukäpy
• French: Pensée créole
• Hindi: गुलशाम Gulsham
• Tamil: Neelamulli நீள முள்ளி
• Telugu: Neelambaramu నీలాంబరము

Description: Eranthemum pulchellum (Eranthemum nervosum, English: blue eranthemum, or blue sage) is a strongly branched shrub, popular with gardeners in tropical India and China because of the spikes of flowers that are bright gentian blue - an unusual color in the tropics. The flowers appear from green-and-white veined bracts that remain after the blooms fall, forming a column several inches long. The hairy leaves are large and dark green. A sprawling shrub which may reach a metre or more in height, E. pulchellum is usually kept lower and bushier through pruning. Light shade is preferred in a garden; in a greenhouse it needs warm conditions. It is easily propagated from cuttings. Eranthemum pulchellum is the only species in the genus Eranthemum.

Roots, stems and leaves decoction antimicrobial, antiseptic, used for wounds, ulcers. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Published article of Eranthemum pulchellum

Cosmos sulphureus, Yellow Cosmos, Sulphur Cosmos

Cosmos sulphureus Cav.
Family Compositae

• Common name: Yellow Cosmos, Sulphur Cosmos 
• Chinese: 硫華菊
• Finnish: Keltakosmos
• Japanese: キバナコスモス
• Korean: 노랑코스모스
• Malayalam: മാങ്ങാനാറി
• Persian: گل ستارهای
• Russian: kosmos želtyj, космос желтый
• Swedish: gullskära
• Thai: ดาวกระจาย
• Vietnamese: Cúc_vạn_thọ_tây_vàng

Synonyms: Bidens artemisiifolia (Jacq.) Kuntze, Bidens artemisiifolia f. grandiflora Kuntze, Bidens artemisiifolia subsp. intermedia Kuntze, Bidens artemisiifolia f. parviflora Kuntze, Bidens artemisiifolia f. rubra Kuntze, Bidens artemisiifolia var. rubra Kuntze, Bidens sulfurea (Cav.) Sch.Bip., Bidens sulphurea (Cav.) Sch.Bip., Bidens sulphureus (Cav.) Sch.Bip., Coreopsis artemisiaefolia Jacq., Coreopsis artemisifolia Sessé & Moc., Coreopsis artemisiifolia Jacq., Cosmea sulphurea (Cav.) Willd., Cosmos artemisiifolius (Jacq.) M.R.Almeida, Cosmos aurantiacus Klatt, Cosmos sulphureus var. exaristatus Sherff, Cosmos sulphureus var. hirsuticaulis Sherff, Cosmos sulphureus f. sulphureus, Cosmos sulphureus var. sulphureus

Description: Plants 30–200 cm, glabrous or sparsely pilose to hispid. Leaves: petioles 1–7 cm; blades 5–12(–25) cm, ultimate lobes 2–5 mm wide, margins sparsely spinulose-ciliate, apices apiculate. Peduncles 10–20 cm. Calyculi of spreading-ascending, linear-subulate bractlets 5–7(–10) mm, apices acute; Involucres 6–10 mm diam. Phyllaries erect, oblong-lanceolate, 9–13(–18) mm, apices acute to rounded-obtuse. Ray corollas intensely yellow to red-orange, laminae obovate, 18–30 mm, apices ± truncate, denticulate. Disc corollas 6–7 mm. Cypselae 15–30 mm, usually hispidulous, rarely glabrous; pappi 0, or of 2–3 widely divergent awns 1–7 mm. 2n = 24, 48.

Antibacterial,  antifungal,  antiinflammatory,  for  gastric ulcer, liver inflammation, arthritis. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

43 Published articles of Cosmos sulphureus

Blepharis maderaspatensis, Dudhiya choti, Kooravaalchedi

Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) B. Heyne ex Roth
Family: Acanthaceae

Synonyms: Acanthus ciliaris Burm.f. , Acanthus maderaspatensis L. , Blepharis abyssinica Hochst. ex A.Rich. , Blepharis boerhaviifolia Pers. , Blepharis boerhaviifolia Roth , Blepharis boerhaviifolia var. maderaspatensis (L.) Nees , Blepharis boerhaviifolia var. micrantha Sond. , Blepharis boerhaviifolia var. nigronervulosa De Wild. & T.Durand , Blepharis breviciliata Fiori , Blepharis calaminthifolia Pers. , Blepharis gueinzi T.Anderson , Blepharis maderaspatensis var. abyssinica Fiori , Blepharis maderaspatensis subsp. maderaspatensis , Blepharis maderaspatensis subsp. rubiifolia (Schumach.) Napper , Blepharis procumbens B.Heyne ex Roth , Blepharis procurrens Nees , Blepharis rubiifolia Schumach. , Blepharis teaguei Oberm. , Blepharis togodelia Solms ex Schweinf.

Common name: Creeping Blepharis
Hindi: दूधिया चोटी Dudhiya choti, Uttagana
Kannada: Kodali soppu
Malayalam: Murikootipacha, Elumbotti, Hemakandi
Tamil: Kooravaalchedi, Kooravaal Chedi, Kozhimookkan
Description: Prostrate herbs. Leaves ternate, unequal, 3-5 x 2 cm, obovate, apex apiculate, puberulus, margins distantly serrate; petiole to 3 cm. Flowers axillary; bracts 4 pairs, obovate, margins dentate with stiff elongated hairs, bracteoles 1.5 cm, spathulate; outer calyx lobes 1.3 cm and 1.8 cm, oblong, 2 and 3 veined, inner 8 mm; corolla tube urceolate, 5 mm, lower lip reduced, upper lip 3 lobed, 18 x 12 mm, white with pink nerves; filaments 4 and 5 mm, anthers 1-celled, apiculate, bearded; ovary 2.5 mm, oblong, style 1 cm, with a basal ring. 

Uses: Plant ash for dropsy, swellings, edema, gout; dry alcoholic extract  of  the  plant  a  potent  diuretic;  plant  parts  crushed mixed  with  sheep  milk  given  for  venereal  diseases.  Leaf juice in throat troubles and asthma; leaves ground with egg and onion and applied for bone fracture; leaf paste applied on wounds. Veterinary medicine, leaves ground with egg and onion and applied for bone fracture. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

10 Published articles of Blepharis maderaspatensis

Hygrophila polysperma, Indischer Wasserfreund, Гигрофила многосеменная

Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T.Anderson
Synonym: Justicia polysperma Roxb., Hemiadelphis polysperma (Roxb.) Nees
Family: Acanthaceae

Chinese: 小狮子草
Deutsch: Indischer Wasserfreund
Russian: Гигрофила многосеменная

21 Published articles of  Hygrophila polysperma

1.    ADVENTITIOUS SHOOT REGENERATION OF DWARF HYGRO (Hygrophila polysperma) UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS Karatas, Mehmet, Aasim, Muhammad
Cinar, Aysegul. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2014. 23(9): p. 2190-2194.
2.    Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explant of dwarf hygro (Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson) Karatas, Mehmet, Aasim, Muhammad, Cinar, Aysegul
Dogan, Muhammet. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2013. 2013: p. 680425-680425.
3.    High frequency plant regeneration of dwarf hygro ( Hygrophila polysperma Roxb. T. Anderson) on liquid culture Cinar, A. Karatas, M.
Aasim, M. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 2013. 7(3): p. 75-78.
4.    Phytoparasitic nematodes associated with the rhizosphere of the aquatic weed Hygrophila polysperma Mukherjee, Abhishek Khan, Matiyar R. Crow, William T.
Cuda, James P. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 2012. 50: p. 84-91.
5.    Effect of simulated herbivory on growth of the invasive weed Hygrophila polysperma: Experimental and predictive approaches Mukherjee, Abhishek Jones, James W. Cuda, James P. Kiker, Gregory
Overholt, William A. Biological Control, 2012. 60(3): p. 271-279.
6.    Efficacy of 10 Broadcast Foliar-Applied Herbicide Treatments on Emergent Hygrophila (Hygrophila polysperma) Fast, Brandon J. Gray, C. J. Ferrell, Gray J. A.
MacDonald, E. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 2009. 47: p. 155-157.
7.    First record in the Mexican flora of Hygrophila polysperma (Acanthaceae), an aquatic weed Mora-Olivo, Arturo Daniel, Thomas F. Martinez, Mahinda. Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, 2008. 79(1): p. 265-269.
8.    Occurrences of Hygrophila polyspernia (RoXB.) T. ANDERSON, Pontederia cordata in North Rhine-Westphalia Hussner, Andreas Josephs, Mathilde
Schmitz, Ulf. Floristische Rundbriefe, 2007. 40: p. 25-30.
9.    Interference competition between Ludwigia repens and Hygrophila polysperma: two morphologically similar aquatic plant species Doyle, R. D. Francis, M. D. Smart, R. M. Aquatic Botany, 2003. 77(3): p. 223-234.
10.    Is the aquatic weed hygrophila, Hygrophila polysperma (Polemoniales: Acanthaceae), a suitable target for classical biological control? Cuda, J. P. Sutton, D. L. Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Bozeman, Montana, USA, 4-14 July, 1999, 2000: p. 337-348.
11.    First records of the aquatic weed Hygrophila polysperma (Acanthaceae) from Texas Angerstein, Michelle B.
Lemke, David E. SIDA Contributions to Botany, 1994. 16(2): p. 365-371.
12.    The effects of stress and disturbance on proximate composition, allocation of production, photosynthesis, respiration, and chlorophyll levels in Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) Anders. (Acanthaceae) Kovach, Charles W. Kurdziel, Josepha P. Bowman, Reed Wagner, James
Lawrence, John M. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 1992. 32(4): p. 479-486.
13.    THE EFFECTS OF STRESS AND DISTURBANCE ON PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, ALLOCATION OF PRODUCTION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION, AND CHLOROPHYLL LEVELS IN HYGROPHILA-POLYSPERMA (ROXB) ANDERS (ACANTHACEAE) Kovach, C. W.
Kurdziel, J. P. Bowman, R. Wagner, J.
Lawrence, J. M. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 1992. 32(4): p. 479-486.
14.    PLASTICITY IN MORPHOLOGY, PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, AND ENERGY CONTENT OF HYGROPHILA-POLYSPERMA (ROXB) ANDERS Botts, P. S.
Lawrence, J. M. Witz, B. W. Kovach, C. W. Aquatic Botany, 1990. 36(2): p. 207-214.
15.    ANATOMY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CELLS IN AERIAL AND SUBMERGED LEAVES OF HYDROPHILA-POLYSPERMA ACANTHACEAE Kravkina, I. M.
Miroslavov, E. A. Botanicheskii Zhurnal (St. Petersburg), 1986. 71(7): p. 881-886.
16.    HYGROPHILA-POLYSPERMA ACANTHACEAE IN FLORIDA USA Les, D. H.
Wunderlin, R. P. Florida Scientist, 1981. 44(3): p. 189-192.
17.    RHEOLOGY OF DISPERSION SYSTEMS CONTAINING HEMIADELPHIS-POLYSPERMUS HYGROPHILA-POLYSPERMA SEED MUCILAGE PART 1 EFFECT OF STIRRING STORAGE AND MATERIALS IN SUSPENSION Baveja, S. K.
Kaur, S. Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 1974. 36(6): p. 168-168.
18.    HYGROPHILA-POLYSPERMA-D A HARD PLANT Zimpel, H. Monatsschrift fuer Ornithologie und Vivarienkunde Ausgabe B Aquarien Terrarien, 1972. 19(3): p. 99-99.
19.    Contribution to our knowledge of the physiological anatomy of some Indian hydrophytes. VIII. The stem of Hygrophila polysperma T. Anders Mirashi, M. V. Proc Indian Acad Sci Sect B, 1958. 47((2)): p. 97-101.
20.    THE OCCURRENCE AND ONTOGENY OF HYDATHODES IN HYGROPHILA-POLYSPERMA T ANDERS Reams, W. M. New Phytologist, 1953. 52(1): p. 8-13.

Swietenia mahagoni, Caoba, Mahoni

Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.
Family: Meliaceae

Chinese: 桃花心木
Finnish: Karibianaitomahonki
French: Mahogani de Saint-Domingue
Indinesian: Mahoni
Malayalam: ചെറിയ മഹാഗണി
Persian: درخت ماهون
Spanish: Caoba
Tamil:  Ciminukku
Vietnamese: Dái_ngựa_(cây)

Description: Trees to 25 m tall; trunk to 4 m across; bark deeply fissured. Leaves alternate, to 18 cm long; leaflets ca 5 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, falcate, oblique at base, entire at margin, acuminate at apex, coriaceous, glabrous above, puberulous beneath; petioles to 3 cm long; petiolules 5-6 mm long. Panicles to 10 cm long; peduncles to 4 cm long. Flowers ca 7 mm across. Calyx lobes 5, ovate, ca 2 mm long, pubescent. Petals 5, obovate, hooded, ca 5 x 2 mm, spreading, pubescent outside, cream-yellow. Staminal tube cupular, ca 3 mm long, glabrous, 10-lobed; anthers 10, included, alternating with lobes. Ovary 5-loculed; style narrow, tapering, to 2 mm long. Capsules oblong, ca 7 x 5.5 cm; seeds ca 6 x 1.5 cm, winged.

Seed powder antidiabetic; paste from the seeds applied for leucorrhea.  Bark  aphrodisiac,  bitter,  astringent,  febrifuge, antiseptic; a decoction applied to wounds. Drinking a large quantity of the boiled bark decoction is said to induce hemorrhage and thus abortion. Magic, love potion, the leafy twig. [CRC World Dictionary of  Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Argentinians take sweetened bark tea as febrifuge and orexigenic. Bahamans take bark or root infusion as tonic. 
Caicos Islanders take bark or root infusion, with wood ofZanthoxylum, for gonorrhea. Cubans apply juice from young shoots to stop bleeding and heal wounds. Cubans take the astringent bark decoction for catarrh, convulsions, and tetanus. Haitians apply bark infusion topically as antiseptic and astringent, taking the bark and leaf tea for diarrhea, dysentery, and hemorrhage, and large doses of bark decoction as abortifacient, smaller doses for toothache. Haitians steep bark in rum 3–4 days as aphrodisiac tonic. Haitians take leaf decoction with salt for nervous disorders.
Haitians take seed tea for chest pain. Haitians use alcoholic bark, leaf, and root maceration for malaria, the alcoholic bark tincture for anemia, anorexia, and debility. Haitians use aqueous bark maceration or decoction, with or without salt, for amenorrhea, anemia, diarrhea, dysentery, and fever Jamaicans take the bark decoction for diarrhea and fever . [Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants  of Latin America]

USES:  Stem: Decoction of bark used to dress wounds from firearms. Bark is astringent, antiseptic
and febrifuge. Bark infusion for dysentery.  [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) ]

121 Published articles of Swietenia mahagoni

Arachis hypogaea, Groundnut, Peanut

Arachis hypogaea L.
Family: Leguminosae

Vernacular names: Afrikaans : Apeneutjie, Grondboontjie;   Arabic : Fûl Sûdânî;   Aragonese : Cascagüet;   Aymara : Chuqupa;   Azeri : Araxis;   Bolivia : Chikopa ( Aymara );   Bosnian : Kikiriki;   Brazil :  Amendoim,  Amendoim  Verdadeiro,  Aráquida,  Jinguba,  Mancarra,  Mendoim,  Mendubi, Mondubim, Mudubim ( Portuguese );   Catalan : Cacauet;   Chinese :  Chang  Sheng  Guo,  Fan  Dou,  Hua  Sheng, Luo Hua Sheng;   Czech : Podzemnice Olejná;   Danish : Jordnød, Jordnødder, Jordnoedder;Dutch : Aardnoot, Grondnoot, Pindaplant;   Eastonian : Harilik Maapähkel;   Ecuador : Zaruma ( Spanish );   Esperanto : Ternukso;   Fiji : Pinati ( Fijian ), Maungafali ( Indian );   Finnish : Maapähkinä;   French :  Arachide,  Arachide  Du  Cayor,  Cacahuète,  Cacahouète,  Pistache  De  Terre,  Pistachier De Terre, Rufi sque;   Galician : Cacahuete;   German : Erdnuß, Echte Erdnuss, Erdmandel;   Greek : Arahida, Arapico Fistiki;   Hungarian : Amerikaimogyoró, Földimogyoró;   Icelandic : Jarðhnetur;   India :  China  Badam  ( Bengali ),  Bhoising  ( Gujarati ), Moong Phali, Muungaphalii ( Hindu ),  Kadale  Kayi  ( Kannada ),  Moong  Phalli  ( Kashmiri ),  Nellakkadalai,  Nilakkadalai  ( Malayalam ), Bhui Mug ( Marathi ), China Badam  ( Oriya ),  Moong  Phalli  ( Punjabi ),  Nilakkadalai,  Verkaddalai,  ( Tamil ),  Verusanaga, buddalu, pallilu [Telugu] Mugphalii  ( Urdu );   Italian : Arachide, Mandorla Di Terra, Nocciolina,  Pistacchio Di Terra;   Indonesia :  Kacang  Jawa,  Kacang  Manila,  Kacang Tanah;   Khmer : Sanndaek Dei;   Japanese :  Nankinmame,  Piinatsu,  Piinattsu,  Rakkasei;   Korean : Ttang Kong;   Laotian : Thwax Din, Thwax Ho;   Lithuanian : Valgomasis Arachis;   Luxembourgish : Kakuett;   Malaysia : Kacang Goreng, Kacang Jawa, Kacang  Tanah;   Mexico : Cacahueta;   Nahuatl : Tlālcacahuatl;   Nepal : Badam, Mungphalii;   Norwegian : Peanøtt, Jordnøtt;   Pakistan : Mung Phali;   Papua  New  Guinea :  Galip  Bilong  Giraun,  Kasang;   Paraguay : Manduvi ( Guarani );   Peru : Inchik, Inchis ( Quechua );   Philipines :  Batung–China  ( Sulu ),  Mani  ( Tagalog );   Polish : Orzech Ziemny, Orzacha Podziemna;   Portuguese : Amendoim, Caranga, Mandobi;   Russian : Arakhis;   Senegal :  Mankoli  ( Badyara ),  Mangara,  Su  U,  Slovašcina : Arašid, Kikiriki;   Spanish :  Alcagüeses,  Aráquido,  Avellana  Americana,  Cacahuate,  Huasquillo,  Mandovi,  Maní, Manî, Pistacho De Tierra;   Swahili : Mjugu Nyasa, Mnjugu Nyasa;   Swedish : Jordnöt;   Thai : Thùa Lísong;   Tongan : Pīnati;   Turkish : Yer Fıstığı;   Vietnamese : Lac, Dâu Phong.
 Moongphali (Unani)

An important oilseed crop in India.

Plant emollient and demulcent, used to relieve cough. Leaf macerations drunk as a diuretic; leaf infusions drunk against female infertility and as eye drops to treat cataract. Pod extracts taken as a galactagogue,  and  as  eye  drops  to  treat  conjunctivis.  Seedlings and pod extract aphrodisiac, tonic. [CRC World Dictionary of  Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

There is a haemostatic principle in the peanut flour, which is said to improve the condition of haemophiliacs. The protease inhibitor acts on the fibrinolytic system, primarily as an antiplasmin. It is reported to form complexes not only with the enzymes, but also with the corresponding zymogens. The peanut (red) skin contains bioflavonoids, which possess vitamin P activity; tannins; a lipoxidase and a protease inhibitor. Capric acid, obtained from the (red) skin, showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

In French Guiana, an oily emulsion of the seed is used to remedy inflammatory colic; hot peanut oil is applied in a compress to dislocations, sometimes when mixed with rum. [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) ]

125 Pharmacology related published articles of Arachis hypogaea

Ruellia patula, Dipteracanthus patulus

Ruellia patula Jacq.
Synonyms: Dipteracanthus erectus Nees,Dipteracanthus matutinus C.Presl , Dipteracanthus ocymoides C.Presl, Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.) Nees, Petalidium patulum (Jacq.) Dalzell & A.Gibson
Family: Acanthaceae

Arabic: فول, وزر
Some vernacular names in India:  cilantanceti,  cilantinayakam,  cukkulam,  cuntuilicceti,  cuntumam,  cuntuyili,  icaimuti,  kakapicam,  kakapikanayacceti,  kattunayakacceti,  kattunayakam,  kiranti, kiranti  nayakam,  kirantinayakan,  kirantinayan,  kirantippuntu,  nittinaviral,  nittinaviralkurittan,  punkiranti,  punkiranticceti,  putakilam,  putakilanceti,  turuputpam,  nayakam, upu-dali, vaikkirantitacceti, vaikkirantitam

Description: An erect, hoary pubescent, up to 50 cm tall, basally woody, much branched shrublet with ± quadrangular twigs. Leaves on 4-10 (-20) mm long petioles; lamina elliptic-ovate, rarely obovate, (1.2-) 1.5-5 (-6) x 1-3 (-4.5) cm, densely pubescent on both sides, entire, basally rounded, obtuse or subacute. Flowers pale-white, sessile, 3-4 cm long, usually solitary axillary, rarely 2-3 in cymes; bracteoles leafy, elliptic-spathulate or ovate, 8-10 mm x 6-7 mm, obtuse, petiolate. Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, (3-) 4-5 (-6) mm long, ciliate, ± equal, acute. Corolla tube up to 3 cm long, infundibuliform, limb lobes suborbicular, 8-10 mm long, obtuse. Staminal filaments glabrous, anthers oblong, c. 2 mm long. Ovary glabrous, c. 2 mm long; style filiform, 2-3 cm long, hairy. Capsule elliptic-clavate, 1.4-1.8 cm long, glabrous, 8-10-seeded. Seeds flat, ± orbicular, c. 3 mm across.

10 Published articles of Ruellia patula

Andrographis echioides, Gopuram tangi, Pitumba

Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees
Family: Acanthaceae
Common name: False Water willow
Gujarati: Kalukariyatun
Malayalam: Pitumba
Marathi: Ranchimani
Oriya: lavalata
Tamil: Gopuram tangi

Description: Erect herbs, 10-50 cm high. Whole plant villous. Leaves opposite decussate, 3-5 x 0.6-1.8 cm, elliptic oblong, obtuse to round at apex, attenuate at base. Inflorescence axillary, short unilateral racemes, simple or 1-2 branched, as long as or shorter than leaves. Calyx deeply 5-lobed; lobes 0.8-1 cm long, linear. Corolla tube 0.8-1 cm long, white, 2-lipped; lip with violet blotches; upper lip 2-lobed, 0.6-0.8 cm long, lower c. 0.8 cm long, 3-lobed. Stamens 2; filaments broad, hairy at base; anthers 2-celled. Style slender; stigma 2-fid. Capsules 0.8-1.2 cm long, 0.25-0.3 cm wide, compressed, broadened towards tip, attenuate at base, sparsely hairy towards tip. Seeds 0.15-0.2 cm across, black, pitted without; retinacula spiny.

Used  in  Sidha.  Whole  plant  pounded  in  mustard  oil  and paste  applied  on  snakebite,  also  whole  plant  dried  and powdered, mixed with water and drunk; whole plant decoction  in  fever,  dysentery,  stomachache  and  liver  disorders. Leaves  juice  used  as  a  febrifuge,  cathartic,  anthelmintic,  laxative,  alterative,  stomachic,  antimalarial;  leaf  paste applied  to  cure  headache;  leaves  decoction  given  in  fever and jaundice, against intestinal worms and for constipation.  Properties and uses of this plant considered similar to those of Andrographis paniculata. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

22 Published articles of Andrographis echioides

Justicia carnea, Jacobinia, Brazilian plume

Justicia carnea Lindl.
Family: Acanthaceae

Common name: Pink Jacobinia, Brazilian plume, king's crown, plume flower 
Finnish: Isojaakonkukka
Swedish: Praktjakobinia

Chinese: 珊瑚花
Malay: Tarum dayak

Crushed  leaves  applied  on  abdomen  for  stomachache  in children [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

3 Published articles of Justicia carnea Lindl.

Pterospermum acerifolium, Muchukund, Dinnerplate Tree

Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd.
Family: Sterculiaceae

• Common name: Maple-leaved Bayur tree, Dinnerplate Tree
• Assamese: Moragos
• Bengali: মুচুকুন্দ Muskanda
• Chinese: 翅子树
• Hindi: Kanak Champa कनक चम्पा, Muchkund मचकुंद, परिव्याध Parivyadh, पद्म पुष्प Padma Pushp 
• Malayalam: ചെറുകൊന്ന Cerukonna, മലഞുടലി Malanjutali
• Manipuri: Kwakla
• Marathi: कर्णिकार Karnikar
• Oriya: Mushukundo, ମୁଚୁକୁନ୍ଦ
• Sanskrit: कर्णिकार Karnikar, मुचुकुन्द Muchukund
• Tamil: வெண்ணங்கு Vennangu
• Telugu: Matsakanda
• Urdu:  Gul-e-Muchkun

Description: A large tree, up to 30 m tall, with grey bark and rusty pubescent young parts. Leaves oblong, broadly obovate to ovate, orbicular or rectangular, 10-40 cm long, 8-35 cm broad, cordate, often peltate, margin wavy to distantly coarse toothed or irregularly lobed; silvery to rusty pubescent beneath, glabrescent and dark green above; petiole 5-15 cm long, densely tomentose at the base; stipules pinnatifid, caducous. Flowers mostly solitary, 10-15 cm long and across, white, fragrant; pedicel c. 2 cm long; bracts laciniate. Sepals linear-lanceolate, united at the base into short tube, 8-12 cm long, c. 1 cm broad, obtuse, rusty pubescent outside, thick, reflexed, deciduous. Petals linear-oblong or obovate, 6-12 cm long, c. 1 cm broad, reflexed, obtuse. Fertile stamens 5-9 cm long, staminodes equalling the petals; anthers 1-1.5 cm long. Carpels 5; ovary oblong, pentagonal, 5-loculed, densely rusty tomentose. Capsule 5-10 cm long, 5-valved, rusty brown-glabrescent. Seeds compressed, obliquely oval, wings brown, membranous.  

Flower—anti-inflammatory, styptic (used for bleeding piles, haematuria, ulcers). Charred flowers and bark, mixed with the powder of Mallotus philippinensis, are applied to smallpox eruptions. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Bark useful in intestinal complaints, anemia, headache and  pains. Bark and leaves used in smallpox. The indumentum  from the lower side of leaf is said to be used to prevent bleeding from wounds; leaf paste applied on headache. Flowers  and bark charred and mixed with kamala (Mallotus philippensis) applied on suppurating smallpox. A tonic from the  flowers a cure for inflammation, ulcers, tumours, headache,  abdominal pain, indigestion, dehydration, blood troubles and  leprosy; calyx made into a paste and applied on glandular  swellings around neck. The flowers kept among cloths impart  a pleasant perfume and keep away insects. Roots juice given  as antidote in poisoning; roots applied as a paste on wounds. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

52 Published articles of Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd.

Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Ratnagandhi, Peacock Flower

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Swartz
Family: Caesalpiniaceae

• Common Name: Peacock Flower
• Bengali: ক্রিশ্নচূড়া Krishnachura, রাধাচূড়া Radhachur
• Chinese: 红蝴蝶
• Dutch: Pauwenbloem
• Finnish: Riikinkukkokesalpina
• German: Pfauenstrauch
• Hindi: गुले तूरा guletura, कृष्ण चूरा Krishna-chura, कृष्ण चरण Krishna-charan
• Indonesian: Kembang merak
• Kannada: Kenjige, ರತ್ನಗಮ್ಧಿ Ratnagamdhi
• Malayalam: Settimandaram, രാജമല്ലി
• Manipuri: ক্রিশ্নচূরা Krishnachura
• Marathi: शंखासुर Shankhasur
• Oriya: Krishnochuda
• Sanskrit: Sidhakya, कृष्णचूडा Krishnachuda, रत्नगन्धि Ratnagandhi
• Tamil: Mayurkonrai, மயில் கொன்றை Mayil konrai
• Telugu: రత్నగంధీ Ratnagandhi
• Thai: หางนกยูงไทย
• Urdu: Gul-e-turra
• Vietnamese: Kim phượng

Description: Shrub, nearly 2 m in height, branches sometimes slightly prickly. Leaves bipinnate, 10-45 cm long, pinnae 4-12 pairs, opposite, c. 7.5 cm long. Leaflets 1.2-1.3 cm long, 3-7 mm broad. Flowers in erect terminal raceme, variously orange yellow and red coloured, often claw red, centre of limb crimson, red or golden red. Filaments very long, bright red. Pod 5-7.5 cm long c. 1.7 cm broad, straight.

Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Toxins. Bark juice abortifacient  and  febrifuge,  tonic,  stimulant.  Roots  abortifacient, emmenagogue,  used  for  infantile  convulsions;  root  juice given  to  treat  peptic  ulcer.  Flowers  for  intestinal  worms, coughs  and  chronic  catarrh.  Fruits  and  leaves  febrifuge, astringent.  Leaves  emmenagogue,  purgative,  antifungal, abortifacient,  to  relieve  constipation;  leaf  paste  applied  to treat  boils,  pimples  and  ringworm.  Seed  paste  applied  on infected teeth and ringworm; fresh seeds decoction used for inflamed gums. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Leaves—laxative, antipyretic. Used in Eastern India as a substitute for senna. Dried and powdered leaves are used in erysipelas. Flowers—anthelmintic. Also used for cough and catarrh. Root—a decoction is prescribed in intermittent fevers. Bark—emmenagogue, abortifacient.[Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Influenza and vaccinia virus, also anti Gram-negative bacteria and Candida sp. [Medicinal plants in tropical West  Africa]

Root: Bitter, toxic, astringent; for diarrhoea. Leaf and Flower: Infusion is diuretic. Leaf, Flower and Seed: For stomach, urinany bladder and kidney problems. Leaf and Seed: Infusion is drunk by the Djuka to induce quick, uncomplicated abortion in early pregnancy. Leaf: Infusion is drunk for kidney stones, and to accelerate childbirth. For a febrifuge, tonic, excitant, emmenagogue, and possibly an abortive at a certain dosage. Leaves of the yellow-flowered form, f. flava (Bailey &  Rehder) DeFilipps, Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas 85 (1992), are used in Surinam for  stomachache.  Flower:  Febrifuge;  infusion  drunk  as  a  tea  for  gall  bladder  problems  in  Surinam.  Fresh flowers are sudorific. Those of the red-flowered form (f. pulcherrima) are used in Surinam for urinary tract problems. Seed: Pectoral. [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) ]

118 Published articles of Caesalpinia pulcherrima

Physalis peruviana, kuntali, rashbari, chiru kakara

Physalis peruviana L.
Family: Solanaceae

Synonyms: Alkekengi pubescens Moench, Boberella peruviana (L.) E.H.L.Krause, Physalis esculenta Salisb., Physalis latifolia Lam., Physalis tomentosa Medik.

Common name: Cape Gooseberry, Goldenberry, Husk Cherry, Peruvian Ground Cherry, Poha, Poha Berry

• Azərbaycanca: Peru yergilası
• Chinese: 小果酸浆, 灯笼果
• Dutch: lampion, Kapstachelbeere
• Finnish: karviaiskoiso
• French: Nicandre faux-coqueret
• German: essbare judaskirshe
• Hindi: Macao, Tepariyo, Tipari, रसभरी Rasbhari
• Hebrew: שלפח
• Italian: fisalis
• Kannada: budde hannu, doddabudd
• Malayalam: മലതക്കാളിക്കീര Malathakkalikeera
• Marathi: popti, chirbot, phopati
• Nepali: रसभरी Rasbhari
• Portuguese: batetesta
• Quechua: aguaymanto
• Russian: Физалис перуанский
• Sanskrit: kuntali, tankari, tankasi
• Spanish: capulí
• Swedish: ananaskörsbär
• Tamil: milaku takkali, pottipallam
• Telugu: buddabusara, busarataya, చిరుకాకర chiru kakara
• Thai: โทงเทงฝรั่ง
• Turkish: Altın Çilek
• Udmurt: Перуысь физалис

Description: Herbs perennial, 45-90 cm tall. Stems erect, sparingly branched, densely pubescent. Petiole 2-5 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to cordate, 6-15 × 4-10 cm, densely pubescent, base cordate, margin entire or with a few indistinct teeth, apex short acuminate. Pedicel ca. 1.5 cm. Calyx broadly campanulate, 7-9 mm. Corolla yellow, spotted in throat, 1.2-1.5 × 1.2-2 cm. Filaments and anthers blue-purple; anthers 3-4 mm long. Fruiting calyx green, ovoid, with 5-10 weak angles, 2.5-4 cm, pubescent. Berry yellow, 1-1.5 cm in diam. Seeds yellow, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. summer, fr. autumn.

Weak annual erect herbs, to 60 cm high. Leaves alternate, to 7 x 6 cm, broadly ovate, obliquely cordate at base, entire or shortly lobed, 3-nerved from base; petiole to 3 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels 1 cm long, slender; calyx campanulate, accrescent in fruit, membranous; corolla campanulate, yellowish with deep brown centre, 15 mm across, tube hairy inside; stamens 5, anthers vertically splitting; ovary with many ovules, style glabrous; stigma 2-toothed. Berry globose, 10 mm across, covered by the balloon like 2.5-3 cm across fruiting calyx; seeds many, compressed.

The  immature  fruits  contain  sufficient  solanine  to  cause gastroenteritis and diarrhea if ingested, children should be discouraged  from  eating  the  fruits.  Plant  diuretic.  Leaves and root diuretic, for coughs, worms and bowel complaints, abdominal  disorders,  painful  menstruation,  stomachache, to induce labor in childbirth, as an enema for a child with abdominal  upset;  leaf  decoction  against  jaundice;  heated leaves applied as a poultice to draw pus from inflammations.

Plant—diuretic. Leaf—anthelmintic, an infusion is used in abdominal disorders. Fruits— a good source of carotene and ascorbic acid; eaten as a table fruit. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

359 Published articles of Physalis peruviana

Euphorbia nivulia, Patrashuhi, katathohar

  Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Synonym: Euphorbia helicothele Lem.

English: Common milk hedge, Indian Spurge Tree
Hindi: काटाथोहार, katathohar
Malayalam: Kallippala, Elakkalli, Ilakalli
Sanskrit: vajri, Patrashuhi
Telugu: బొగ్గు జిల్లేడు

Description
Large erect, fleshy deciduous, shrubs; branches terete; spines straight, 3-6 mm long, paired on flat corky base. Leaves alternate, sessile, 7-18 x 3-6.5 cm, oblanceolate-oblong or obovate, base cuneate, apex obtuse, fleshy. Cyathia usually paired, in subterminal cymes. Involucre broadly cupular, yellow; lobes fimbriate; glands 5, transversely oblong, fleshy, appendage absent. Male flowers with sterile florets, bracteolate. Female florets laterally pendulous. Style stout, branched above; stigmatic lobes flattened and slightly expanded. Capsule c. 5 mm across, 3-lobed. Seeds 4-angular, smooth.

Uses: Expectorant, digestive, stomachic, abortive [Medicinal  Plants]

Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant juice given to drink for cough, fever in children. Milky latex applied to cure scorpion stings,  bone  fracture,  rheumatism,  itch  and  skin  diseases. Stem bark powder mixed with goat milk and jaggery and the paste applied over the bone fracture. Leaves juice employed in earache and on mumps, mixed with neem oil applied in rheumatism; leaves warmed in mustard oil applied in cold and  headache.  Veterinary  medicine,  latex  applied  to  treat wounds of cattle. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Latex—used for treating jaundice, dropsy, enlargement of liver and spleen; colic; syphilis, leprosy; applied to haemorrhoids. Coagulated latex is used for bronchitis. Leaf—juice is used as a purgative. Warmed in mustard
oil, applied in cold and headache. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

22 Published articles of Euphorbia nivulia

Clematis gouriana, morata, Churanhar

Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC.
Family: Ranunculaceae

Common name: Gourian Clematis, Indian travelers's joy
Bengali: Chagalboti
Hindi: Belkum, Churanhar
Kannada: telajadari, thalejadari
Konkani: shendvel
Malayalam: Nikidakodi
Marathi: गोमेटी gometi, मोरवेल morvel
Nepali: जुंगॆ लहरा Junge lahara
Oriya: Idiya
Sanskrit: मोरट morata
Telugu: పేడుతివ pedutiwa, గౌరితీగ Gouriteega

Other Indian names: attumesaikodi, baelkan, bel kangu, belkangu, belkum, boromojhanti, chabru, cheerappookodi, chibru, churanhar, dehra, devi, dun, gokarni, gowri kunthala, idiya, jhol, jyrmi bytengdoh, kanguli, madhulika, madhurasa, madhusreni, maruvel, mookuvali talai, mor-vel, morabela, morata, moriel, moriyal, morvel, moryel, murva, pannedang, pedutivva, piluparni, poovalli, ranjai, ranjaayi, shend-vel, sruva, talajadhri, talazadari, tejani, telasadari, telejadari, totul, udurumbe soppu, udurumber soppu, yidya

Description: Climbing herbs; young branches pubescent. Leaflets 3-7, 4-6 x 1.5-3 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded at base, nerves tomentose below. Panicles drooping, terminal and axillary, tomentose. Flowers white, 1 cm across; sepals 7 x 4 mm, oblong, obtuse, pubescent; stamens many, filaments 8 mm long, glabrous; carpels 10-15, pubescent. Achenes 3 x 1 mm, ovoid, hairy; style persistent, ca. 30 mm long.

Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant said to be poisonous; stem and leaves bitter; the juice of freshly crushed leaves and stems has a vesicant blistering action. Whole plant juice applied on forehead for cold, headache, wound healing, antimicrobial.  Leaf  extract  applied  externally  for  eczema,  boils,  itches;  leaf  paste  applied  to  scabies,  cuts  and  wounds;  powdered  leaves taken like snuff for sinusitis. Leaves of Clematis and Dioscorea crushed together and juice dropped in the nose for epilepsy. Flowers keep off insects. Roots decoction given in stomachache. Veterinary medicine, stem and leaves bitter used as stomachic. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Antiinfection, alleviates pain, inflammation, skin disorders; antitoxic; resolves extravasate blood, rheumatic pain. [Taiwanese Native Medicinal Plants]

11 Published articles of Clematis gouriana