Sterculia villosa, Elephant rope tree, Udal

Sterculia villosa Roxb.
Family: Malvaceae

Synonyms: Sterculia armata Mast., Sterculia lantsangensis Hu, Sterculia ornata Wall. ex Kurz   

• Common name: Hairy Sterculia, Elephant rope tree
• Assamese: Udal
• Bengali: Udal উদাল
• Chinese: 榔皮树
• Hindi: Katira, God-gudala, Udal
• Kannada: Bilidale, savaya, anenar
• Khasi: Dieng star
• Malayalam: വക്ക vakka, cavali, chavuthi, shavoodee
• Manipuri: hei-rit
• Marathi: सरडोळ Sardol, kardul, gulkhandar, saykhand
• Mizo: khaupui
• Nepali: ओदाने odane
• Oriya: khaupui, kodali
• Tamil: ஓடல் odal, kottaithanuku, muruthan, vakkainar
• Telugu: kummaripoliki, gugai

Gum laxative. Decoction of bark given for constipation, a paste with ginger applied on hydrocele; paste rubbed over the body to check fever; bark juice with Pongamia pinnata oil used on ulcers. Root tonic, root made into a paste with table sugar and given to children in blood dysentery. Seeds paste with ginger applied on painful swelling of scrotum. Veterinary medicine, gum employed. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Description: Deciduous trees, to 10 m high, bark pale-brown, smooth with small corky warts; blaze red; branches horizontal and whorled. Leaves simple, palmately 5-7 lobed, alternate, crowded at the end of branchlets; stipules free, lateral, cauducous; petioles 7-25 cm long, stout, swollen at base, pubescent; lamina 6.5-45 x 9-45 cm, lobes oblong-ovate or ovate, base cordate, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate, margin entire, glabrous above and downy beneath, coriaceous; 5-7-ribbed from the base, palmate, prominent, lateral nerves 4-8, parallel, prominent, intercostae subscalariform-reticulate, prominent. Flowers polygamous, cream-coloured, 10-12 mm across, in long drooping panicles; calyx campanulate, pink, downy outside, glabrous within, divided to the middle, lobes 5, oblong-lanceolate, acute; petals absent; male flowers: staminal column recurved; anthers 10, along the rim of staminal column, column hairy at apex; female flowers; carpels 5, free, strigose with stellate hairs; gynophore stout, cylindric; style stout, hairy, deflexed; staminodes on a ring beneath the ovary. Fruit an aggregate of 2-7 follicles, each 3.5-7.5 cm long, brown, tomentose, seeds many, black, smooth. 

11 Published articles of Sterculia villosa

Grewia tenax, Gangeruki, Gondni, Kanger

Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori
Family: Malvaceae

Synonyms: Chadara tenax Forssk., Grewia betulifolia Juss., Grewia chadara Lam., Grewia populifolia Vahl, Grewia ribesiifolia Hochst. ex Mast., Grewia tenax var. capillipes Lanza, Grewia tenax var. glechomifolia Chiov., Grewia tenax var. ribesifolia Fiori

Common name: White Crossberry, Phalsa Cherry, Raisin bush
Hindi: गोंडनी Gondni
Telugu: Kaladi
Kannada: Kanger
Arabic: تبع، جديم
Sanskrit: Gangeruki
Malayalam: Oorakan

Description: A suberect to erect shrub, up to 3 m tall. Stem with ash-grey bark, young twigs stellate hairy. Leaves 3-5-costate, almost glabrous to sparsely or densely stellate hairy on both sides, ovate-elliptic or obovate to almost orbicular, 0.6-4.5 cm long, 0.4-4 cm broad, sharply serrate, cuneate at the base, acute to obtuse, rarely emarginate at the apex; petiole 2-14 mm long, hairy; stipules linear-lanceolate, caducous. Flowers solitary or rarely paired, on solitary, antiphyllous, (0.6-) 1.2 cm long, hairy peduncle, white, rarely yellowish-white, 2-2.5 cm across; pedicel c. half as long as peduncle, stellate tomentose. Sepals linear-oblong, (1-) 1.4 (-1.6) cm long, c. 3-4 mm broad, stellate hairy outside. Petals linear, (0.8-) 1.1-1.4 cm long, c. 2 mm broad, claw much smaller than limb, with somewhat reniform densely ciliate gland, bilobed at the apex. Stamens numerous, filaments slightly shorter than style or subequal. Torus angular. Ovary 4-lobed, glabrous, rarely stellate hairy; style c. 8-10 mm long, clavate, glabrous, rarely sparsely stellate hairy, stigma somewhat cupular. Drupe usually 2-4-lobed, lobes c. 5-7 mm in diameter, glabrous, rarely with sprinkled stellate hairs, orange yellow with red-dish tinge.

Bark and fruit as Antiseptic and Dysentery [Compendia of World’s Medicinal Flora]

Used  in  Ayurveda  and  Sidha.  Wood  decoction  a  remedy  against cough. Sticky substance under the bark used as an  insect repellent. For snakebite, root decoction drunk; roots  mixed with those of Diospyros scabra, boiled and used to  treat tuberculosis; roots boiled in milk and given to children  as a tonic; roots for bone fracture. Seeds known for their con- stipating property and ingesting large amounts may lead to  serious severe constipation. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Used in tuberculosis, anemia, tonic, purgative, anthelmintic [Handbook of African Medicinal Plants, Second Edition]

Used in constipation and stomach inflammation. [Medicinal Plant Biodiversity of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan]

Leaves  used in Hepatitis and boil [Medicinal Plants of Sindh : Indigenous Knowledge and Scientific Facts]

19 Published articles of Grewia tenax

Euphorbia granulata

Euphorbia granulata Forssk
Family: Euphorbiaceae

Synonyms: Agaloma graminifolia Raf., Anisophyllum granulatum (Forssk.) Schweinf., Chamaesyce granulata (Forssk.) Soják, Chamaesyce granulata var. glabrata (J.Gay) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao, Chamaesyce granulata var. turcomanica (Boiss.) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao, Chamaesyce sistanica (Dinelli & De Marco) Soják, Chamaesyce turcomanica (Boiss.) Prokh., Euphorbia aegyptiaca var. indica Boiss., Euphorbia arillata Edgew., Euphorbia forsskalii var. glabrata J.Gay, Euphorbia fragilis Decne., Euphorbia granulata var. glaberrima Boiss., Euphorbia granulata var. glabrata (J.Gay) Boiss., Euphorbia granulata var. turcomanica (Boiss.) Hadidi, Euphorbia kralickii Coss. ex Batt., Euphorbia sistanica Dinelli & De Marco, Euphorbia tigridis Boiss. , Euphorbia turcomanica Boiss., Euphorbia turcomanica var. tigridis Boiss., Tithymalus granulatus (Forssk.) Raf.

Blood purifier. Latex used as an antidote to scorpion sting [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

10 Published articles of Euphorbia granulata

Pavetta indica

 Pavetta indica L.
Family: Rubiaceae
Synonyms: Ixora indica (L.) Baill. , Ixora nunypapata Roxb. ex Wight & Arn. , Ixora paniculata Lam. , Ixora pavetta Roxb.  , Ixora roxburghii Kuntze , Ixora velutina Wall.  , Pavetta alba Vahl , Pavetta brunonis Wight  , Pavetta cerniflora Zipp. ex Span. , Pavetta indica var. glabra Blatt. & Hallb. , Pavetta indica var. indica , Pavetta obtusa Pers. , Pavetta thomsonii Bremek.

Common name: Indian Pavetta, Indian Pellet Shrub
Assamese: Sam-suku
Bengali: Jui
Hindi: Kankara, Kathachampa
Indonesia: Angsoka
Kannada: Pavati
Malayalam: മല്ലികമുട്ടി Mallikamutti
Manipuri: Nongmangkha Ashinba
Marathi: Papat
Oriya: Paniphingi
Sanskrit: Kakachdi
Sinhala: පාවට්ටා
Tamil: Kattukkaranai, Karanai
Telugu: Papidi

Description:
Habit: Large shrub or small trees up to 4 m tall.
Trunk\bark: Bark grey, smooth and irreuarly scaly when mature; blaze greenish cream
Branchlets: Young branchlets angular, terete when mature, glabrous.
Leaves: Leaves simple, opposite, decussate; stipules broadly lanceolate, intrapetiolar, sheathing, caducous and leaving scar; petioles 0.6-1.5 cm long, planoconvex in cross section, glabrous; lamina 8.5-16.5 × 2.6-5 cm, variable in shape, elliptic or obovate or oblanceoalte, apex caudate-acumiante, base attenuate, margin entire, prominently glandular between secondary nerves, glabrous beneath; midrib raised above; secondary nerves 6-12 pairs; tertiary nerves broadly reticulate.
Flowers: Inflorescence corymbose cymes, terminal; flowers white; pedicel ca. 0.7 cm long.
Fruit& seed: Berry, with 2 pyrenes; seeds one per pyrene.

Antiasthmatic, expectorant, astringent, antidiarrhoeal [Medicinal Plants Kerala Ag Uni]

Used in Ayurveda and Siddha. Leaves for poulticing boils to remove pus; leaves decoction used externally for piles. Crushed root bark, with rice water and ginger, taken as a diuretic and for dropsy; root, root bark or stem bark used for intestinal obstructions. Root diuretic, purgative, tonic, used in intestinal obstructions, intestinal disorders, dysentery, jaundice, headache, toothache, urinary diseases and dropsy; roots decoction as a postpartum remedy. Veterinary medicine, stem bark paste applied to maggot-infected sores.

Root—bitter and aperient. Prescribed in visceral obstructions, renal dropsy and ascites. Leaves—used for fomenting piles and for haemorrhoidal pains. [Indian Medicinal Plants - Ayurveda]

13 Published articles of Pavetta indica

Grewia optiva, dhanvanah, Beul

 

Grewia optiva J.R.Drumm. ex Burret
Family: Malvaceae

Sanskrit: dhanvanah, todana

Vernacular names: beul, beulang, bheku, bhekua, bhekul, bhekula, bhimal,  bhiunal,  bihul,  biul,  dhaman,  dhamman,  dhanvanah, todana, makakosi, pankath, phusre, sweto phorsa.

Used  in  Ayurveda.  Leaves  applied  on  eruptions.  Crushed bark extract taken for indigestion and gastric problems, also used as lubricant during difficult childbirth. Fruits for fever. Veterinary medicine, bark paste as plaster and fresh bark as bandage on fracture of cattle. Ceremonial, rituals, religious ceremonies, branches used for worship.

102 Published articles of Grewia optiva

Abutilon hirtum, Bankhanghi, Vadattuti

Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet
Family: Malvaceae

Common name: Hairy Indian Mallow, Florida Keys Indian mallow
Hindi: बनकंघी Bankhanghi
Malayalam: Oorakam
Marathi: बनकंघी Bankhanghi
Sanskrit: Atibala
Tamil: Vadattuti
Telugu: Pala benda, Nela benda

Used in Ayurveda. Poultice applied to ulcers and abscesses. Roots against cough and toothache, antipyretic. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

6 Published articles of Abutilon hirtum

Abutilon indicum, Atibala, Tutturabenda, Kanghi, Indische Samtpappel

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet
Family: Malvaceae

• Common name: Indian Mallow, Country Mallow, Abutilon, Indian abutilon
• Arabic: أبو طيلون هندي
• Bengali: দেশি পেটারি
• Chinese: 磨龙子
• French: Marie l'Hôpital
• German: Indische Samtpappel
• Hindi: कंघी Kanghi
• Kannada: Tutti
• Malayalam: വെല്ലുരമ് Velluram
• Marathi: पेटारी Petari
• Oriya: ପେଡ଼ିପେଡ଼ିକା
• Sanskrit: अतिबल atibala
• Tamil: Paniyaratutti, துத்திக்கீரை Thuttikeerai
• Telugu: తుత్తురుబెండ Tutturabenda
• Thai: ครอบฟันสี
• Vietnamese: Cây cối xay

Description: Undershrub to shrub, ½ to c. 3 m tall, stellate pubescent, intermingled with small, simple, spreading hairs atleast on the young parts. Branches usually green sometimes purplish. Leaves 2-18.5 cm long, 1.5-16 cm broad, cordate at base, acute to long acuminate at apex, serrate to crenate, 7-9-nerved, sometimes 3-angular, stellate pubescent, velutinous and cinereous on both sides, sometimes green above, petiole 2 to 18 cm long, stellate pubescent mixed with sparse, weak, simple, spreading hairs; stipule linear, 2-5 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicel 1.5-8 cm long, jointed near the apex. Calyx 7-11 mm long, not or slightly accresent in fruit, ultimately reflexed, fused at the base or nearly to the middle, pubescent on both sides; lobes lanceolate to ovate, acute to acuminate, 4-5 mm broad. Corolla orange-yellow or yellow, 2.5-3.5 cm across; petals obovate, 1-1.5 cm long and broad, claw hairy on the margin. Staminal column 5-7 mm long, stellate pubescent. Fruit. cylindric truncate, 1.5-2 cm across, stellate pubescent; mericarps (14-) 15-20, 10-18 mm long, 7-9 mm broad, acute or somewhat acuminate at the back, erect at maturity and not spreading stellately as in Abutilon ghafoorianum S.Abedin, dehisce after separating from the central axis.

Parts used leaves and seeds. Leucorrhoca and rheumatism [Compendia of World’s Medicinal Flora]

Used  in  Ayurveda,  Unani  and  Sidha.  Plant  used  for  abortion; fresh plant decoction taken orally in gonorrhea; ash of  the whole plant applied on burns. Bark astringent, diuretic.  Decoction of the root, with other ingredients, used in paralysis;  powdered  roots  in  fever,  epilepsy,  cough  and  leprosy.  Roots and leaves analgesic, in the treatment of flu, headache,  earache,  fever,  dysuria  and  metrorrhea;  leaves,  flowers  or  seeds decoction to treat fever, colic, for cleaning wounds and  ulcers. Root, leaves and seeds tonic for men. For curing piles,  seed powder taken orally with milk and sugar in the morning. Leaves demulcent, emollient and diuretic; leaf juice in  stomach troubles; leaf paste taken orally for stomachache and  for post-delivery complications, to get rid of leftover placenta  parts; fresh leaves paste applied on boils and piles; leaves and  seeds crushed with water and made into a paste applied externally  to  treat  syphilis.  Seeds  aphrodisiac,  demulcent,  laxative, in powdered form given in dysuria; seeds tied over the  joint to relieve pain. Veterinary medicine, leaves extract or  powdered leaves given for dysentery, diarrhea; leaves paste  applied to kill lice in goat; leaves given as anthelmintic; roots  of Ampelocissus tomentosa along with those of Abutilon indicum pounded and boiled and the decoction given for insect  bite; fruits of Zixiphus oenoplia along with leaves of Abutilon  indicum pounded and the extract given for dysentery. Magicoreligious beliefs, ceremonial, ritual, root offered followed by a  prayer. Contact therapy, roots tied to the waist of the pregnant  woman to prevent miscarriage, roots tied to the waist of the  delivering mother for safe and smooth delivery.) [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

 The plant is traditionally used in India, Pakistan, China and the Philippines for treatment of several diseases  like  bronchitis,  body  ache,  toothache, jaundice,  diabetes,  fever,  piles,  leprosy,  ulcers, cystitis,  gonorrhoea,  diarrhoea,  asthma,  etc. [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Vol-8]

Paste  of  the  leaves  and  flowers  is  applied  externally  to  ulcers. [Herbal Cures: Traditional Approach]

Dried, whole plant— febrifuge, anthelmintic, demulcent, diuretic, anti-inflammatory (in urinary and uterine discharges, piles, lumbago). Juice of the plant— emollient. Seeds—demulcent (used in cough, chronic cystitis), laxative. Leaves—cooked and eaten for bleeding piles. Flowers— antibacterial, anti-inflammatory. Bark—astringent, diuretic. Root— nervine tonic, given in paralysis; also prescribed in strangury. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

The roots and leaves are employed in the treatment of coryza, hyperthermia, headache, dysuria and metrorrhoea, in a daily dose of 4 to 8g of dried plant material in the form of a decoction. The juice of pounded fresh leaves and seeds internally applied is active on furunculosis, dysentery and snake-bite ; the residue is used for poultices. The dose of seeds is 8 to 12g per day. A combination with some other plants is prescribed for jaundice and certain post-partum diseases. [Medicinal Plants in Viet Nam]

Used in Flu, fever, diuretic, ringing in the ear, tuberculosis, epidemic parotitis [Taiwanese Native Medicinal Plants: Phytopharmacology and Therapeutic Values]

157 Published articles of  Abutilon indicum

Sterculia foetida, Jangli badam, Java olive

Sterculia foetida L.
Family: Malvaceae



Common name: Java Olive, Peon, Poon Tree, Wild Indian Almond, Sterculia nut
Bengali: জংগলী বাদাম jungli badam, বাক্স বাদাম baksho baadaam
Hindi: जंगली बादाम jangali badam
Kannada: bhatala penari
Konkani: कुवें रुक kuvem ruk, नागिन nagin
Malayalam: പിണര് pinar, പീനാറി pinari, പൊട്ടക്കാവളം pottakkavalam, മലംപരത്തി malamparaththi
Marathi: जंगलीबादाम jangalibadam, पुनव punava
Sanskrit: पुतिदारु putidaru, वित्खदिर vitkhadirah
Tamil: குதிரைப்பிடுக்கன் kutiraippitukkan, பீநாறி pinari
Telugu: అడవిబాదము adavibadamu, గుర్రపుబాదము gurrapubadamu, మంచిపొణకు manciponaku

Uses: Injuries caused by irritating hairs on the inside the fruits; seeds are edible, they have a purgative effect if consumed in large quantities. Bark and young leaves decoction diuretic, diaphoretic, abortifacient. Fresh leaf juice insect repellent. Fruit decoction astringent, in gonorrhea, diarrhea. Seed oil laxative; seeds abortifacient, if swallowed by any means in raw form cause nausea and giddiness. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

In Indonesia, a bark decoction used as abortifacient. Roasted fruit skin or its ashes used as a decoction for gonorrhoea in Java and leaf infusion used as aperients for fever. In Java, leaves used for washing head, root infusion used for bathing sick child or patient with jaundice. Pounded leaves applied on broken limbs and dislocated joints. Heated oiled leaves are applied on abdomen of children to treat fever followed by placement of used leaves on the chest. In the Philippines, a leaf decoction is used to treat suppuratives cutaneous eruptions while a decoction of the bark is used in cases of dropsy and rheumatism as an aperient, diaphoretic, and diuretic. A decoction of the fruit is astringent. In India, the bark and leaves are regarded as aperient, diuretic and diaphoretic. A decoction of the fruit is mucilaginous and astringent. The seed oil is administered internally in itches and other skin diseases and is applied externally as a paste. In Ghana, seeds are employed as a purgative. Oil from the seed is extracted on a local scale to be used in medicine. [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Vol-3]

Bark and leaf—aperient, diuretic. Fruit—astringent. Seed oil—carminative, laxative. Wood— antirheumatic. The wood, boiled with seed oil, is used externally in rheumatism. Beans, called Java Olives, if taken in
large quantities, cause nausea, act as violent purgative.[Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

103 Published articles of Sterculia foetida

Vitis vinifera, Draksha

Vitis vinifera Linn.
Family:  Vitaceae

English: Grapes
Arabic: كرمة نبيذية
Assami: Dakh, Munaqqa
Bengali: Maneka
Bulgarian: Vino
Chinese: 葡萄
French: Vigne cultivée
German: Weinrebe
Gujarat: Drakh, Darakh
Hindi: Angur
Hungarian: Bortermő szőlő
Japanese: ヨーロッパブドウ
Kannada: Draksha
Malayalam: Munthringya
Marathi: Draksha, Angur
Oriya: Drakya, Gostoni
Persian: ریشبابا
Punjabi: Munaca
Russian: виноград , Виноград культурный
Sanskrit: Mrdvika, Gostani
Spanish: Vid
Tamil: Diratchai, Drakshai
Telugu: Draksha
Urdu: Munaqqa

Description: A large shrub, main stem stout, reaching a girth of 1.5 m. Leaves orbicular, cordate, pentagonal or dissected, 10.5-20 x 7-15 cm, serrate or irregularly dentate, acuminate, cordate, glabrous or glabrescent above, sparsely grey tomentose beneath and glabrescent membranous; petiole 4-10 cm long. Peduncle 4-5 cm long, often bearing unbranched tendril. Flower bisexual or functionally pistillate with shorter sterile stamens, greenish in colour, c. 1.5 x 1 mm; pedicel c. 2 mm long, wiry, elongated and thickened in fruit. Calyx minute, cupular. Petals 5, c. 1.5 mm long, ± lanceolate. Disc with 5 hypogynous glands, adnate to the base of ovary. Berry variable in size, shape and colour, 6-22 mm long, purple, black-violet, red, pinkish or greenish, 2-4 seeded, with juicy sweet or sour pulp. Seed pyriform or ovoid, 5-6 mm long, beaked.

Used in Alcoholism, jaundice, constipation, bleeding diathesis, bronchitis, burning urine and general debility. [Compendia of World’s Medicinal Flora]

Used  in  Ayurveda.  Leaves  and  tendrils  chewed  to  relieve toothache.  Mustard  oil  spread  on  the  leaf,  mildly  warmed and applied for boils. Stem mixed with Solanum nigrum and Cestrum parqui and applied to treat inflammation. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]
Sap of young branches used as remedy for skin diseases. Leaves astringent, used in diarrhoea. Juice of unripe fruit astringent, used in throat affections. Dried fruit demulcent, cooling, sweet, laxative, stomachic, used in thirst, heat of body, coughs, hoarseness, consumption and in wasting diseases. A malagma made from the seed is said to be a folk remedy for condylomata of the joints. The fruit, prepared in various manners, is said to remedy mola, uterine tumors, hardness of the liver, tumors, and cancer. The juice, prepared in various manners, is said to remedy tumors of the tonsils, excrescences of the seat, tumors of the fauces, indurations, tumors of the neck, chronic tumors, and hard cancers.  Using the sap of grapevines, European folk healers sought to cure skin and eye diseases. Other historical uses include the leaves being used to stop bleeding, pain and inflammation of hemorrhoids. Unripe grapes were used for treating sore throats, and raisins were given as treatments for consumption (tuberculosis), constipation and thirst. Ripe grapes were used for the treatment of cancer, cholera, smallpox, nausea, skin and eye infections as well as kidney and liver diseases.  [Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Vol-6]

Grapeseed extract is promoted as an antioxidant supplement for preventing degenerative disorders in particular, in the same way as other flavonoid-containing products. The in vitro antioxidant properties are well documented and there is some clinical evidence to suggest that it can promote general cardiovascular health. [Stockley's Herbal Medicines Interactions]

The seeds and leaves are astringent and anti-inflammatory and have been taken to relieve diarrhoea. Raisins are highly nutritious, gently laxative, and demulcent. [Herbal Remedies]

Dried fruits, seedless—nourishing and invigorating. Used in prescriptions for cough, respiratory tract catarrh, subacute cases of enlarged liver and spleen; and in alcohol-based tonics. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Folk Medicinal Uses: Lumbago, Edema, Measles, Palpitation, Difficulty in urination, Threatened abortion, Insomnia, Abscess suppuration, Constipation, Night sweating, Tussis, Deficient milk after child-birth, Anaemia, Rheumatalgia, Giddiness [International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine Vol-4]

The dried fruits are demulcent, laxative and sweet to the taste. They are useful for cough, thirst, hoarseness and consumption. The sap of the young branches is a popular remedy for skin diseases in Europe. The juice of the unripe grapes is astringent and useful for ailments of the throat. Raisins constitute an essential ingredient in the preparation of aristas. The grape cure is a popular remedy for pulmonary diseases and other ailments in Switzerland and other continental countries. The leaves and tendrils possess astringent properties and employed in diarrhoea and other bowel complaints. The grape seed oil is also a remedy for diarrhoea. [Medicinal Plants (Indigenous and Exotic) Used in Ceylon]

Potent antioxidant, Treatment of varicose veins and other vein disorders, Cardiovascular protectant, Anti-inflammatory agent, Antihistamine, Wrinkle treatment, Treatment of burns, Treatment of slow-healing ulcers [Pharmacodynamic Basis of Herbal Medicine 2nd Ed]

364 Published articles of Vitis vinifera

Senna sophera, Cassia sophera, Kaasamarda, Ponnanthakara, Kasaunda, Pepper leaved Senna

Senna sophera (L.) Roxb.
Family: Leguminosae

Common name: Pepper leaved Senna, Kasondi Senna
Bengali: Kolkasunda কল্কাসুন্দা
Hindi: Kasaunda
Gujarati: કાસુંદરી
Malayalam: Ponnavirum, പൊന്നാന്തകര Ponnanthakara
Portuguese: cássia caromendeliana
Sanskrit: Kaasamarda
Spanish: algarrobilla
Tamil: Sulari, ஞாழல் Gnalal, Ponnaavaarai

Description: Perennial, Shrubs, Stems woody below, or from woody crown or caudex, Stems or branches arching, spreading or decumbent, Stems less than 1 m tall, Stems 1-2 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs glabrous or sparsely glabrate, Stems or young twigs sparsely to densely hairy, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Extrafloral nectary glands on petiole, Stipules inconspicuous, absent, or caducous, Stipules green, triangulate to lanceolate or foliaceous, Stipules deciduous, Stipules free, Leaves compound, Leaves even pinnate, Leaf or leaflet margins entire, Leaflets opposite, Leaflets 5-9, Leaflets 10-many, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Flowers in axillary clusters or few-floweredracemes, 2-6 flowers, Inflorescences racemes, Inflorescence axillary, Bracts very small, absent or caducous, Flowers actinomorphic or somewhat irregular, Flowers zygomorphic, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx glabrous, Calyx hairy, Petals separate, Peta ls orange or yellow, Fertile stamens 6-8, Stamens heteromorphic, graded in size, Stamens completely free, separate, Filaments glabrous, Anthers opening by basal or terminal pores or slits, Style terete, Fruit a legume, Fruit stipitate, Fruit unilocular, Fruit freely dehiscent, Fruit elongate, straight, Fruit oblong or ellipsoidal, Fruit coriaceous or becoming woody, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit inflated or turgid, Fruit internally septate between the seeds, Fruit compressed between seeds, Fruit glabrous or glabrate, Fruit 11-many seeded, Seed with elliptical line or depression, pleurogram, Seeds ovoid to rounded in outline, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black.

Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Said to be poisonous, contradictory reports. Plant expectorant, a decoction used against  cough,  bronchitis,  asthma  and  respiratory  ailments.  Leaf  infusion drunk to treat fever and malaria, leaves decoction  for conjunctivitis; warm leaves poultice applied in hydrocele;  leaves juice expectorant, antiseptic, anthelmintic, febrifuge,  antirheumatic,  applied  against  ringworm;  powdered  dry leaves insecticides and insect repellent. Bark infusion antidiabetic; bark and powdered seeds mixed with honey given  in diabetes. Bark, leaves and seeds cathartic; paste of bark  or seed applied to treat ringworm and pimples. Seeds used  to treat fever; seed powder taken to treat urinary problems.  Roots decoction drunk to relieve painful menstruation and as  a postpartum remedy; root is considered to be expectorant. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Malaria, fevers, anthelmintic, rheumatism, anti-inflammatory. [Handbook of African Medicinal Plants, Second Edition]

Leaves, seeds, bark—cathartic; considered specific for ringworm and other skin diseases (bark may cause dermatitis); used for bronchitis and asthma. A paste of leaves is used for treating piles. An infusion of fresh leaves, with sugar, is given in jaundice. Plant is spasmolytic. Alcoholic extract of leaves is intestinal and bronchial muscle relaxant. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Seed: In the vicinity of Georgetown, Guyana the boiled seeds are used for the treatment of Bright's disease. [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) ]

21 Published articles of Senna sophera

Alpinia galanga, Galangale, Kulanjana, Sittarattai, Dumparashtram, Альпиния галанга

Alpinia galanga Willd.
Family: Zingiberaceae

Synonyms: Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe, Alpinia bifida Warb., Alpinia carnea Griff., Alpinia galanga var. galanga, Alpinia galanga var. pyramidata (Blume) K.Schum., Alpinia pyramidata Blume, Alpinia rheedei Wight, Alpinia viridiflora Griff., Amomum galanga (L.) Lour., Amomum medium Lour., Galanga major Garsault , Galanga officinalis Salisb., Hellenia alba (Retz.) Willd., Heritiera alba Retz., Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz, Languas pyramidata (Blume) Merr., Languas vulgare J.Koenig, Maranta galanga L., Zingiber galanga (L.) Stokes, Zingiber medium Stokes, Zingiber sylvestre Gaertn.

Common name: Galangale

• Arabic: خولنجان
• Assamese : Khulanjaana
• Bengali : Kulanjan, Kurachi Vach
• Burmese: Pa de gaw gyi
• Chinese: 大高良姜
• English : Greater galangal, Javagalangal
• Finnish: Isogalangajuuri
• French: Souchet long
• Gujrati   : Kulinjan Jaanu, Kolinjan
• Hebrew: גלנגל
• Hindi     : Kulanjan, Kulinjan
• Hungarian: Galangagyökér
• Japanese: ガランガ
• Kannada : Doddarasagadde, Dhoomraasmi
• Khmer: Romdeng
• Korean: 갈렌갈
• Lao: Kha ta deng
• Malay: Lengkuas
• Malayalam : Aratta, Ciffaratta, വലിയ അരത്ത
• Marathi : Kulinlan, कोष्टकुलिंजन Koshta Kulinjan, Mothe Kolanjan, 
• Portuguese: Gengibre do Laos
• Russian: Галгант, Альпиния галанга
• Sanskrit : Kulanjana,  Sugandhmula, Malaya, vacha, Sthulagranthih, Mahabhari, Rasna
• Slovak: Galgán lekársky
• Slovenian: Langvas
• Tamil    : அரத்தை Arattai, Sittarattai
• Telugu   : దుంపరాష్ట్రము Dumparaastramu
• Thai: ดอกข่า, ข่า (พืช)
• Vietnamese: Riềng

Ayurvedic uses: Sopha, Svasa, Hikka, Pratisyaya, Vatavyadhi, Udararoga, Kampa, Vishamajvara, Kaphakasa. Asti, Mahakushta, Vataja sula. [API, Vol-5]

Galanga is recommended for diarrhea, nausea, and seasickness. Galangal is reputed to be an aphrodisiac, although this is probably due to its general stimulating effect on the Fire element. Preparation: Decoction from one “thumb-length” (or about 5 grams) fresh galangal, finely chopped,  grated,  or  mashed  with  mortar  and  pestle.  Boil  10–15  minutes;  drink  after meals.   Galangal has an antiseptic action similar to ginger and may be used topically for bacterial and fungal skin infections, acne, mosquito bites, bee stings, other insect bites, and as a gargle for mouth sores. A. nigra is used for treatment of ringworm and other skin parasites. [A Thai Herbal: Traditional Recipes for Health and Harmony]

Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Rhizome antidiabetic, expectorant, antibacterial, digestive, hot, carminative, stimulant, fungicide, antioxidant, antiulcer, aphrodisiac, used for skin diseases, scabies, indigestion, colic, dysentery, enlarged spleen, ear pain, respiratory diseases, stomachache, for treatment of systemic infections and cholera; juice given in heart diseases; powder or decoction given in rheumatism, fever, bronchitis, catarrh; macerated rhizomes taken for leprosy, included in a preparation known as awas empas. Seed powder in gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea, vomiting. Veterinary medicine. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

In Asia, galangal is also used for arthritis, diabetes, stomach problems and difficulty in swallowing. It is especially useful in flatulence, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting and sickness of the stomach, being recommended as a remedy for seasickness. It tones the tissues and is sometimes prescribed in fever. Galangal is used in cattle medicine, and the Arabs use it to make their horses fiery. It is included in several compound preparations. [Handbook of herbs and spices Vol-2]

Popular folk remedy for cancer, especially of the mouth and stomach. Rootstocks are considered aphrodisiac, aromatic, carminative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. Its expectorant activity has been compared to anise and dill, useful in pediatric respiratory problems. I would not hesitate to mix it with those for my grandchildren during flu season. I would hesitate to give them a brand new synthetic. Roots, flayed on one end until brush-shaped, are dipped in vinegar and rubbed on spots caused by “panu,” a common skin disease in Java. As a paste, with a little garlic and vinegar (red wine vinegar is better), it is a last resort drastic remedy for herpes. Rhizomes are also recommended for use in dyspepsia, diabetes, impotence, nervous debility, and food poisoning. They also have disinfectant properties and are used as a deodorant of foul smells in the mouth and other parts of the body, as well as being used as a fragrant adjunct in various prescriptions. Aromatic parts, made into a paste, are applied in acne and other skin diseases. Seeds are alterative, calefacient, sternutatory, and stomachic and are useful in diarrhea and vomiting as well as for medicinal uses same as the rhizome. In some parts of the world, its main use is in clearing the voice. [CRC Handbook of Medicinal Spices]

Rhizome—carminative (in dyspepsia), stomachic, circulatory stimulant, diaphoretic, antiinflammatory. Throughout southern India, the rhizome of Alpinia galanga is used as Raasnaa for rheumatism, intermittent fever, dyspepsia and respiratory ailments. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]
An infusion  of the rhizome of this herb is given for rheumatism, fever, impotency  bronchitis, dyspepsia  and  diabetes.  The juice  of the rhizome is given with human  urine  for  cobra-bite poisoning.  In  Mysore, it  is used for bronchial catarrh and  in China, the seeds are  used for colic, diarrhoea and vomiting. [Medicinal Plants (Indigenous and Exotic) Used in Ceylon]

Therapeutic uses: The rhizome is an antibacterial agent and a digestive stimulant. It is indicated in the treatment of dyspepsia, flatulence, vomiting, gastralgia, colic, diarrhoea and malaria fever, in a daily dose of 3 to 6g, in the form of a decoction, powder or elixir. It is also applied externally on carious teeth to cure toothache.  [Medicinal Plants in Viet Nam]

The  rhizomes  are  bitter,  acrid,  thermogenic,  aromatic,  nervine  tonic,  stimulant,  revulsive,  carminative,  stomachic,  disinfectant,  aphrodisiac,  expectorant,  broncho-dilator,  antifungal, febrifuge, antiinflammatory and tonic. Rhizome is CVS and CNS active, diuretic,  hypothermic. Seed is antiulcerative. Rhizome spray in ether, over a space showed high knock  down  values  against  houseflies.  Alcohol    (50%)  extract  of  rhizome  is  anti-amphetaminic.  Unani physicians consider it good for impotence. [Medicinal Plants Kerala Ag University]

Indigestion,  flatulence,  dyspepsia,  colic,  nausea,  vomiting,  diarrhoea,  cough, haemoptysis, fever, allergic reaction, amenorrhoea, laxation and as blood purifying agent. Dosage Stem or flower powder is orally taken in a dose of 1 - 2 gm for indigestion, flatulence, vomiting and colic. Decoction of rhizome, together with sugar is orally taken in a dose of 15 - 30 ml or dried powder in a dose of 1 - 2 gm for cough, fevers, menstrual disorders. [Medicinal Plants of Myanmar]

110 Published articles of  Alpinia galanga

Citrullus lanatus, Watermelon, Darbis, Tarbooz, sandía, Vesimeloni

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai
Family: Cucurbitaceae

Synonyms: Anguria citrullus Mill., Citrullus amarus Schrad., Citrullus anguria (Duchesne) H.Hara, Citrullus aquosus Schur, Citrullus battich Forssk., Citrullus caffer Schrad., Citrullus caffrorum Schrad., Citrullus chodospermus Falc. & Dunal, Citrullus citrullus H.Karst., Citrullus citrullus Small, Citrullus colocynthis var. capensis Alef., Citrullus colocynthis var. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, Citrullus edulis Spach, Citrullus edulis Pangalo, Citrullus lanatus var. albidus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus f. amarus (Schrad.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, Citrullus lanatus var. caffer (Schrad.) Mansf. ex Fursa, Citrullus lanatus var. caffrorum (Alef.) Fosberg, Citrullus lanatus var. capensis (Alef.) Fursa, Citrullus lanatus subsp. cordophanus Ter-Avan., Citrullus lanatus var. cordophanus (Ter-Avan.) Fursa, Citrullus lanatus var. fistulosus (Steward) Babu, Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus, Citrullus lanatus var. minor (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus subsp. mucosospermus Fursa, Citrullus lanatus f. nigroseminius (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. oblongus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. pulcherrimus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. pumilus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. rotundus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. senegalicus Fursa, Citrullus lanatus var. shami (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. variegatus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. virgatus (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus lanatus var. viridis (Chakrav.) Maheshw., Citrullus mucosospermus (Fursa) Fursa, Citrullus mucosospermus var. senegalicus (Fursa) Fursa, Citrullus pasteca Sageret, Citrullus vulgaris Schrad., Citrullus vulgaris var. caffrorum Alef., Citrullus vulgaris var. fistulosus Steward, Colocynthis amarissima Schrad., Colocynthis amarissima Schltdl., Colocynthis citrullus (L.) Kuntze, Colocynthis citrullus Fritsch, Cucumis amarissimus Schrad., Cucumis citrullus (L.) Ser., Cucumis citrullus var. jace Ser., Cucumis citrullus var. pasteca Ser., Cucumis dissectus Decne., Cucumis edulis Steud., Cucumis laciniosus Eckl. ex Steud., Cucumis laciniosus Eckl. ex Schrad., Cucumis vulgaris (Schrad.) E.H.L.Krause, Cucurbita anguria Duchesne, Cucurbita caffra Eckl. & Zeyh., Cucurbita citrullus L., Cucurbita gigantea Salisb., Cucurbita pinnatifida Schrank, Momordica lanata Thunb.

• Common name: Watermelon
• Bengali: Tormuj
• Chinese: 寒瓜
• Croatian: lubenica
• Dutch: Watermeloen
• Finnish: Vesimeloni
• Gujarati: ઇંદ્રક Indrak
• Hindi: तरबूज़ Tarbooz
• Kannada: Kallangadi balli
• Manipuri: তৰবুজ Tarbuj
• Marathi: Kadu vrindavana
• Portuguese: Melancia
• Spanish: sandía
• Swedish: vattenmelon
• Tamil: Darbis
• Telugu: పుచ్చ putcha, కలెంగడి kalengadi
• Urdu: Tarbooz

Description: Annual herb with prostrate of climbing stems up to 10 m long, covered in long spreading hairs, particularly when young. Tendrils2-3-fid. Leaves more or less narrowly ovate in outline, up to 20 × 19 cm, usually deeply palmately 3-5 lobed with lobes elliptic in outline and often lobed again; hairy when young, particularly on the veins beneath, becoming roughly punctate when oleder; margins almost entire or obscurely and finely sinuate-dentate. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow, unisexual on the same plant. Fruit smooth, in wild plants 1.5-20 cm long, greenish with darker mottling; cultivated fruits much larger and often more elongated ellipsoid, up to 60 × 30 cm. 

Used in Ayurveda. Stems for sinusitis. Leaves and roots for dysentery;  root  juice  to  stop  bleeding.  Seeds  expectorant, hypotensive, an infusion taken for kidney trouble; a decoction  taken  as  a  diuretic;  kernels  cooling,  diuretic.  Fruits  diuretic, used for fever, jaundice, sunstroke, nephritis, diabetes. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, superstitions, unripened plant considered poisonous. Veterinary medicine, seeds infusion given to horses for gravel. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Pulp—cooling and refreshing, a rich source of pectin, carotenoids, surcose (as major sugar). Fruit juice is prescribed in strangury and urinary complaints, also in hepatic congestion and intestinal catarrh. Seeds—cooling, purgative, diuretic, demulcent (used in urinary infections). Leaves—febrifuge. The pericarp is given in diarrhoea. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

In China, the pulp and the rind are eaten to treat diabetes and jaundice, and to expel impurities. The pulp is used to soothe an inflamed throat, heal sores in the mouth and to fight dependence on alcohol. In India, the unripe fruits are used to strengthen, promote libido and to treat jaundice and fever. The seeds are used to promote libido, and the leaves are used to check bleeding. In Indonesia, the fruits are used to assuage rheumatic pains. In Malaysia, the juice of the roots is used to check bleeding after an abortion. In Palau, the fruits are used to treat beriberi and cystitis. In Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, the pulp and rind are eaten to regulate motion. [Medicinal Plants: Drugs For The Future? ]

 Leaf  and  Seed:  In  French  Guiana,  an  emulsion  of  seeds  and  crushed  leaves  makes  an excellent cataplasm applied warm for intestinal inflammation. Fruit: Pulp is refreshing; juice used as a refreshing wash. [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) ]

37 Published articles of Citrullus lanatus

Spondias pinnata, Wild mango, ambares, kincam

Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz
Family: Anacardiaceae

Synonyms: Mangifera pinnata L. f. , Poupartia pinnata (L. f.) Blanco, Spondias acuminata Roxb., Spondias mangifera Willd., Tetrastigma megalocarpum W.T. Wang

Common name: Wild Mango, Andaman mombin, Indian hog plum, Indian mombin
Assamese: আমৰা aamrata, আমড়া Aamada
Bengali: আমড়া aamada, আম্রাত aamraata, আম্রাতক aamraataka
Chinese: 木个
Gujarati: અંબાડાં ambaada
Hindi: अम्बाड़ा ambara, अम्बाड़ी ambari, अमरा amra, भृङ्गी फल bhringi-phal, मेटुला metula, पशु हरितकी pashu-haritaki, पीतन pitan
Khasi: Dieng-sohpier
Konkani: आंबाडे ambade, आंबाडो ambado
Malayalam: അമ്പഴം ampazham
Manipuri: Eikhoi
Marathi: अमडा amada, अंबाडा ambada, ढोलआंबा dholamba, खटांबा khatamba, रानआंबा ranamba
Mizo: Tawitaw
Nepali: अमारो amaro
Oriya: Ambaada
Portuguese: ambares
Sanskrit: आम्रात aamraata, अम्रातकः amraatakah, मेटुला metula, पीतनः pitan
Tamil: கிஞ்சம் kincam, புளிமா pulima
Telugu: అడవిమామిడి adavimamidi

Bole: Branched. Small/medium. To 20 m. Bark: Dark/light brown. Smooth/cracked. Slash: Pink/red. Resinous smell. Leaf: Odd-pinnate. 10 - 32 cm long. 7 - 13 leaflets. Alternate. Lflt: Alternate/opposite. Petiole: 1 - 2.3 cm. Lamina: Medium/small. 9 - 34 × 3 - 13 cm. Oblong/ovate. Rounded/cuneate. Asymmetrical (Terminal leaflet symmetrical). Acuminate/obtuse. Entire. Glabrous. Domatia: Absent. Glands: Absent. Stipules: Absent. Thorns & Spines: Absent. Flower: Yellow/orange. Panicles on older branches & trunk 20 - 95 cm long. Dioecious. Fruit: Bright yellow; apiculate ellipsoid drupe. 1.5 - 2.5 cm long; 0.7 - 1.3 cm in diameter; edible.

Deciduous trees, 10-15 m tall; branchlets yellowish brown, glabrous. Petiole 10-15 cm, petiole and rachis glabrous; leaf blade 30-40 cm, imparipinnately compound with 5-11 opposite leaflets; leaflet petiolule 3-5 mm; leaflet blade ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 7-12 × 4-5 cm, papery, glabrous on both sides, base cuneate to rounded, often oblique, margin serrate or entire, apex acuminate, lateral veins 12-25 pairs, slightly impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially, joined with submarginal collecting vein. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal, 25-35 cm, glabrous, basal first order branches 10-15 cm. Flower sessile or subsessile, white, glabrous. Calyx lobes triangular, ca. 0.5 mm. Petals ovate-oblong, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, apically acute. Stamens ca. 1.5 mm. Ovary subglobose, ca. 1 mm; styles 4 or 5, free, ca. 0.5 mm. Drupe ellipsoid to elliptic-ovoid, yellowish orange at maturity, 3.5-5 × 2.5-3.5 cm; inner part of endocarp woody and grooved, outer part fibrous; mature fruit usually with 2 or 3 seeds. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Sep.

Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Tree bark rubefacient,  antiemetic, tonic, aromatic, astringent, refrigerant, useful in  dysentery, diarrhea, biliousness, menstrual disorders, arthri- tis, tuberculosis, being used for rubbing on the skin over pain- ful joints; bark paste for stomach and body pain; bark juice  taken for diarrhea and dysentery, also applied on ringworm  and skin diseases. Leaves juice dropped in the ear in earache. The fruit used as an astringent, blood purifier, antiscorbutic and against dyspepsia; fruit juice applied or dropped  against  earache,  also  taken  to  stop  blood  dysentery;  fruit  boiled with the fish Channa punctatus, goroi, taken as curry  against dysentery; seeds of Garcinia cowa made into a paste  with seeds of Spondias pinnata applied on blistering spots,  rashes and itches. Veterinary medicine, stem bark for snakebite. Magico-religious beliefs, superstitions, at night it is not  advisable to go near the plant, maybe some devils are near  that place; tribe gives fruit stone to children to wear against  harmful effects of supernatural power, ghost, witches, and to  cure mouth ulcer. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Fruits, leaves, bark— astringent, antidysenteric, anti- speptic, antiscorbutic. Bark paste applied externally to articular and muscular rheumatism. Root—used for regulating menstruation. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of In- dia recommends stem bark in haem- orrhagic diseases. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

Medicinal  use:  Fruit  is  antiscorbutic  and  astringent,  and  used  in  bilious  dyspepsia. Leaves are aromatic, acidic and astringent; juice is used in earache.  Bark is astringent and useful in dysentery, diarrhea and vomiting.  Paste of bark is used in rheumatism. Decoction of bark and wood is used in gonorrhea and leucorrhoea.  Gum is demulcent.  It  is  also  used  In  the  treatment  of  anemia, asthma,  hyperacidity and scurvy. O the r uses: Fruit is acidic and edible. Wood is whitish, very soft and light and used for making packing cases.  Barking deer is fond of its fruits.  [Selected Medicinal Plants of Chittagong Hill Tracts]

34 Published articles of Spondias pinnata

Ocimum basilicum, Basil, Tulasi, tirnirupachai

Ocimum basilicum L.
Family: Lamiaceae

Synonyms: Ocimum album L., Ocimum anisatum Benth., Ocimum barrelieri Roth, Ocimum basilicum var. album (L.) Benth., Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum, Ocimum basilicum var. densiflorum Benth., Ocimum basilicum var. difforme Benth., Ocimum basilicum var. glabratum Benth., Ocimum basilicum var. majus Benth., Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens Benth., Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum (L.) Benth., Ocimum bullatum Lam., Ocimum caryophyllatum Roxb., Ocimum chevalieri Briq., Ocimum ciliare B.Heyne ex Hook.f., Ocimum ciliatum Hornem., Ocimum citrodorum Blanco, Ocimum cochleatum Desf., Ocimum dentatum Moench, Ocimum hispidum Lam., Ocimum integerrimum Willd., Ocimum lanceolatum Schumach. & Thonn., Ocimum laxum Vahl ex Benth., Ocimum majus Garsault , Ocimum medium Mill., Ocimum minus Garsault , Ocimum nigrum Thouars ex Benth., Ocimum odorum Salisb. , Ocimum scabrum Wight ex Hook.f., Ocimum simile N.E.Br., Ocimum thyrsiflorum L., Ocimum urticifolium Benth. , Plectranthus barrelieri (Roth) Spreng.

• English: Basil
• Albanian: Bozilok i mermë
• Amharic: በሶቢለ
• Arabic: rehahn, رَيْحَان, ريحان
• Armenian: Շահասպրամ
• Azerbaijani: Reyxan
• Bengali: Babui tulsi
• Bulgarian: Босилек
• Burmese: Laun, Pinzainpinzin
• Catalan: Alfàbega
• Chinese: 省头草
• Croatian: Bosiljak
• Danish: Basilikum
• Esperanto: Bazilio
• Estonian: Vürtsbasiilik
• Finnish: Maustebasilika
• French: Basilic commun, Basilic à épis nombreux
• Galician: albahaca
• Georgian: რეჰანი
• Gujarati: Sabje
• Hebrew: בזיליקום
• Hindi: Babui Tulsi बाबूई तुलसी
• Hungarian: Bazsalikom
• Indonesian: Indring
• Italian: Basilico
• Japanese: バジル, メボウキ
• Kannada: ವಿಷ್ಣುತುಳಸಿ, ಶ್ರೀತುಳಸಿ
• Kazakh: Насыбайгүл
• Korean: 바실
• Lithuanian: Bazilikas
• Malay: sělasi
• Malayalam: Tirunetru
• Polish: Bazylia wonna
• Romanian: Busuioc
• Russian: Душистые васильки
• Sanskrit: munjariki
• Sinhalese: Madurutala
• Swedish: Basilika
• Tamil: திருநீற்றுப்பச்சை, tirnirupachai
• Turkish: Fesleğen
• Vietnamese: É dỏ

Description: Erect annual herbs to 60 cm tall; stem obtusely 4-angular. Leaves 3.5-6 x 1.5-2.5 cm, ovate-elliptic, base cuneate, margin entire to distantly crenulate, apex acute, puberulous above, pubescent with sessile oil galnds beneath; petiole to 2 cm long. Racemes to 14 cm long; bracts oblanceolate, ciliate; pedicel to 2 mm long. Calyx to 6 mm long; tube c. 3 mm long, sparsely strigose; upper lip c. 3 mm long, broadly ovate; lower lip to 4 mm long, hairy within. Corolla cream, 7-10 mm long; tube c. 4 mm long, inflated below; lobes 5. Stamens 4; filaments of posterior pair with a transverse process of tufted hairs. Nutlets 2-3 x 1-1.5 mm, ellipsoid, black, mucilaginous when wet. Fruiting calyx 6-8 mm long

Used  in  Ayurveda,  Unani  and  Sidha.  Whole  plant  used  to  promote  delayed  menstruation,  whole  plant  boiled  for  morning  sickness.  Mucilaginous  seeds  infusion  given  in  gonorrhea,  dysentery  and  diarrhea.  Leaves  antibacterial,  stimulant,  aphrodisiac,  astringent  and  carminative,  antiyeast, insecticidal, febrifuge, antifungal, antiascariasis, for  gonorrhea, diarrhea, dysentery, kidney diseases, spermatorrhea; leaf decoction mixed with saline water used to keep  away the snakes; leaves pounded and soaked in water, put  in ear for headache; leaves decoction as a postpartum remedy; fresh juice of leaves dropped in nostrils during hysteria.  Flowers and leaves for cough and cold, sore throat and fever.  Ceremonial, whole plant, holy plant. Veterinary medicine,  fruits of Phyllanthus emblica pound with leaves of Ocimum  basilicum and given with honey to cure the loss of appetite;  bark extract of Crateva magna along with leaves of Cassia  fistula ,  seeds  of  Ocimum  basilicum,  butter  and  salt  are  pounded and given orally in tympany [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Basil is an important culinary herb. Dried sweet basil leaves are aromatic, fragrant, and sweet, with a warm clove­like flavor with pungent undertones. The fresh or dehydrated  leaves (sometimes also the flowering tops) are added to soups, meat pies, fish dishes, and certain cheeses. The leaves complement various vegetable  dishes, including artichoke, broccoli, carrot, cabbage, eggplant, green beans, peas, squash, zucchini, and cooked cucumber. Many consider basil to be the best  accompaniment to tomatoes (even a Bloody Mary), tomato cocktails, peppers, and eggplants (all belonging to the potato family). So good is it with tomatoes that  Italian tomato paste cans often contain a leaf of basil (Duke 1985). Chopped basil leaves season lamb dishes, dressings, stuffings and pâtés. The green leaves are also  used in salads and on pizza in addition to or instead of oregano. Dehydrated basil is very important in Italian cooking, notably in tomato sauce, pizza, spaghetti,  macaroni, chicken cacciatore, and cheese casseroles. Rinzler (1990) states that basil goes well with fruits, and suggests sprinkling some on a baked apple. Fresh basil  is essential for the famous Italian pesto sauce, an oil­and­herb mixture made by pounding the leaves to a pulp in a mortar and combining salt, garlic, olive oil, parmesan  cheese and pine or walnuts. The French add basil to omelets and soups. It is also sometimes an ingredient of "bouquet garni" (a combined bunch of herbs popular in  France, typically thyme, rosemary and laurel). Fresh leaves are best added towards the end of cooking tune to retain a desirable flavor and aroma. Small leaves are  best used whole. Fresh leaves are much more flavorful than dried, and are to be preferred when available. Large leaves should be torn rather than cut to preserve their flavor. However, Mességué and Peter (1982) recommend cutting basil into strips on a board, or with scissors, but not  chopping it. Lemon basil can be used to make a flavorful tea. The oil of basil is sometimes added as a flavoring for confectionary, candy, baked goods, and commercial condiments such as chile sauces, catsup, tomato paste,  pickles, and specialty vinegars. It is an important ingredient in some types of sausages and spiced meats. The oil is sometimes a component of dental and oral  products. It is also used occasionally in perfumes (Prakash 1990). A tincture of oil (combined with 20­60% ethanol) is employed as a flavor modifier for some  liqueurs, such as Chartreuse (Greenhalgh 1979). An oleoresin is also obtained from basil but its commercial usage is negligible (Greenhalgh 1979). In the Near East, basil seeds are consumed alone or in bread dough (Morton 1976). The mucilaginous coating of the seeds was once used to prepare a tonic drink  (Morton 1976). Basil flowers are an attractive decoration on soups and salads (Leggatt 1987), and are said to be eaten in China (Duke 1985). Purple­leaved cultivars  are Of ornamental value, but are as aromatic as regular green­leaved sweet basils (Simon and Reiss­Bubenheim 1987), and may be perfectly acceptable for culinary .

Dominican Medicinal Uses   The aerial parts or leaves are traditionally  prepared as a tea and taken orally for stomach  ache, indigestion, gastro-intestinal pain, internal  cleansing and women’s health conditions. [Dominican Medicinal Plants: A Guide for Health Care Providers]

Ttraditional uses in Tunisia - Leaves as Aphrodisiac, headaches, gynaecological disorders. [Ethnomedicinal Plants Revitalization of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs]

In  China,  the  seeds  are  used  to soothe  pain  and  inflammation.  In  India,  the  juice expressed from the leaves is used as nasal douche, and the plant is used to treat inflammation and assuage chronic pain in the joints. In Malaysia, the juice expressed from the leaves is drunk to calm cough, and the plant i s used to abrogate pregnancy. In Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos, the leaves are used to break fever. The anti-inflammatory property of the plant is confirmed by Singh et al. [Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal Plants Asia and the Pacific]

The herb in Italian cooking, basil relieves upper digestive discomfort, indigestion, and bloating, and is applied topically to acne and insect bites. Antibacterial  •  Insecticidal •  mild sedative  •  relieves gas  Juice from the leaves can be applied neat to infected spots and insect bites and stings to speed healing. [Herbal Remedies]

Flower—stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, diuretic, demulcent. Seed—antidysenteric.
Juice of the plant—antibacterial. Essential oil—antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal. Because of high estragole content of the essential oil, the herb should not be taken during pregnancy, nursing or over extended periods of time. [Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated Dictionary]

In China, the leaves are used to invigorate health, treat flatulence, heal ulcers, curb vomiting, remove nasal polyps and to cure hiccups. The seeds are used to assuage eyes discomfort and to heal ulcers. In Indonesia, the seeds are used to relieve the bowels of costiveness. In Malaysia, the juice expressed from the leaves is used to alleviate cough. A decoction is used to aid recovery from childbirth, promote menses and to combat fever. The seeds are used to combat fever. In Vietnam, the plant is used in perfume making, to invigorate health, treat dysentery and to combat fever. The ashes of the roots are used to treat skin diseases. Ocimum basilicum L. is listed in the French Pharmacopoeia, 1989 and known of Dioskurides [Medicinal Plants: Drugs For The Future? ]

Leaf: Infusion for a sedative and antispasmodic. [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) ]

Improves digestion, antitoxic; headache, irregular menses. [Taiwanese Native Medicinal Plants]

495 Published articles of Ocimum basilicum

Chaerophyllum reflexum

Chaerophyllum reflexum Aitch.
Family: Apiaceae

Vernacular names in India: bhai, lcha-wa, sojuga

Description: Erect herb, fleshy roots spindle-shaped, white polygamous flowers in compound umbels, roots edible, upper parts as fodder
Roots boiled and consumed for cough, cold and body pain, anemia, stomach problems. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

The Essential Oils of The Pakistani Species of the Family Umbelliferae 32. Chaerophyllum-Reflexum Kangoo Essential Oil of The Whole Plant
Ashraf M; Aziz J; Bhatty M K
Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research  Volume: 22   Issue: 5   Pages: 260-261   Published: 1979

Bambusa vulgaris, Common bamboo, moongil, Бамбук обыкновенный, Bambu-listrado

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.
Family: Poaceae

Synonyms: Arundarbor blancoi (Steud.) Kuntze, Arundarbor fera (Oken) Kuntze, Arundarbor monogyna (Blanco) Kuntze, Arundarbor striata (Lindl.) Kuntze, Arundo fera Oken, Bambusa auriculata Kurz, Bambusa blancoi Steud., Bambusa fera (Oken) Miq., Bambusa humilis Rchb. ex Rupr. , Bambusa latiflora (Balansa) T.Q.Nguyen , Bambusa madagascariensis Rivière & C.Rivière , Bambusa mitis Blanco , Bambusa monogyna Blanco, Bambusa nguyenii Ohrnb., Bambusa sieberi Griseb., Bambusa striata Lodd. ex Lindl., Bambusa surinamensis Rupr., Bambusa thouarsii Kunth, Bambusa vulgaris var. aureovariegata Beadle, Bambusa vulgaris var. latiflora Balansa, Bambusa vulgaris var. latifolia Balansa, Bambusa vulgaris var. striata (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Gamble, Bambusa vulgaris f. vittata (Rivière & C.Rivière) McClure, Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata Rivière & C.Rivière, Bambusa vulgaris f. vittata (Rivière & C. Rivière) T.P. Yi, Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris, Bambusa vulgaris f. vulgaris, Bambusa vulgaris f. waminii T.H.Wen, Gigantochloa auriculata (Kurz) Kurz, Leleba vulgaris (Schrad. ex J.C.Wendl.) Nakai, Leleba vulgaris var. striata (Lindl.) Nakai, Nastus thouarsii (Kunth) Raspail, Nastus viviparus Raspail, Oxytenanthera auriculata (Kurz) Prain, Phyllostachys striata (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Nakai

Common name: Bamboo, Common bamboo

• Chinese: 龙头竹
• Finnish: Paperibambu
• French: Bambou commun
• Hindi: Bans बांस
• Japanese: dai-san-chiku
• Manipuri: ৱা Wa
• Malayalam: മഞ്ഞമുള
• Portugues: Bambu-listrado
• Russian: Бамбук обыкновенный
• Spanish: caña brava
• Tamil: மூங்கில் moongil
• Telugu: ముళ్ళవెదురు
• Tongon: Pitu
• Vietnamese: cay-che-tau

Description: Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Rhizomes present, Rhizome short and compact, stems close, Stems woody, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems solitary, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stems branching above base or distally at nodes, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence 1-2 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 2-6 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 6 m or taller, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspi cuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves pseudo-petiolate, petiole attached to sheath, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath hairy, hispid or prickly, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaves borne on branches, Leaf blades disarticulating from sheath, deciduous at ligule, Leaf blades lanceolate, Leaf blade auriculate, Leaf auricules setose or ciliate, Leaf blades 1-2 cm wide, Leaf blades 2 or more cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades scabrous, roughened, or wrinkled, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence single raceme, fascicle or spike, Inflorescence with 2-10 branches, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets laterally compressed, Spikelet 3-10 mm wide, Spike let less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 3-7 florets, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, glumes persistent, Spikelets disarticulating beneath or between the florets, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes 3-4, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes shorter than adjacent lemma, Glume surface hairy, villous or pilose, Glumes 4-7 nerved, Glumes 8-15 nerved, Lemma similar in texture to glumes, Lemma 8-15 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma apex truncate, rounded, or obtuse, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea about equal to lemma, Stamens 6, Styles 1, Stigmas 3, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved, hilum long-linear.

Antiviral, abortifacient. A cold decoction of the roots used for kidney troubles. Leaves sudorific and febrifuge, a drink of macerated leaves taken against venereal diseases; leaves extract to cure tuberculosis. Sap from the young shoot to treat fever and hematuria, tabasheer from culm-internodes to treat infantile epilepsy; young shoots decoction of the yellow form used to cure hepatitis; stem applied over wounds; peel of the green stem mixed with lime to stop bleeding of a fresh cut. Bark astringent and emmenagogue. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Root orally use and externally applied on the wound as an antidote [Herbal Cures: Traditional Approach]

Leaves are used to prepare tea and baths for fever patients. Boiled with Guinea grass and white rum added to the brew. it is said to be an excellent medicine for malaria and other fevers. A siliceous concretion called tabasheer found in the stems of B. arundinacea has been used in the East for treating paralytic complaints and poisoning. The native population also considers it stimulant and aphrodisiac. [ Medicinal Plants of Jamaica]

Stem: The French Guiana Palikur burn bits of dried stem for the acrid smoke which is a mosquito repellent. Used for rheumatism in NW Guyana. Shoot used to treat abcesses and malaria in NW Guyana. Leaf: Boiled leaves used as a fever bath. In Guyana, a decoction of boiled leaves is used  by  women  as  a  "clean-out"  for  dilation  and  curettage,  and  also  to  aid  the  expulsion  of  the afterbirth of women and cows. Boiled as a hot tea for fever, which induces profuse perspiration. In NW Guyana, used to treat heart problems and malaria, and to ease birth. [Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) ]

8 Published articles of Bambusa vulgaris